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Background Women’s decision-making power regarding reproductive health and rights (RHR) was the central component to achieve reproductive well-being. Literatures agree that a women having higher domestic decision-making power regarding their health care were more likely to utilize health services. More than 80% of women in Ethiopia reside in rural areas where they considered as the subordinates of their husbands. This would restrict women to fully exercise their RHR. Thus, this study aims to determine the factors influencing the women’s decision-making power regarding RHR in Mettu rural district, South West Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was done among 415 by using randomly selected married women of reproductive age from March to April 2017. Data was entered by using Epi-data manger 1.4 and analyzed by SPSS version 21. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out. Result One hundred sixty-eight (41.5%) of the women had greater decision-making power regarding RHR. Woman’s primary education AOR 2.62[95% C. I 1.15, 5.97], secondary (9+) education AOR 3.18[95% C. I 1.16, 8.73] and husband’s primary education AOR 4.0[95% C. I 1.53, 10.42], secondary (9+) education AOR 3.95 [95% C. I 1.38, 11.26], being knowledgeable about RHR AOR 3.57 [95% C. I 1.58, 8.09], marriage duration of more than 10 years AOR 2.95 [95% C. I 1.19, 7.26], access to micro-credit enterprises AOR 4.26[95% C. I 2.06, 8.80], having gender equitable attitude AOR 6.38 [95% C. I 2.52, 12.45] and good qualities of spousal relation AOR 2.95 [95% C. I 1.30, 6.64] were positively influencing women’s decision-making power regarding RHR. Conclusion More than four in ten rural women had greater decision-making power regarding RHR. External pressures (qualities of spousal relation, gender equitable attitude) and knowledge about RHR were found to influence women’s decision-making power. Public health interventions targeting women’s RHR should take into account strengthening rural micro-credit enterprises, qualities of spousal relations and priority should be given to women with no formal education of husband or herself and marriage duration of

Dans la série télévisée Super Girl, l’héroïne extraterrestre Kara Zor-El est dotée d'un métabolisme tout aussi « super ». En tant que Kryptonienne, elle peut manger tout ce dont elle a envie, son corps lui permettant de consommer des calories infinies sans les conséquences genrées généralement dramatisées au cinéma et à la télévision. Traitées sur un mode comique, ces scènes soulignent le lien qui unit Kara et sa sœur humaine Alex, et proposent un renoncement superficiel aux normes alimentaires imposées aux femmes. Pourtant, de telles scènes suggèrent-elles une résistance ou une réification de telles normes, en particulier lorsque ses homologues humains ne bénéficient pas d’un tel répit ? Au cours des 60 ans d’histoire du personnage, la nourriture a souvent marqué les divisions de genre entre Kara et son cousin, Superman, tout en ne soulignant que rarement son expérience de la diaspora et sa lutte pour s’assimiler à la fois en tant que citoyenne terrienne et américaine. Alors que la série propose des récits sur la discrimination et les droits des extraterrestres, en énonçant des maximes sur l’autonomie des femmes et leur « pouvoir féminin », elle offre un paysage culinaire fade et largement occidental où la nourriture évoque les stéréotypes de la féminité idéalisée et la pression exercée pour contrôler le corps. Retraçant l’histoire de la bande dessinée du personnage, cet article étudie le rôle de l’alimentation dans la série télévisée Super Girl, en examinant la manière dont la nourriture est le lieu d’une critique et d’une réaffirmation des normes alimentaires genrées. In the television series Supergirl, the alien heroine Kara Zor-El is gifted with an equally super metabolism. As a Kryptonian, she can eat whatever and however much she wants, her body allowing her to consume endless calories minus the gendered consequences implied in film and television. Such scenes work as comedy while emphasizing the bond shared by Kara and her human sister Alex, and function as a surface renunciation of the eating norms placed on women. Yet, do such scenes suggest resistance or reification of such norms, particularly when her human counterparts enjoy no such respite? Throughout the character’s 60-year history, food has often marked the gendered divisions between Kara and her male cousin, Superman, while only rarely highlighting her experience of diaspora and her struggle to assimilate as both Earthling and American citizen. While the series features narratives about discrimination and alien rights, spouting maxims about women’s autonomy and ‘girl power,’ it offers up a bland, largely Western culinary landscape where food evokes stereotypes of idealized femininity and the pressure to control the body. Tracing the character’s comic book history, this paper takes up the role of eating in the Supergirl TV series, examining the ways in which food both counters and reinscribes gendered eating norms as well as Western cultural assumptions.

