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Background: Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular death, wherein plaque accumulates in the carotid artery, resulting in the formation of carotid artery calcification (CAC). Chronic infections emulate atherosclerosis development. Periodontitis is a chronic disease commenced by biofilm aggregation on the surface of teeth, which then progresses via deregulated local and inflammatory immune responses. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of calcification in periodontitis patients and to determine if there is a relationship between carotid calcification and periodontitis with risk factors such as age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking. Methods: The data and panoramic radiographs (PR) of 3000 patients from January 2017 to February 2022 were examined. On the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 500 patients were selected for determining carotid calcification. Non-periodontitis patients, patients U-tests were used to compare the distribution of the variables across the groups, and p-values < 0.05 were interpreted as statistically significant. Result: Twenty-five (5%) patients showed carotid calcification. Carotid calcification was seen more in females than in males, which was statistically significant. Gender, percentage of alveolar bone loss and periodontal risk were found to be statistically significantly related to carotid artery calcification. Factors such as age, diabetes and hypertension were found to be statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: More periodontal destruction was present in the CAC patients. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that CAC is associated with periodontitis. Early recognition of carotid calcification is important, and patients in whom carotid artery calcification is observed via their PR should be referred to medical practitioners for further investigation and treatment care.

Background: Hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection is a global health problem. Children with certain risk factors are at high risk of infection.Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HCV among high-risk Egyptian children.Methods: The study included 1357 children aged 3-15 years with risk factors of HCV including receiving blood products, hemodialysis, previous surgical intervention, insulin therapy and positive family history. They were subjected to careful history taking, thorough clinical examination and routine laboratory investigations. All children were tested for HCV antibodies using commercial 4th generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] kits. Those with positive results were further assessed using polymerase chain reaction [PCR].Results: Among the studied patients, there were 89 children [6.6 %] with positive HCV Ab and 73 children [5.4 %] with positive PCR test for HCV. Using multivariate logistic regression, significant predictors of HCV infection in the studied children were blood transfusion [OR: 1.23, CI: 0.019-13.4], Intravenous [IV] injection [OR: 10.962, CI: 1.937-62.026] and previous operation [OR: 3.12, CI: 1.046-31.6].Conclusion: HCV infection is highly prevalent among high-risk children. Blood transfusion, IV injection and exposure to surgery are independent risk factors for infection in this population.

تناولت هذه الدراسة إشكالية العنف السياسي في العالم العربي حيث ركزت على رصد وتحليل وتقديم ظاهرة العنف السياسي الداخلي في الدول العربية وذلك من خلال الإجابة على التساؤل التالي: - هل العنف السياسي في الوطن العربي نتيجة للتناقضات الموجودة داخل النظام السياسي؟ - هل العنف نتيجة للظلم الذي تعاني منه الشعوب العربية؟ حيث تكمن الأهمية الأساسية لهذه الدراسة كونها تدرس أهم العوامل التي ساهمت بشكل مباشر وغير مباشر في تصعيد ظاهرة العنف السياسي بأشكالها المختلفة. بدأت الدراسة بتحديد مفهوم العنف السياسي ثم وضعت أسبابه المتعددة الثقافية والاقتصادية وأشكاله وأهم أنماطه، بالإضافة إلى الانعكاسات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية للعنف السياسي على العالم العربي.

Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune bullous disease involving both the skin and mucus membranes. Infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes may have a vital role in its pathogenesis. The autoimmune bullous skin disorder intensity score (ABSIS) was proposed for clinical evaluation and scoring of PV patients. Aims and Objectives: This work aimed to assess the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of PV and the correlation between number of T-lymphocytes infiltrate and clinical severity of the disease evaluated by ABSIS. Patients and Methods: Forty PV patients (patient group) and 10 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled. All patients were scored by ABSIS. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on skin biopsies for IgG, IgA, CD8, and CD4. Results: IgG was positive in 97.5% of patients, combined IgG and IgA were positive in 20% of patients, and only one case was negative for both antibodies. Thirty-three cases showed the predominance of CD4+ T cells, and seven cases showed predominance of CD8+ T cells. CD4/CD8 ratio was 2.578. Non-significant positive correlation was found between the total count of lymphocytic infiltrate and ABSIS. Conclusion: CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes share in the pathogenesis of PV and CD4+ are more expressed than CD8+ in the inflammatory infiltrate of PV lesions. The correlation between total lymphocytic count and ABSIS score may help to predict the clinical state of the patient from skin biopsy, and ABSIS score can predict the lymphocytic infiltration in PV cases. This correlation is in need to be reapplied on larger scales of patients to confirm its validity and reliability.

