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This article focuses on higher education access for undocumented immigrants in the United States. Since individual states develop and govern their own policies, the political landscape around college access is always in a state of flux. This is confusing to school counselors, families, and students. We use cartography to make sense of this increasingly complex policy terrain. In addition to displaying a state-by-state overview of access and funding options for undocumented students, we interrogate the (un)intended consequences of these policies and reveal "sites for change and activism" (Marx, 2023, p. 286).

This paper seeks to better understand how unanticipated disruption influences teacher agency and professionalism. Drawing on a conceptual model of teacher agency the paper examines data from teacher focus groups conducted in one Australian K-12 school to understand the lived experience of teachers (n = 50) during an initial COVID-19 lockdown period, particularly how they successfully navigated the transition to online teaching, and subsequent changes in practice and pedagogy. A grounded theory approach to data analysis revealed five conditions shaped teacher experience and a sense of personal achievement during this disruption: (1) an open individual mindset; (2) permission to be flexible and respond in appropriate ways; (3) reduced complexity; (4) effective relationships with leadership, colleagues, students, and parents; and (5) parental support. Temporal and affective dimensions of teacher agency (iterational--past; projective--future, and practical-evaluative--present) were used to explore the relationship between the five conditions and action for change. Findings suggest teacher agency was enhanced by focused school-based support which enabled teachers to deal with rapid change. Such support effectively facilitated reduction in complexity, provided structural and systemic assistance, valued and respected teachers as the professionals best placed to manage the shift to online learning, provided teachers with permission to try and fail, and enabled collegial support through a variety of communities of practice and structural support. Implications and future areas of research presented.

This research explores how adolescent females who have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience secondary education in England and make sense of their identity. Within schools, responsibility for supporting this population is placed in the hands of teachers, though prior research suggests that teachers feel underconfident in their ability to do so. Informed by a notion from the disability rights movement 'nothing about us, without us' (Charlton, "Nothing about us without us: disability oppression and empowerment." Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), this study places the voice of people with ADHD at the centre of research. Using an interpretivist approach, qualitative data was gathered through unstructured interviews with five participants and was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Findings suggested that participants' experiences of education and identity formation were shaped by internal cognitive differences in skills relating to executive function (EF) and sensory differences. The implications of social construction of the ADHD label had an impact, both on how participants understood their identities, and how teaching staff were reported to respond to ADHD-traits which participants felt they had little control over. Participants reported differences in their perceived ability to self-advocate and described experiences of attempting to adapt their ADHD-traits to reduce the risk of social or educational sanction in response to their differences.

Abstract Background Rhythm-based rehabilitation interventions are gaining attention and measuring their effects is critical. With more clinical care and research being conducted online, it is important to determine the feasibility of measuring rhythm abilities online. However, some tools used to measure rhythm abilities, in particular the beat alignment test (BAT), have not been validated for online delivery. This study aims to determine the feasibility, reliability, and learning effects for online delivery of the BAT in adults with and without stroke. Methods Neurotypical adults and adults with chronic stroke completed the BAT online three times, with testing sessions separated by 2 to 4 days. The BAT includes a perception task (identifying whether tones overlayed on music matched the beat of the music) and a production task (tapping to the beat of music). Feasibility was evaluated with completion rates, technical challenges and resolutions, participant experience via exit questionnaire, and test duration. Reliability was measured using inter-class correlations and standard error of measurement, and learning effects were determined using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Results Thirty-nine neurotypical adults and 23 adults with stroke participated in this study. More a priori feasibility criteria for the online BAT were met with neurotypical adults than people with stroke. Most components of the online BAT were considered reliable based on an ICC = 0.60 cut-off, except for perception in the neurotypical group, and production asynchrony in the stroke group. There was notable variability in performance, but no learning effects in either group. Conclusions Online administration of the BAT is more feasible for neurotypical adults than people with stroke. Challenges with online administration for people with stroke may be partly related to the delivery platform. The BAT is a reliable tool with no learning effects and therefore is a promising way to assess for rhythm abilities online with careful consideration of user interface for people with stroke.

Abstract Most commercial systems for ultraviolet-visible (UV–VIS), Fourier-transform infrared, circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectroscopies are designed for measurement of liquid samples. Moreover, adapters enabling the measurement of solid samples are expensive or unavailable for most commercial instruments. Consequently, there is a significant need for solid sample adapters that enable measurement of both liquid and solid samples with a single system. Here, we report two versions of a solid sample adapter cuvette that can be used in most commercial spectroscopy instruments designed for transmission measurement of liquid samples. One version is designed for techniques that do not require changing the sample orientation, and the other allows easy sample rotation. We successfully fabricated these cuvettes by 3D printing with both fused deposition modeling and stereolithography and demonstrated how they enable us to study the optical properties of macroscopic films of aligned carbon nanotubes by performing UV–VIS and CD spectroscopy measurements with the cuvettes. These 3D printed cuvettes and their implementation will help enable a wide range of experiments at a low cost.

