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1. Soil enzymes in response to climate warming: Mechanisms and feedbacks

Author

Nicolas Fanin, Maria Mooshammer, Marie Sauvadet, Cheng Meng, Gaël Alvarez, Laëtitia Bernard, Isabelle Bertrand, Evgenia Blagodatskaya, Lucie Bon, Sébastien Fontaine, Shuli Niu, Gwenaelle Lashermes, Tania L. Maxwell, Michael N. Weintraub, Lisa Wingate, Daryl Moorhead, and Andrew T. Nottingham

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Changement climatique, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Sciences du sol, Carbone organique du sol, Enzyme, Activité enzymatique, Réchauffement global, Écologie microbienne, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Soil enzymes are central to ecosystem processes because they mediate numerous reactions that are essential in biogeochemical cycles. However, how soil enzyme activities will respond to global warming is uncertain. We reviewed the literature on mechanisms linking temperature effects on soil enzymes and microbial communities, and outlined a conceptual overview on how these changes may influence soil carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. At the enzyme scale, although temperature can have a positive effect on enzymatic catalytic power in the short term (i.e. via the instantaneous response of activity), this effect can be countered over time by enzyme inactivation and reduced substrate affinity. At the microbial scale, short-term warming can increase enzymatic catalytic power via accelerated synthesis and microbial turnover, but shifts in microbial community composition and growth efficiency may mediate the effect of warming in the long term. Although increasing enzyme activities may accelerate labile carbon decomposition over months to years, our literature review highlights that this initial stage can be followed by the following phases: (a) a reduction in soil carbon loss, due to changing carbon use efficiency among communities or substrate depletion, which together can decrease microbial biomass and enzyme activity and (b) an acceleration of soil carbon loss, due to shifts in microbial community structure and greater allocation to oxidative enzymes for recalcitrant carbon degradation. Studies that bridge scales in time and space are required to assess whether there will be an attenuation or acceleration of soil carbon loss through changes in enzyme activities in the very long term. We conclude that soil enzymes determine the sensitivity of soil carbon to warming, but that the microbial community and enzymatic traits that mediate this effect change over time. Improving representation of enzymes in soil carbon models requires long-term studies that characterize the response of wide-ranging hydrolytic and oxidative enzymatic traits—catalytic power, kinetics, inactivation—and the microbial community responses that govern enzyme synthesis.

Published
2022

2. Increasing plant diversity promotes ecosystem functions in rainfed rice based short rotations in Malagasy highlands

Author

Marie Sauvadet, Patrice Autfray, Jean Trap, Eric Blanchart, Aude Ripoche, Philippe Letourmy, Bodovololona Rabary, Thierry Becquer, Richard Randriamanantsoa, Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), and STRADIV project (STRADIV project no. 1504-003) supported by Agropolis Foundation (France) and partly by CRP Rice Program supported by CGIAR

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Rotation culturale, agrobiodiversité, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, F07 - Façons culturales, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, biology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Legume, Rendement des cultures, Agroécosystème, Diversification, Cover crop, Rotation, Context (language use), Ecological intensification, 010603 evolutionary biology, Crop, Culture en mélange, Riz pluvial, Ecosystem services, Monocropping, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, Sorghum, biology.organism_classification, services écosystémiques, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Système de culture, Animal Science and Zoology, Soil fertility, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Weed, Agronomy and Crop Science, Agroecology
Abstract