The human&ndash, animal relationship is an important welfare parameter in animal welfare assessment in cows, and the avoidance distance of cows to a stranger at the feed bunk is measured to assess this relationship. The assessment of the human&ndash, animal relationship in cow shelters in India, where old, unproductive, and abandoned cows are sheltered, is important to explore the welfare of cows in these shelters. The cows observed were of indigenous Indian breeds and breeds which were crosses between indigenous breeds and pure bred exotic cows. The human&ndash, animal contact in this context is of particular interest for welfare assessment as traditional Indian farming and sheltering systems involves regular close human&ndash, animal contact. In a cross-sectional study across 6 states, 54 cow shelters were visited and 30 cows in each shelter were randomly selected (1620 in total) for the assessment of avoidance distance and other cow-based (27 parameters) and resource-based (15 parameters) welfare parameters. Avoidance distance was assessed 1 h after morning feeding. Cows standing at the feeding manger were approached from the front at a rate of one step/s, starting 2 m away from the manger. The distance between the assessor&rsquo, s hand and the cow&rsquo, s head was estimated at the moment the cow moved away and turned its head, using a four-point scale (0, touched, 1, 0&ndash, 50 cm, 2, 51&ndash, 100 cm, and 3, &gt, 100 cm). The majority, 52%, of the cows allowed touch by the assessor and another 32% allowed approach within 50 cm, demonstrating tolerance, or even solicitation of close human&ndash, animal relationships by the cows. Avoidance distance increased with the proportion of cows with dirty hind limbs, tarsal joint swellings, and hair loss, and the extent of rumen fill. There was also evidence of reduced avoidance distances in cows with high levels of body condition score (BCS), dirty flanks, tarsal joint ulceration, carpal joint injuries, diarrhoea, hampered respiration, lesions on the body due to traumatic injuries, and body coat condition, probably as a result of moving difficulties. The avoidance distance was thus related to the health and welfare of the cows, providing a vital insight into the factors affecting human&ndash, animal contact in the shelters.

This study aims to investigate communication satisfaction (CS) and work-life balance (WLB) among employees in hotels. Additionally, it aims to identify their impact on employee turnover intention (ETI). Data was derived from 515 employees using a validated questionnaire. A stratified random sampling technique is employed to select the hotels from five regions. Correlation and regression tests are used to test the impact of two independent variables; CS and WLB on one dependent variable; ETI. Results indicated that communication climate, supervisory communication, co-workers communication, organizational integration, personal feedback and media quality are essential dimension of CS that influence significantly and negatively on ETI. The study also found that schedule flexibility, job autonomy and manger's support are essential dimensions of WLB that influence significantly and negatively on ETI.

In Evangelii gaudium (No. 20), Pope Francis writes: &ldquo, In our day Jesus&rsquo, command to &lsquo, go and make disciples&rsquo, echoes in the changing scenarios and ever new challenges to the Church&rsquo, s mission of evangelization [&hellip, ]. Each Christian and every community must discern the path that the Lord points out, but all of us are asked to obey his call to go forth from our own comfort zone in order to reach all the &lsquo, peripheries&rsquo, in need of the light of the Gospel.&rdquo, Here and in other passages the Pope makes clear that he understands the Church and its mission in a very Franciscan way. Consider how St. Francis of Assisi kept company with the poor, and bear in mind texts like his &ldquo, Instructions for brothers who want to go on the missions&rdquo, Celebration in worship is an important element of such an evangelization: it opens a way to the experience of the One who really sends the Good News to all believers! This article argues that Francis prefers two options to promote a Franciscan worship practice in that sense: for him it is &ldquo, imperative to evangelize cultures in order to inculturate the Gospel&rdquo, (EG 69). Firstly, worshipping should be connected with &ldquo, authentic &lsquo, popular piety&rdquo, as the &ldquo, starting point&rdquo, of Evangelization (ibid. and EG 70), and secondly the translation of official liturgical texts should follow a threefold fidelity: to the Bible, to the Church&rsquo, s tradition, and to any given people&rsquo, s own language (cf. Motu Proprio Magnum Principium). The Pope&rsquo, s strategy here follows de facto ideas of St. Francis, such as when the Poverello enlivened the mystery of the Incarnation by arranging a manger in Greccio (1223). One conclusion from this is that the Church has to develop ideas &ldquo, in restoring a mystical adherence to the faith in a pluralistic religious landscape&rdquo, (EG 70).