Schizophrenia remains one of the most chronic and highly disabling mental disorders. Lumateperone is a recent FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, the internal FDA pathologist raised concerns regarding pigment deposition associated with degeneration in different tissue in animal studies with lumateperone treatment. The adrenal gland may be implicated in lumateperone side effects, and quercetin may have the ability to fulfill this treatment gap. To prove this hypothesis, 40 male guinea pigs were used and divided into four groups; control, quercetin-treated, lumateperone-treated, and quercetin/lumateperone cotreated orally for 28 consecutive days. Behavioral forced swim (FST) and open field (OF) tests were done at the end of treatment. Retro-orbital blood samples were taken to assess hormones: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone acetate (DHEA), and aldosterone, along with an assessment of oxidative stress parameters: malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Adrenal glands were extracted for histopathological assessment with H&E, Mallory trichome staining, immunostaining, and electron microscopy studies. Lumateperone-treated group showed a significant reduction in the activity in FST and OF with histopathological deterioration in adrenal secretory function and structure and increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), CASPASE-3, collagen deposition, and decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknosis of the nuclei, increase in the lysosome, lipofuscin pigment, and cellular infiltration with diminishing in the number of secretory granules could all be observed in lumateperone-treated group. Coadministration of quercetin and lumateperone showed improvement of the previously deteriorated parameters. Quercetin had a prophylactic effect against lumateperone depressive-like effect on animal behavior and its possible adrenal damage.Graphical AbstractConceptual framework for the proposed mechanism of action of coadministration of quercetin and lumateperone.

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most common fatal poisoning worldwide. CO poisoning is known to have several complications and high fatality rate. Cardiac dysfunction including arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia have often been reported in CO poisoning; scattered punctiform hemorrhages throughout the heart have been documented in autopsy samples. Whilst it is one of the most common lethal poisonings, neurological or psychiatric sequelae occurs in up to 67% of survivors. This suggests that CO is implicated in neuronal death, or loss of function of the cells in the central nervous system. Approximately half of those who survive severe CO poisoning develop delayed neurological sequelae (DNS) after a latency period of 2-40 days, with varied clinical manifestations, persistent neuropsychological effects, and no guarantee of complete recovery. However, they are potentially preventable if they are early recognized and adequately treated. The work aimed to give an overview on cardiac and neurological complications of CO poisoning and the role of chemical biomarkers such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neuron specific enolase (NSE), creatine kinase, troponin, creatine kinase MB and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP) and scoring systems such as modified early warning score (MEWS) and poison severity score (PSS) in early prediction of these complications. Conclusions: Prediction of complications in CO poisoned patients is believed to be a challenging task. Laboratory parameters and imaging studies have been used to predict late cardiac and neurological complications in CO poisoned patients. Many physiologic scoring systems are demonstrated as effective predictors of outcomes for patients in the emergency department. However, very few studies have applied scoring systems as predictors of CO poisoning outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) has increased among adolescents in Arabic and Western countries. The purposes are to identify the risk of ED and psychosocial correlates of risk of ED among high school girls in Jordan. The researchers employed a cross-sectional, correlational design using 799 high school girls from governmental and private schools in the central region of Jordan. The results indicate that prevalence of the risk of ED was 12%. The risk of ED had significant and positive correlation with body shape dissatisfaction, self-esteem, psychological distress, and pressure from family, peers, and media (p < 0.001). Body shape dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, negative peer pressure, and being young were significant predictors of the risk of EDs. Risk of ED is highly prevalent among high school girls, and school nurses need to adopt a model of care addressing the risk factors while caring for high school girls.