International audience; Plant diversification is one of the main ways to ecologically intensify agroecosystems to improve their sustainability and resilience. Rotations and/or a mixture of crops can mitigate pest and weed infestation, reduce diseases, and improve soil fertility and crop productivity. However, rainfed rice yields in the Malagasy highlands remain low despite the frequent use of cropping systems including crop rotations and mixtures. In this study, we compared three rainfed rice based short rotations with rainfed rice monocropping to quantify the benefits of plant diversification on different ecosystem functions such as weed and nematode control, soil fertility, soil macrofauna abundance and diversity, and rice yield over four cropping seasons. The three rotations were based on rice in rotation with one legume, groundnut (RG), a cereal-legume mixture, sorghum and cowpea (RSC), or a mixture of legumes, velvet bean and crotalaria (RVC). Rice growth, N content and yield, soil N content, weed biomass, nematofauna and macrofauna were assessed and a profitability analysis was performed at rotation scale. The legume mixture had a significant and positive effect on rice growth, N content and yield, soil N content, and weed and nematode control due to high biomass production in the cropping cycle including legume mixture, by limiting weed growth and leaving a large quantity of N-rich residues to enrich the soil for the following rice crop. The nematicide properties of the legume mixture may reduce the infestation of plant-feeding nematodes. The RG and RSC rotations produced intermediate results. While rice yields were higher in these rotations than when rainfed rice was grown alone, weed biomass remained high due to minimal competition with weeds during the crop rotation cycle especially with groundnut. For RSC, nematode control was limited as both sorghum and cowpea are host plants for nematodes. Despite a year with no crop income with the RVC rotation, profitability was higher mainly due to the increased rice yield and reduced field management costs. The choice of species is thus crucial to optimise ecosystem functions adapted to farmers’ context and objectives.

Published
2021
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3. Effects of companion crops and tillage on soil phosphorus in a Brazilian oxisol: a chemical and 31P NMR spectroscopy study

Author

Diogo Néia Eberhardt, Thierry Becquer, Christine Le Guernevé, Herve Quiquampoix, Robélio Leandro Marchão, Volaniaina H. Ramaroson, Marie Sauvadet, Takashi Muraoka, University of São Paulo (USP), EMBRAPA Cerrados, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sciences Pour l'Oenologie (SPO), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Antananarivo, Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), USP/Cofecub program (129/11), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Comite Francais d'Evaluation de la Cooperation Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Bresil, France, CAPES, and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)

Subjects
Brachiaria ruziziensis, amélioration des cultures, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Travail du sol, Stratigraphy, Organic phosphorus, Spectroscopie, Plante de culture associée, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, F01 - Culture des plantes, F07 - Façons culturales, Augmentation de rendement, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Cover crops, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Tillage, Rendement des cultures, Agroécosystème, Oxisol, agriculture de conservation, Culture associée, Ferralsol, Conservation agriculture, P-31 NMR, chemistry.chemical_element, Zea mays, phosphorus content [EN], Organic matter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Phosphorus cycling, Phosphorus, Soil organic matter, fungi, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Manure, F61 - Physiologie végétale - Nutrition, Agronomy, chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Cajanus cajan
Abstract

International audience; Purpose Phosphorus (P) is often the main limiting factor for plant growth in highly weathered tropical soils. Phosphate use efficiency and crop yields could be increased in low-input agroecosystems through cropping systems that favor organic matter accumulation or regular additions of composts and manure. Our objective was to determine the amounts and forms of P according to companion crops (Brachiaria ruziziensis-a grass species-or Cajanus cajan-a leguminous species) and tillage systems (conventional or no-tillage). Materials and methods Soil P pools were determined (P-resin, P-Olsen, PNaOH-EDTA, and P-total) and P species were characterized by P-31 NMR spectroscopy. Results and discussion The concentrations of available and labile inorganic P (P-resin, Pi(Olsen), and Pi(NaOH-EDTA)) were greater in soil samples where companion crops (Brachiaria ruziziensis or Cajanus cajan) and maize were planted on the same row, with a more significant effect with the legume species. According to the P-31 NMR, it is mostly the proportion and amount of P-Orthophosphate that was increased, with a slight increase of the content of P-Monoester. Overall, there was a decrease of the proportion of organic P (Po-NMR/P-NMR) from 32 to 16% when the legume companion crop was associated with maize. Conclusions The tillage systems did not lead to any change in the amounts and forms of P. Companion crops are thought to increase available P through mineralization of Po from plant residues and soil organic matter, leading to an increase of fluxes between active P pools.