Abstract Hoxa5 plays numerous roles in development, but its downstream molecular effects are mostly unknown. We applied bulk RNA-seq assays to characterize the transcriptional impact of the loss of Hoxa5 gene function in seven different biological contexts, including developing respiratory and musculoskeletal tissues that present phenotypes in Hoxa5 mouse mutants. This global analysis revealed few common transcriptional changes, suggesting that HOXA5 acts mainly via the regulation of context-specific effectors. However, Hox genes themselves appeared as potentially conserved targets of HOXA5 across tissues. Notably, a trend toward reduced expression of HoxA genes was observed in Hoxa5 null mutants in several tissue contexts. Comparative analysis of epigenetic marks along the HoxA cluster in lung tissue from two different Hoxa5 mutant mouse lines revealed limited effect of either mutation indicating that Hoxa5 gene targeting did not significantly perturb the chromatin landscape of the surrounding HoxA cluster. Combined with the shared impact of the two Hoxa5 mutant alleles on phenotype and Hox expression, these data argue against the contribution of local cis effects to Hoxa5 mutant phenotypes and support the notion that the HOXA5 protein acts in trans in the control of Hox gene expression.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is widespread, under-recognized, and under-treated, impacting the health and quality of life for millions. The current gold standard for sleep apnea testing is based on the in-lab sleep study, which is costly, cumbersome, not readily available and represents a well-known roadblock to managing this huge societal burden. Assessment of neuromuscular function involved in the upper airway using electromyography (EMG) has shown potential to characterize and diagnose sleep apnea, while the development of transmembranous electromyography (tmEMG), a painless surface probe, has made this opportunity practical and highly feasible. However, experience and ability to interpret electrical signals from the upper airway are scarce, and much of the pertinent information within the signal is likely difficult to detect visually. To overcome this issue, we explored the use of transformers, a deep learning (DL) model architecture with attention mechanisms, to model tmEMG data and distinguish between electromyographic signals from a cohort of control, neurogenic, and sleep apnea patients. Our approach involved three strategies to train a generalizable model on a relatively small dataset including, (1) transfer learning using an audio spectral transformer (AST), (2) the use of 6,000 simulated EMG recordings, converted to spectrograms and using standard backpropagation for fine-tuning, and (3) application of regularization to prevent overfitting and enhance generalizability. This DL approach was tested using 177 transoral EMG recordings from a prior study’s database that included six healthy controls, five moderate to severe OSA patients, and five amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with evidence of bulbar involvement (neurogenic injury). Sensitivity and specificity for classifying neurogenic cases from controls were 98% and 73%, respectively, while classifying OSA from controls were 88% and 64%, respectively. Notably, by averaging the predicted probabilities of each segment for individual patients, the model correctly classified up to 82% of control and OSA patients. These results not only suggest a potential to diagnose OSA patients accurately, but also to identify OSA endotypes that involve neuromuscular pathology, which has major implications for clinical management, patient outcomes, and research.

Abstract Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are increasingly used in clinic for multiple indications and may improve upon the activity of parental antibodies by delivering cytotoxic payloads into target cells. This activity is predicated upon internalization to release the cytotoxic payloads intracellularly. Since binding of ADCs to their cell surface targets does not guarantee their internalization, we hypothesize that proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) could improve the activity of ADCs through forced internalization. We show that PROTACs improve internalization of antibodies or their derivative antibody drug conjugates when both agents target the same oncogenic cell surface proteins (EGFR, HER2 or MET) by 1.4-1.9 fold in most models. PROTACs also significantly enhance cytotoxicity with HER2-targeting ADCs. These effects depend on dynamin and proteolysis. This application of PROTACs may impact the use of ADCs and provides a rationale to combine these agents in clinical trials.

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common however the widespread use of antibiotics has led to a rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) amongst uropathogens, rendering a significant proportion of infections resistant to first line treatment. AMR in UTIs may differentially affect men and women, younger and older patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate MDR (multi-drug resistance) and AMR in males and females in an Australian health district. Methods There were 85,844 E. coli urinary isolates (2007–2020) analysed from adult patients. An E. coli isolate with MDR was defined as resistant to at least 1 agent in ≥ 3 antimicrobial classes. Chi-square tests and relative risk were calculated by comparing resistance in males and females and by age for antibiotics commonly used to treat UTIs in hospital and community collected samples. Results There was a higher proportion of MDR E. coli in males compared to females in both the community (6.4% vs. 5.2%, P