Курочкин А. К истории европейского вертепа (пути формирования культурной традиции) Объективное освещение этнической специфики традиций возможно лишь на основе международного контекста исследуемых фрагментов материальной и духовной культуры. Исходя из этого автор прослеживает процессы формирования ареала обычаев рождественских „яслей” в католических странах Западной и Центральной Европы.Ключевые слова: Рождество, вертеп, „ясли”, евангельские персонажи, христианство, народное искусство, ремесленные центры.Kurochkin Oleksandr. EUROPEAN WAN- DERING OF CHRISTMAS MANGER (TOWARDS THE HISTORY OF THE NATIVITY PLAY) The accurate treatment of ethnical specificity of the traditions is feasible only with due regard for international context of the studied fragments of tangible and intangible cultures. Following from this, the author retraces the processes of formation of Christmas manger’s area of customs in the Catholic countries of Western and Central Europe. Christmas manger is mediator between the worlds of the sacred and the earthly; it models an important event of the Gospel history, namely — the miraculous Nativity of Jesus Christ. This sacral object of worship by the representatives of religious community can be rightfully rated among the items with high semiotic status. Italy is deservedly considered to be a home of the tradition to artistically show the Christmas manger — presepe — in Catholic churches. It was initiated in Greccio in distant 1223, where for the first time St. Francis of Assisi visually reconstructed the scene of the Nativity of Jesus Christ which is mentioned in the Gospel. The impressive peculiarity is characteristic for the presepi of different industrial schools of the Apennines: from the Neapolitan to the Sicilian, from the southern Tyrolese to the Apulian, and from the Ligurain to the Bolognese. In southern French departments where there are strongest positions of Roman Catholic Church, making of Christmas manger and the figures for it which are there called santones became a popular kind of folk art. As far back as in 1803 there was a first fair of santones in Marseilles which considerably promoted the development of this original folk handicraft in the cities Aix, Avignon, Saint-Remy, and Aubagne. Up to our times, the whole dynasties of the maitres-santonniers have been working here and passing their own trade secrets on from father to son. The Nativity play is known as Krippe on the German-speaking territories. At first this term meant a manger — a feeding- trough for cattle, and later it also became pertained to the artistic models of dramatizing the Nativity of Jesus Christ. The first church manger has been known in Austria (city of Graz) since 1579; it was constructed by the pupils of local Jesuit college. It was the activities of the Catholic cloistered orders in the years of the Counter-Reformation pointed at teaching and attracting the flock that the improvised dramatic stage adaptations of the Christmas plays with manger have changed into the constant texts resounded in the church walls during the Christmas parochial church circular procession as well. Numerous families in Germany and Austria, especially in the villages, still practice installation of Christmas manger at the places of honour among the interiors of dwelling. The tradition of the Christmas manger is also deep-rooted among the customs of the western Slavs professing the Roman Catholicism — the Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles. As in Italy, this custom has become firmly established first in the space of churches of these peoples and later has passed into the folk mode of life furthering the development of artistic handicrafts on many territories. Kewords: Christmas, the Nativity play, manger, Evangelic characters, Christianity, folk art, centres of handicrafts.

This chapter introduces a typology of “email overload” that distinguishes between information overload, work overload, and social overload that better captures the diversity of experiences reported in the literature. Information overload occurs when the amount of information to be consumed and assimilated, particularly with respect to a particular task or decision, exceeds the individual’s information processing capacity. Work overload occurs when the volume of messages received and the time required to respond appropriately exceeds the hours available in the workday. Social overload occurs when a worker receives email messages from too many different people evoking too many distinct roles and social contexts, exceeding the recipient’s interaction capacity. The chapter discusses the implications of the typology for doing studies that will produce finer-grained analyses, leading to more fruitful recommendations for knowledge workers and their managers. It considers the implications of contemporary trends in technology use for user experiences of overload.

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The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles are attributed to a first-century physician known to us now simply as Saint Luke. Forming over a quarter of the New Testament they are the most widely published of the writings of any doctor, now translated into over 400 languages. They make intriguing reading. Without Luke’s Gospel our knowledge of the first Christmas would be halved: no journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem; no ‘shepherds abiding in the fields’; no inn; no manger. The Nativity Story as told by Luke starts the theme that runs through his writing: vulnerability. …

In the foreword, “Disciplining the Senses: Beethoven as Synaesthetic Paradigm”, Simon Shaw Miller starts by saying how the departmental structure of universities have encouraged us to think along disciplinary lines. Drawing on two of Hoffman’s texts, one of which is on Beethoven and the other on Johannes Kreisler, Miller says that instrumental music’s very invisibility opens the inner eye to richer visions because it is severed from the sensual world and any fixed signification. In their intr...