Published
2021
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4. Cocoa agroforest multifunctionality and soil fertility explained by shade tree litter traits

Author

Seguy Enock, Grégoire T. Freschet, Jean-Daniel Essobo, Philippe Tixier, Marie Sauvadet, Jean-Michel Harmand, Stéphane Saj, Thierry Becquer, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), World Agroforestry Centre [CGIAR, Cameroun] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agropolis Fondation, STRADIV Project, Grant/Award Number: 1504-003, ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro

Subjects
Litière forestière, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Milicia excelsa, Arbre d'ombrage, Agroforesterie, shade type, 01 natural sciences, agroforestry, Canarium, Soil functions, 2. Zero hunger, fertility, Ecology, biology, Ceiba pentandra, Plant litter, cacao tree, Cacao tree, Dacryodes edulis, agroecosystem multifunctionality, Albizia, 010603 evolutionary biology, litter recalcitrance, Fertilité du sol, Theobroma cacao, plant functional traits, Ceiba, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Shade tree, P35 - Fertilité du sol, 15. Life on land, soil functions, biology.organism_classification, F61 - Physiologie végétale - Nutrition, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Soil fertility
Abstract

International audience; Manipulating plant functional diversity to improve agroecosystem multifunctionality is a central challenge of agricultural systems world-wide. In cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS), shade trees are used to supply many services to farmers, yet their impact on soil functioning and cocoa yields is likely to vary substantially among tree species. Here we compared the impact of five shade tree species (Canarium schweinfurthii (Canarium), Dacryodes edulis (Safou), Milicia excelsa (Iroko), Ceiba pentandra (Kapok tree), Albizia adianthifolia (Albizia)) and unshaded conditions on the functioning of poor sandy savanna soils within eight cocoa farms in Central Cameroon. We assessed the effects of plant functional traits, leaf litterfall and fine root biomass on a range of soil functions and on cocoa yield. Shade trees generally improved soil pH, NH4+, NO3- and Olsen P content, biomass production of bioassays and soil total C and N content, while leaving cocoa yields unchanged. However, these effects varied largely among species. Improvements of soil functions were low under the two fruit trees (Canarium and Dacryodes), medium under the legume tree Albizia and high under the two timber trees (Milicia and Ceiba). Low litter recalcitrance was most strongly associated with increases in soil fertility indicators such as N and P availability, whereas soil C and N content increased with litter Ca restitution. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that cocoa agroforest multifunctionality is substantially influenced by the functional traits of shade tree species. Shade tree species with the most dissimilar traits to cocoa (cocoa showing the lowest leaf litter quality) showed the largest improvement of soil functions. Therefore, selection of shade trees based on their functional traits appears as a promising practice to adequately manage soil functioning. In order to fully assess the beneficial role of shade trees in these agroecosystems. Future research will need to extend this approach to other below-ground traits and other aspects of multifunctionality such as long-term cocoa health and yield.

Published
2020
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5. How deep can ectomycorrhizas go? A case study on Pisolithus down to 4 meters in a Brazilian eucalypt plantation