Background: Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular death, wherein plaque accumulates in the carotid artery, resulting in the formation of carotid artery calcification (CAC). Chronic infections emulate atherosclerosis development. Periodontitis is a chronic disease commenced by biofilm aggregation on the surface of teeth, which then progresses via deregulated local and inflammatory immune responses. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of calcification in periodontitis patients and to determine if there is a relationship between carotid calcification and periodontitis with risk factors such as age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking. Methods: The data and panoramic radiographs (PR) of 3000 patients from January 2017 to February 2022 were examined. On the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 500 patients were selected for determining carotid calcification. Non-periodontitis patients, patients <40 years of age, patients without any medical data or incomplete medical records and cases where the OPG was not clear were not included in this study. The data were analyzed using R and GraphPad Prism software version 4.1.2 and Microsoft Excel Worksheet Office 2019. Chi-square tests were used to check the dependency among the categorical variables. Mann–Whitney U-tests were used to compare the distribution of the variables across the groups, and p-values < 0.05 were interpreted as statistically significant. Result: Twenty-five (5%) patients showed carotid calcification. Carotid calcification was seen more in females than in males, which was statistically significant. Gender, percentage of alveolar bone loss and periodontal risk were found to be statistically significantly related to carotid artery calcification. Factors such as age, diabetes and hypertension were found to be statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: More periodontal destruction was present in the CAC patients. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that CAC is associated with periodontitis. Early recognition of carotid calcification is important, and patients in whom carotid artery calcification is observed via their PR should be referred to medical practitioners for further investigation and treatment care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insulin resistance is identified as an impaired biological response to insulin stimulation of target tissues, primarily the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. The metabolic consequences of insulin resistance can result in hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, visceral adiposity, hyperuricemia, elevated inflammatory markers, endothelial dysfunction, and a prothrombotic state. Progression of insulin resistance can lead to metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim of the Work: We aimed by our study to assess the relationship of platelet distribution width and red blood cell distribution width with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to check if platelet distribution width or red blood cell distribution width could be easy predictors of insulin resistance. Patients and Methods: The present study is a Case Control Study was conducted in Ain Shams University Hospital. This study includes 80 subjects with matched age and sex. Results: The present study results confirmed that low RDW was associated with increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Their study found that RDW is negatively correlated with waist and FG, insulin and TG concentrations. We also found that the group with the lowest quartile of RDW had the highest glucose, insulin and HOMA levels. Moreover, our results were found that there is a significant negative correlation of RDW with poor glycemic control. Our results also found that decreased levels of red blood cell distribution widths (RDW) were all associated with increased fasting insulin. Our study was documented a negative correlation between HbA1c and the platelet index PDW. Conclusion: In our study, we found a relation between insulin resistance and red blood cell distribution width. RDW (fl) could be used to discriminate between patients with type II diabetes and controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Remdesivir is a novel broad spectrum antiviral drug previously used to treat Ebola. It is a pro-drug nucleoside with antiviral activity that is opposed to SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus. Aim: Current research was planned to evaluate and compare the potential ameliorative impact of the hematopoietic-stem-cell mobilized by the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) versus BM-MSC on the effect of novel antiviral remdesivir on the kidney. Materials and Methods: Rats divided into four groups: control group, Remdesivir treated group (20 mg/kg/day IV on the first day followed by 10 mg/kg/day for 6 days), Remdesivir + BM-MSCs group (3x106 cells/ml of PKH26 labelled MSC) and Remedesivir+ Filgrastim group (70 µg/kg/day/5 days). At the end of the experiment, animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Both animal kidneys were excised for histological, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy studies. Biochemical and morphometric assessments had been performed. Results: Remdesivir caused distortion and degeneration of both the glomeruli and the renal tubules associated with Bowman's space widening. It greatly increased the deposition of collagen and enhanced the expression of caspase 3, IL-6, and TGF-β1. Ultrastructure changes were observed in the form of thickening of glomerular basement membrane, dilated basal plasma membrane infoldings of tubular epithelium and mitochondrial degeneration. Biochemically, decreased antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) with increased serum urea and creatinine were also recorded. Both BM-MSCs and G-CSF improved histological structure and function of the kidney. Conclusion: Prescribing drugs such as remdesivir should be carried out with severe care. BM-MSCs and G-CSF are an efficient and ideal option to protect patients from irreversible kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease affects the pancreas with upcoming fibrosis and notable parenchymal destruction. CP poses a high risk for pancreatic carcinoma. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time up to our knowledge, the effect of olive leaf extract on L-arginine induced CP with referral to some of its underlying mechanisms. Forty adult male albino rats were divided equally into four groups; control, olive leaf extract treated (200 mg/ kg orally once daily), CP group (300 mg L-arginine/100 g body weight intraperitoneally, once daily for 3 weeks then every 3 days for the subsequent 3 weeks), and CP treated with olive leaf extract group. At the end of the experiment, body weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum amylase and lipase as well as tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed. Pancreatic tissues were subjected to histological and immuno-histochemical studies. The CP group revealed significant decrease in body weight and increase in serum glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR score, serum amylase, and serum lipase levels. Significant increase in MDA level and decrease in SOD level were detected. Marked degenerative changes and fibrosis were detected. Upregulation of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), caspase-3, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) immunoreactions were implicated in CP pathogenesis. Olive leaf extract alleviated all the examined parameters via its-antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties. Olive leaf extract can protect against CP and restore pancreatic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia remains one of the most chronic and highly disabling mental disorders. Lumateperone is a recent FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, the internal FDA pathologist raised concerns regarding pigment deposition associated with degeneration in different tissue in animal studies with lumateperone treatment. The adrenal gland may be implicated in lumateperone side effects, and quercetin may have the ability to fulfill this treatment gap. To prove this hypothesis, 40 male guinea pigs were used and divided into four groups; control, quercetin-treated, lumateperone-treated, and quercetin/lumateperone cotreated orally for 28 consecutive days. Behavioral forced swim (FST) and open field (OF) tests were done at the end of treatment. Retro-orbital blood samples were taken to assess hormones: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone acetate (DHEA), and aldosterone, along with an assessment of oxidative stress parameters: malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Adrenal glands were extracted for histopathological assessment with H&E, Mallory trichome staining, immunostaining, and electron microscopy studies. Lumateperone-treated group showed a significant reduction in the activity in FST and OF with histopathological deterioration in adrenal secretory function and structure and increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), CASPASE-3, collagen deposition, and decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknosis of the nuclei, increase in the lysosome, lipofuscin pigment, and cellular infiltration with diminishing in the number of secretory granules could all be observed in lumateperone-treated group. Coadministration of quercetin and lumateperone showed improvement of the previously deteriorated parameters. Quercetin had a prophylactic effect against lumateperone depressive-like effect on animal behavior and its possible adrenal damage. Graphical Abstract Conceptual framework for the proposed mechanism of action of coadministration of quercetin and lumateperone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Histology is the property of Egyptian Journal of Histology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Job demand and job satisfaction in nursing profession have been identified as significant indicators of quality of nursing care. Job demand is the most influential job stressor and has been connected to negative consequences on nurses' ability to function. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of work locus of control on the relationship between job demand and job satisfaction among nurses working at public hospitals. Methods: A quantitative, cross‐sectional, correlational design was utilized to randomly recruit 427 registered nurses working at two major public hospitals. Data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire regarding job demand, job satisfaction and work locus of control. Results: Work locus of control had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between job demand and satisfaction. External locus of control had a negative effect on the job demand and job satisfaction relationship, whereas internal locus of control positively buffered this correlation. Conclusion: This study adds a novel contribution to the body of knowledge that buffering effect of job demand among nurses is much dependent on appropriately enhancing internal locus of control, consequently improving job satisfaction. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Nurses' job satisfaction is associated with nurses' job demand.Job demand is a multifaceted factor and interferes with quality of nursing care. What this paper adds? Enhancing locus of control will contribute to increase nurses' job satisfaction and buffer effects of job demand.External locus of control has negative effects whereas internal locus of control has positive effects on the relationship between job demand and job satisfaction among nurses.The domains of job demand vary in their influence on job satisfaction among nurses depending on its internal or external effect. The implications of this paper: Nurse managers and decision makers are required to focus largely on the external forces that influence nurses' job satisfaction.Domains of job demand need to be addressed by nurse managers in terms of how to effectively enhance internal locus of control and suppress external locus of control factors to improve nurses' job satisfaction.To improve quality of nursing care and practice, internal locus of control has to be sustained and external locus of control has to be managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Histology is the property of Egyptian Journal of Histology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding the relationships between alexithymia, fibromyalgia (FM), and psychological distress among adolescents. Google Scholar and databases were searched using alexithymia, fibromyalgia, psychological distress, and adolescent keywords. Studies that examine the relationship between alexithymia and fibromyalgia and the contribution of psychological distress on this relationship among adolescents are lacking. However, based on previous studies on adult samples and theoretical background, there are possible relationship between alexithymia and fibromyalgia as well as possible mediating effect of psychological distress on this relationship in adolescents. Further studies are recommended to examine the relationships between alexithymia, fibromyalgia, and psychological distress among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat: Educational Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the level of maturity of the concept of health in the nursing discipline. Method The four principles of Morse and colleagues were used to evaluate the level of maturity of the health concept-epistemological, logical, pragmatical, and linguistical. Findings This evaluation suggests that the concept of health in nursing is immature, defined inconsistently, and with different instruments. Conclusion Health is a central concept for nursing. Additional concept development and clarification are needed. Practice Implications For the concept of health to be conceptualized, it is important that nurses have consensus regarding the definition of health. The nursing discipline should define health in a manner that is consistent with its philosophical presuppositions. Further, it should be measurable, empirically based, and capture the outcomes that are sensitive to the nursing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the general principles of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, its basic rules, the specific commitments undertaken by developing countries and the exemptions from Most Favored Nation treatment submitted by member governments. It also analyses the agreement through theoretical and econometric studies, and the implications for developing economies, especially the Egyptian economy.

Assessing and monitoring respiratory parameters, such as respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and lung sounds, is crucial for the management and prognosis of pneumonia patients. Prone positioning has been shown to improve oxygenation in patients with respiratory disorders, including pneumonia, by reducing ventilation/perfusion mismatch. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting the benefits of self-proning in spontaneously breathing pneumonia patients. This study aims to evaluate the effect of self-proning on respiratory functions, pneumonia, and mortality risk among patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. The study used a pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design with a control group, adhering to the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs guidelines. It was conducted in the Medical Respiratory Department inpatient wards at the Respiratory Diseases Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt. The study recruited 128 patients with community-acquired pneumonia, conveniently assigned to an intervention group (n = 64) and a control group (n = 64). Data were collected using socio-demographic and historical data sheets, respiratory parameters assessment sheets, the confusion uremia respiratory rate and blood pressure (CURB-65) severity of pneumonia score, and the Pneumonia Severity Index. Prone positioning significantly positively impacted respiratory parameters in the intervention group compared to the control group. Specifically, the intervention group exhibited improvements in respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, reduced need for supplemental oxygen, and cough (p < .05). Furthermore, the intervention group exhibited fewer changes in findings from chest inspection, palpation, and auscultation. In addition, the severity of pneumonia was reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group, as indicated by lower CURB-65 (p = .014) and pneumonia severity index scores (p = .005). The study demonstrated that self-proning interventions significantly improved respiratory functions and reduced the risk of death among participants with community-acquired pneumonia. These findings suggest that self-proning is a beneficial technique for managing respiratory distress, particularly in non-intubated patients, and can be an effective strategy to improve patient outcomes in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial agents play a key role in controlling and curing infectious disease. Soon after the discovery of the