In the foreword, “Disciplining the Senses: Beethoven as Synaesthetic Paradigm”, Simon Shaw Miller starts by saying how the departmental structure of universities have encouraged us to think along disciplinary lines. Drawing on two of Hoffman’s texts, one of which is on Beethoven and the other on Johannes Kreisler, Miller says that instrumental music’s very invisibility opens the inner eye to richer visions because it is severed from the sensual world and any fixed signification. In their intr...

Food safety is an important public health issue in the U.S. Eating at restaurants and other food service facilities increasingly has been associated with food borne disease outbreaks. Food safety training and certification of food mangers has been used as a method for reducing food safety violations at food service facilities. However, the literature is inconclusive about the effectiveness of such training programs for improving food safety and protecting consumer health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of food manger training on reducing food safety violations. We examined food inspection reports from the Toledo/Lucas County Health Department (Ohio) from March 2005 through February 2006 and compared food hygiene violations between food service facilities with certified and without certified food managers. We also examined the impact on food safety of a food service facility being part of a larger group of facilities. Restaurants with trained and certified food managers had significantly fewer critical food safety violations but more non-critical violations than restaurants without certified personnel. Institutional food service facilities had significantly fewer violations than restaurants, and the number of violations did not differ as a function of certification. Similarly, restaurants with many outlets had significantly fewer violations than restaurants with fewer outlets, and training was not associated with lower numbers of violations from restaurants with many outlets. The value of having certified personnel was only observed in independent restaurants and those with few branches. This information may be useful in indicating where food safety problems are most likely to occur. Furthermore, we recommend that those characteristics of institutional and chain restaurants that result in fewer violations should be identified in future research, and efforts made to apply this knowledge at the level of individual restaurants.

The present paper addresses the issue of buffalo welfare. Firstly, the biological characteristics and behavioural needs of buffalo are considered. Subsequently, the effects of intensive farming and some animalrelated indicators, to be used for a monitoring scheme of buffalo welfare at farm level, are described. The attention was focused on the following indicators: excessive thinning or fattening assessed with Body Condition Score (BCS) systems; cleanliness (the presence of mud may be considered positively, whereas a thick and compact layer of dung may be regarded negatively); health status (lameness, hoof overgrowth, injuries, etc.); social, aggressive, oral abnormal behaviours; animal-human relationship (avoidance distance at manger); positive indicators (qualitative assessment of behaviour, etc.); housing factors. The indicators are discussed on the basis of their validity (meaningful with respect to animal welfare), reliability (reflecting the tendency to give the same results on repeated measurements) and feasibility (concerning time and money consumed). For some aspects, the differences between buffalo and dairy cattle are also highlighted.

The force exerted on housing equipment by an animal may be used as a physical welfare parameter in the evaluation of housing design. This article is concerned with the force on a cow’s chest as she pushes against a self–locking feed barrier, as well as the force on the forelegs as she presses on the rear curb of the manger to reach her feed. The forces were determined in two experiments carried out with non–lactating cows of heavy breed. In the first experiment the force on the feed barrier was determined with the feed barrier placed either vertically or in a 20. inclined position combined with a manger width of either 1.20 or 0.62 m. The experiment showed that the force on the feed barrier remained low as long as the feed was kept within the cows’ reach in the narrow manger. With the wide manger, unacceptable forces were measured for both feed barrier positions. The inclined feed barrier allowed the cow to reach the feed at larger distances than the vertical feed barrier, however. In the second experiment the forces on both the feed barrier and the curb were determined for the same two feed barrier positions combined with a 135–, 200–, or 300–mm wide curb. Here a permanent manger width of 1.20 m was used. No serious forces were recorded on the curb in the case of inclined feed barrier as long as the curb width did not exceed 135 mm. For vertical feed barrier a curb width of up to 300 mm proved to be acceptable. For inclined feed barrier a curb width of 200 and especially 300 mm proved to be unacceptable. To avoid unacceptable forces on the cow’s chest a maximum manger width of 0.65 m is recommended for vertical feed barriers and 0.80 m for inclined feed barriers. To avoid unacceptable forces on the cows’ forelegs, a curb width of less than 200 mm is recommended for vertical feed barriers and 150 mm for inclined feed barriers.