Author

Amandine Germon, Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso, George Rodrigues Lambais, Marie Sauvadet, Christophe Jourdan, Maiele Cintra Santana, Anne-Laure Pablo, Frédéric Mahé, Fernando Dini Andreote, Jean-Pierre Bouillet, Hervé Sanguin, Pauline Heuillard, José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves, Claude Plassard, Philippe Hinsinger, Jean-Paul Laclau, Arthur Prudêncio de Araujo Pereira, Agnès Robin, Pierre Tisseyre, Céline Pradier, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier SupAgro, University São Paulo, UMR BGPI, Federal University of Ceará, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Genotoul, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (UMR BGPI), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of São Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal do Ceará = Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratoire des symbioses tropicales et méditerranéennes (UMR LSTM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) : 2016/18944-3, Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Plant Roots, Trees, Profondeur, Soil pH, Mycorrhizae, 2. Zero hunger, Diversity, biology, Enracinement, General Medicine, Plantation forestière, Ectomycorhize, Tropical soils, Soil horizon, Brazil, Eucalyptus grandis, Pisolithus, 010603 evolutionary biology, Symbiosis, Botany, Genetics, Tropical forest plantations, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Illumina dye sequencing, Basidiomycota, P34 - Biologie du sol, RIZOSFERA, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Deep fine roots, K10 - Production forestière, Digging, Soil water, Next-generation sequencing, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ECM root tips, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-11-01 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement Despite the strong ecological importance of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, their vertical distribution remains poorly understood. To our knowledge, ECM structures associated with trees have never been reported in depths below 2 meters. In this study, fine roots and ECM root tips were sampled down to 4-m depth during the digging of two independent pits differing by their water availability. A meta-barcoding approach based on Illumina sequencing of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) was carried out on DNA extracted from root samples (fine roots and ECM root tips separately). ECM fungi dominated the root-associated fungal community, with more than 90% of sequences assigned to the genus Pisolithus. The morphological and barcoding results demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of ECM symbiosis down to 4-m. The molecular diversity of Pisolithus spp. was strongly dependent on depth, with soil pH and soil water content as primary drivers of the Pisolithus spp. structure. Altogether, our results highlight the importance to consider the ECM symbiosis in deep soil layers to improve our understanding of fine roots functioning in tropical soils. CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRA IRD Montpellier SupAgro ESALQ University São Paulo CIRAD UMR BGPI BGPI Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRA IRD Montpellier SupAgro CENA University São Paulo Federal University of Ceará UNESP University São Paulo LSTM Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRA IRD Montpellier SupAgro INRA US 1426 GeT-PlaGe Genotoul UNESP University São Paulo

Published
2019
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6. Can the comparison of above- and below-ground litter decomposition improve our understanding of bacterial and fungal successions?

Author

Isabelle Bertrand, Nicolas Fanin, Matthieu Chauvat, Marie Sauvadet, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), INRA, the Department of Environment and Agronomy, SOFIA project (ANR Agrobiosphere, ANR-11-AGRO-0004), ANR-11-AGRO-0004,SOFIA,Agrosystèmes et biodiversité fonctionnelle des Sols(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Federal University of Santa Maria, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes (ASM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)

Subjects
[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Decomposition, Phylum, Microorganism, Soil Science, Pyrosequencing, Microbial community structure, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, Substrate (marine biology), Soil, Botany, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Composition (visual arts), Incubation, Succession dynamics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Bacteria
Abstract

International audience; The relationship between litter quality and life strategy of soil microorganisms (copiotrophy vs oligotrophy) is important for understanding soil processes such as decomposition. Yet, whether and how this relationship may vary with the addition of substrates of contrasting quality (i.e., labile vs recalcitrant) has rarely been evaluated for both bacteria and fungi simultaneously. Using a 3-month incubation experiment with either maize leaves (enriched in soluble carbon (C)) or roots (enriched in structural C), we measured changes in litter quality in association with the composition of bacterial and fungal communities assessed via pyrosequencing after 0, 15, 35 and 91 days. Overall, leaf addition led to a higher differentiation from the unamended soil for bacterial and early-decomposers fungal communities compared with root addition. This finding clearly indicates that the differentiation of microbial communities strongly depends on substrate quality for both bacterial and fungal communities. Further, the differentiation of bacterial communities after litter addition remained relatively similar throughout the incubation period. This suggests that many bacterial taxa are more adapted to complex C compounds than previously thought. Finally, our study underscores the limits of the copiotroph–oligotroph model at the phylum level and the necessity to work at a finer taxonomic resolution.