first antibiotic, the challenge of antibiotic resistance commenced. Antimicrobial agents use different mechanisms against bacteria to prevent their pathogenesis and they can be classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Antibiotics are one of the antimicrobial agents which has several classes, each with different targets. Consequently, bacteria are endlessly using methods to overcome the effectivity of the antibiotics by using distinct types of mechanisms. Comprehending the mechanisms of resistance is vital for better understanding and to continue use of current antibiotics. Which also helps to formulate synthetic antimicrobials to overcome the current mechanism of resistance. Also, encourage in prudent use and misuse of antimicrobial agents. Thus, decline in treatment costs and in the rate of morbidity and mortality. This review will be concentrating on the mechanism of actions of several antibiotics and how bacteria develop resistance to them, as well as the method of acquiring the resistance in several bacteria and how can a strain be resistant to several types of antibiotics. This review also analyzes the prevalence, major clinical implications, clinical causes of antibiotic resistance. Further, it evaluates the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, identifies various challenges and strategies in addressing the issue. Finally, put forward certain recommendations to prevent the spread and reduce the rate of resistance growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Light chain3 is a sensitive autophagy-related protein distributed within the mammalian tissues. The role of LC3 localization in psoriasis pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to investigate, for the first time up to our knowledge, the localization of Light chain3 (LC3) in the keratinocytes of psoriatic skin by immunohistochemical study. Materials and methods: This prospective case case-control study was carried out on 30 patients presented with chronic plaque psoriasis versus 30 age and gender-matched apparently healthy volunteers. Clinical data were collected and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was assessed. From all controls and cases (lesional and perilesional), skin biopsies were taken and the epidermis was assessed for histopathological changes and LC3 immunoreaction. Results: There was a highly significant difference (P<0.001) between the control skin and psoriatic skin (lesional and perilesional) regarding the epidermal LC3 localization. Nucleocytoplasmic LC3 localization was dominant in lesional skin specimens. Conclusion: Nucleocytoplasmic localization of LC3 in the keratinocytes of the psoriatic skin might play a pivotal role in psoriasis pathogenesis. This can open a new gate for target therapy in psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disease that causes damage and fibrosis of the parenchyma of pancreas, thus leads to endocrine and exocrine dysfunction. Objective: The goals of this review were to analyze morphological alterations in pancreatic tissue during chronic pancreatitis and this analysis addresses the effect of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), on chronic pancreatitis, and collagen fiber deposition. Results: This review also discussed the different immunohistochemical markers for PSCs. Alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is an excellent marker for activated PSCs. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is an important profibrogenic cytokine that appears to act by stimulating collagen production by PSCs. Conclusion: It was concluded that chronic pancreatitis caused a significant and progressive serious effects on the acinar cells, duct system, and islets of Langerhans in the form of intracellular vacuolations, decreased zymogen granules, pyknotic nuclei and thickening of the duct wall, and extensive fibrosis. It is hypothesised that during pancreatic injury, PSCs are activated and proliferated exhibiting positive staining for the cytoskeletal protein α- SMA, and synthesising amounts of extracellular matrix proteins, particularly collagen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) on the fracture strength of ceramic onlays when compared with delayed dentin sealing (DDS). Twenty extracted human maxillary premolars were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the dentin sealing technique (n=10). A standardized mesio-occlusal-distal cavity was prepared with reduction of the palatal cusp. The dentin surfaces of the IDS group were immediately sealed after finishing the preparation (before taking impressions, temporization, and 14-day storage at 37°C) using a bonding system (ALL-BOND 3®, ALL-BOND 3® RESIN) and flowable composite (Te-Econom Flow). Impressions were made and temporary restorations were fabricated using PRO-V FILL®. The wax patterns were milled and the onlays were fabricated by heat-pressing technique (IPS e.max Press). After bonding the final restorations with resin cement (Variolink N), the specimens were thermocycled. Fracture strength was measured using a universal testing machine (Testometric M350-10KN) at 1 mm/min until failure occurred. Student's t-test was used to evaluate the results of the fracture strength test. The failure mode was examined using a stereomicroscope. The mean fracture strength in the IDS group (1335 ± 335 N) was statistically significantly higher than that for the DDS group (931 ± 274 N) (p < 0.05). Fracture of the restoration with a small portion of the tooth was the most frequent mode of failure. Within the limitation of this in vitro study, there was an improvement in the fracture strength of ceramic onlays with the use of IDS. However, the ceramic onlays were strong enough to withstand the physiological mastication force in both groups.