Abstract Atopic eczema may be related to multiple subsequent adverse health outcomes. Here, we provide evidence to judge and compare associations between eczema and a comprehensive set of outcomes. We conducted 71 cohort studies (age, sex, general practice-matched) using Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum primary care records (1997−2023), comparing up to 3.6 million people with eczema to 16.8 million without. Eczema was associated with subsequent diagnosis of outcomes with adjusted hazard ratios (99% confidence intervals) from Cox regression of up to 4.02(3.95–4.10) for food allergy (rate difference [RD] per 1,000 person-years of 1.5). Besides strong associations with atopic and allergic conditions (e.g., asthma 1.87[1.39–1.82], RD5.4) and skin infections (e.g., molluscum contagiosum 1.81[1.64–1.96], RD1.8), the strongest associations were with Hodgkin’s lymphoma (1.85[1.66–2.06], RD0.02), Alopecia Areata (1.77[1.71–1.83], RD0.2), Crohn’s disease (1.62[1.54–1.69], RD0.1), Urticaria (1.58[1.57–1.60], RD1.9), Coeliac disease (1.42[1.37–1.47], RD0.1), Ulcerative colitis (1.40[1.34–1.46], RD0.1), Autoimmune liver disease (1.32[1.21–1.43], RD0.01), and Irritable bowel syndrome (1.31[1.29–1.32], RD0.7). Sensitivity analyses revealed the impact of consultation bias or choice of cohort age cut-off on findings. Comparatively large HRs in severe eczema were seen for some liver, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular conditions, osteoporosis, and fractures. Most cancers and neurological conditions were not associated with eczema.

Abstract Glycogen storage disease type-Ia patients, deficient in the G6PC1 gene encoding glucose-6-phosphatase-α, lack blood glucose control, resulting in life-threatening hypoglycemia. Here we show our humanized mouse model, huR83C, carrying the pathogenic G6PC1-R83C variant displays the phenotype of glycogen storage disease type-Ia and dies prematurely. We evaluate the efficacy of BEAM-301, a formulation of lipid nanoparticles containing a newly-engineered adenine base editor, to correct the G6PC1-R83C variant in huR83C mice and monitor phenotypic correction through one year. BEAM-301 can correct up to ~60% of the G6PC1-R83C variant in liver cells, restores blood glucose control, improves metabolic abnormalities of the disease, and confers long-term survival to the mice. Interestingly, just ~10% base correction is therapeutic. The durable pharmacological efficacy of base editing in huR83C mice supports the development of BEAM-301 as a potential therapeutic for homozygous and compound heterozygous glycogen storage disease type-Ia patients carrying the G6PC1-R83C variant.

Abstract The PicoCam system is a multi‐camera photogrammetry rig used for generating high‐resolution 3D models of animals in the field, or preserved specimens in laboratory or museum settings. The digital measurement of 3D models is increasingly useful for studying body shape. However, methods that capture sub‐millimetric detail often do so at the cost of portability and versatility; this system aims to bridge this gap. The PicoCam system employs 3D digital photogrammetry, a process that generates accurate, full‐colour, 3D models from sequences of photographs. By using six cameras and a rotating base, the system is able to capture multiple angles in rapid succession—a key advantage for both 3D‐imaging live specimens and efficiently scanning museum specimens. Through the use of macro lenses and high‐resolution camera sensors, this system can capture sub‐millimetric detail without sacrificing portability. In this study, we 3D imaged the bills of 19 species of hummingbirds using the PicoCam system and measured length, height, width, surface area and volume of their bills. We examined eight species in the field and 11 from the Burke Museum in Seattle. We chose Hummingbird bills as a model system, as their fine‐scale interspecific differences in 3D shape can have significant functional and behavioural implications, and could tell us more about how these traits predict habitat and resource use. The prospect of a common 3D‐imaging method for both museum and field use is compelling when documenting structures' shape within and among species. The PicoCam system is also valuable for quantifying the 3D shape of fine‐scale phenotypes (like hummingbird bills) that benefit from digital measurement, preservation, and improved accessibility. Finally, the PicoCam system allows ‘digital 3D collection’, by which the shape of biological structures in the field can be recorded and stored in a public database without the need to collect a specimen. This opens the door to studies in which multiple 3D image captures of the same individual across different time scales permit 3D shape/colour comparisons (e.g. seasonal, ontogenetic changes).

Abstract There is cumulative evidence that lipid metabolism plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Visualising lipid content in a non-destructive label-free manner can aid in elucidating the AD phenotypes towards a better understanding of the disease. In this study, we combined multiple optical molecular-specific methods, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging, synchrotron radiation-infrared (SR-IR) microscopy, Raman and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, and optical-photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microscopy with multivariate data analysis, to investigate the biochemistry of brain hippocampus in situ using a mouse model of tauopathy (rTg4510). We observed a significant difference in the morphology and lipid content between transgenic (TG) and wild type (WT) samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed some degree of microglia co-localisation with elevated lipids in the brain. These results provide new evidence of tauopathy-related dysfunction in a preclinical study at a subcellular level.