Objective: Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are DNA coils that transcribe to ribosomal RNA. The NOR-associated protein, termed argyrophilic NOR (AgNOR), was visible within the nucleus by staining with silver nitrate examination via the light microscope. AgNOR counting is a proliferation marker and may help in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neoplastic lesions. Aneuploidy (abnormal DNA content) can predict the progression, survival and prognosis of the tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of AgNORs, DNA ploidy status, and total S-phase fraction (TSPF) as prognostic parameters in malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs)., Methods: The current study is a retrospective study on a cohort of MSGTs (N=47), to assess AgNORs using Silver Nitrate stain, DNA index (DI), and TSPF using flow cytometry (FCM). Data including tumor size and site, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), lymph node metastasis (LNM) were collected., Results: The AgNORs count was statistically significant with MSGT type. DI was found to have a significant association with tumor site, tumor size and MSGT type. In addition, TSPF was found to be significantly associated with LVI. A moderate positive correlation was noted between AgNORs count and TSPF. LNM, tumor site, high AgNORs and low DI were all associated with short disease-free survival (DFS) and poor overall survival (OS)., Conclusion: The present study revealed that high AgNORs count, DNA aneuploidy and TSPF had a poor influence on MSGTs prognosis.

Background: Porcelain sectional veneers with no preparation (no-prep) are an ultra-conservative choice for the esthetic treatment of the anterior teeth. They can be made from a sintered feldspathic porcelain, which gives a great appearance with small thickness, but there are still concerns about the fracture strength of this material., Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of porcelain sectional veneers made from 2 different sintered feldspathic porcelains., Material and Methods: Twenty recently extracted human incisors were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the porcelain material (n = 10). The 1st group was applied the IPS Style® Ceram feldspathic porcelain and the 2nd group - GC InitialTM MC. The porcelain sectional veneers were fabricated following the manufacturers' instructions. After the veneers bonded with resin cement (Variolink® N), the fracture strength was measured using a universal testing machine (Instron®1195) at 1 mm/min until failure occurred. Failure modes were determined under a stereomicroscope., Results: The mean fracture strength for group IPS Style Ceram was higher than that for group GC Initial MC (182.7 N and 155.7 N, respectively). The lowest value was observed in group IPS Style Ceram (78 N) and the highest value - also in the group IPS Style Ceram (294 N). Student's t-test demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups (p > 0.05)., Conclusions: There was no difference in the fracture strength of the porcelain sectional veneers for the 2 types of sintered porcelain used in this study. Cohesive failure within the porcelain sectional veneer was the most common mode of failure.

Purpose: This study aims to clarify the caring concept with emphasis on the pragmatic utility of caring measures., Method: The Morse et al. (Morse, Hupcey, Mitcham, & Lenz, 1996; Morse, Mitcham, Hupcey, & Tasón, 1996) criteria for concept maturity were used as a framework. A literature review of Watson-based caring concept was undertaken to evaluate the logical, epistemological, linguistical, and pragmatic parameters., Results: The concept of caring as conceptualized by Watson and operationalized through different measures appeared mature. Despite differences, shorter scales of caring measures were effective to capture caring behavior., Conclusions: Caring concept was further clarified and more confidence in using caring measures for assessment, evaluation, and modification of caring behavior become more feasible.