Abstract Background Sleep problems are common in young people. Yet brief screening measures to identify those most in need of an intervention are lacking. This study investigated the potential of the two-item Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI-02) for screening insomnia symptoms in children and adolescents. We sought to establish whether there are distinct subgroups with different sleep profiles and whether subgroup membership varied with gender and school year group. Methods Students (school years 5–13; typical age 9–18 years) in England completed the OxWell Student Survey in 2021. Sleep measures included: SCI-02, sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and worry disrupting sleep. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression explored sleep profiles and predicted class membership. Results In total, 29,304 participants answered sleep items. Of these, 95% provided binary gender (n = 27,802, 55% female) for analyses. Five sleep profiles emerged. The profiles, labelled “good”, “moderate”, or “poor” sleepers, vary by sleep quality – which includes time taken to fall asleep (SOL), amount of sleep (sleep duration), and the disruption of sleep due to worry. The profiles are then further differentiated by high levels of daytime sleepiness – labelled “sleepy”. “Good Sleepers” (18,355, 66%), “Moderate Sleepers” (4825, 17.4%), “Moderate Sleepy Sleepers” (1250, 4.5%), “Poor Sleepers” (1037, 3.7%) and “Poor Sleepy Sleepers” (2335, 8.4%). Probable insomnia rates (SCI-02 ≤ 2) were high in both poor sleeper profiles (70–80%) compared with other profiles (0%) and the sample overall (9%). Compared with “Good Sleepers”, all other profiles were mostly female. Daytime sleepiness – the defining characteristic of the sleepy sleeper profiles – was more common in secondary school participants than primary school. Conclusions The SCI-02 is an efficient, two-question measure to screen for potential sleep problems in young people. Sleep disruption was high: one in ten were experiencing poor sleep. Females and adolescents appeared more vulnerable to poor sleep and daytime sleepiness. The SCI-02 has the potential for use in school and community contexts to identify children and adolescents who may benefit from support managing their sleep.

Creative and critical thinking (C&CT) capabilities are essential qualities of future ready scientific literate citizens. As teacher educators, developing C&CT in science pre-service teachers (PSTs) requires supporting PSTs' development of C&CT, in addition to supporting their understanding and capacity to teach for development of C&CT in their future school science students. In this study, four secondary science educators critically reflected on the development of our professional knowledge and practice for supporting secondary science PSTs' understanding of, and capacity to teach, C&CT as future teachers of science. Meeting transcripts, reflective journaling and curriculum documents were inductively analysed for key themes, utilising an iterative approach with multiple cycles of review. Findings showed that integrating C&CT in explicit ways in our teaching and assessment tasks was not as straight-forward as initially imagined. Three themes were identified, showing how our thinking evolved, namely (1) becoming sensitised to C&CT in our science ITE practice; (2) developing a shared language and understanding for science education; and (3) illuminating the conditions for teaching C&CT. A recurring feature in all themes was the value of tensions for sensitising us to specific aspects of C&CT and its teaching. We offer recommendations for others seeking to develop science PSTs' C&CT.

Background: This study examined student and caregiver preference for school communication and explored the feasibility and acceptability of a digital tool to assist with communication about school meal program between schools and families. Methods: The study used qualitative methodology through youth focus groups and caregiver semi-structured phone interviews. The study was conducted in 4 high schools in a large, urban city. The phenomenon of interest included the exploration of preferences regarding communication around school meal programs and feasibility and acceptability of a digital tool for communication and promoting the ordering of healthful foods in the school environment. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed through NVivo qualitative software using thematic analysis approach to examine themes. Results: Forty-seven students (ages 14-21, grades 9-12) participated in 7 focus groups and 24 caregivers participated in semi-structured phone interviews. Three themes emerged around (1) communication preferences, (2) accessibility, and (3) extrinsic motivational factors for engagement in healthy eating behaviors. Conclusion: Results indicated that communication methods could potentially influence motivation and engagement in youth school meal participation.

By assessing student engagement with learning tasks along with students' understanding of subject matter before and during teaching, teachers are able to shift their teaching approaches through improvisational pedagogical reasoning in real time. However, if a teacher does not know how to respond to students' cues, their capacity to effectively adapt their teaching actions is reduced. This perspective resonates with the notion of pedagogical equilibrium. To date, studies of pedagogical equilibrium have predominantly focused on causes of disequilibrium, with scant discussion of typologies of pedagogical equilibria and mechanisms which can prompt teachers to transition from disequilibrium and equilibrium or vice versa. The purpose of this study is to conceptually discuss: (1) the transactional nature of teacher decision-making when it is based on understanding student actions and cognition; and, (2) typologies of pedagogical equilibria related to teachers' preferences for being responsive to student behaviour and understanding.