Published
2019
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7. High carbon use efficiency and low priming effect promote soil C stabilization under reduced tillage

Author

Isabelle Bertrand, Pierre-Alain Maron, Marie Sauvadet, Gonzague Alavoine, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Matthieu Chauvat, Sylvie Recous, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture (IRSTEA), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Sciences Appliquées à L'Environnement (SCALE), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR Agrobiosphère Projet SOFIA, ANR-11-AGRO-0004, ANR-11-AGRO-0004,SOFIA,Agrosystèmes et biodiversité fonctionnelle des Sols(2011), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 ( FARE ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Etude et compréhension de la biodiversité ( ECODIV ), Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Sciences Appliquées à L'Environnement ( SCALE ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes ( Eco&Sols ), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
business.product_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, fertilité des sols, C-13, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, Microbial communities, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, complex mixtures, CUE, nord pas de calais, Plough, Soil management, Soil, Litter, carbone organique du sol, litière du sol, Priming effect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Decomposition, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Enzymes, Tillage, Agronomy, labour réduit, 13. Climate action, Loam, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, France, Soil fertility, business
Abstract

Increasing the accumulation of organic carbon (C) in soils is a crucial challenge both for soil fertility and for climate change mitigation. Heterotrophic microbial communities are key drivers of C cycling in the soil and are influenced by cultural practices, among other factors. However, whether changes in microbial communities in turn affect their C degradation functions is not well understood. Here, we studied the effects of prior soil management on the microbial taxonomic composition and activity of soils amended with wheat litter. Prior soil management was either conventional (CONV) (i.e., full inversion ploughing) or reduced tillage (RT) during a 5 year period in the same loamy soil in northern France. Soil samples taken from the top 5 cm of field plots were incubated with C-13-labelled litter of either flowering wheat or mature wheat for 29 days at 15 degrees C. We measured the C-CO2 and C-13-CO2, microbial biomass C (MBC) and C-13, and hydrolytic enzyme activities during decomposition. The initial bacterial and fungal community diversity was studied via high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal genes. The results showed that the MBC in the RT soil was initially 1.5-fold greater than that in the CONV soil; contrasting taxonomic compositions were also recorded. The soil biotic legacy impacted the degradation functions when the soils were amended with wheat litter. Compared with that in the CONV soil, the enzymatic efficiency of microorganisms in the RT soil increased by 49% and 61% in the presence of mature and flowering wheat litter, respectively. Enzyme efficiency was positively correlated with microbial litter C use efficiency (CUE) (r = 0.92, P-Value < 0.001) but negatively associated with the priming effect (PE) (r = -0.85, P value < 0.001) across all soils and litter treatments. These findings demonstrated that the RT soil benefited both from an increase in litter C incorporated in the microbial biomass and from a reduction in soil C loss due to the PE, regardless of the quality of the decomposed litter. Our study indicated that agricultural practices such as RT, which enriches the amount of soil organic C (SOC) in the topsoil layer, can lead to positive feedback against C stabilization functions.

Published
2018
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8. Soil biotic legacy effects of agricultural practices influence microbial C use efficiency

Author

Marie Sauvadet, Gwenaelle Lashermes, Gonzague Alavoine, Sylvie Recous, Matthieu Chauvat, Isabelle Bertrand, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Soil, Litter decomposition, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, 13C, complex mixtures, Microbial CUE, Enzymes
Abstract

International audience; Increasing soil organic matter in cropped soils is a major challenge. Soil carbon in arable systems is mainly acquired through above and below-ground litter decomposition, with an efficiency depending both on litter chemical characteristics and on the composition and activity of the soil microbial communities; however, the interactions between these two factors remain poorly understood. To answer to this question, we selected fields from a same soil type which underwent different agricultural practices during 5 years. We tested whether the impacts of these practices on soil biotic characteristics will have legacy effects on litter-C microbial assimilation strategy. The study was conducted at the long-term experimental site SOERE ACBB, located in Northern France (49.873 N, 3.032 E), on a loamy soil (Orthic Luvisol, FAO classification) where six treatments varying by their tillage, N fertilization and crop residues management were set up in 2010 (Coudrain et al., 2016). We sampled in 2015 the 0-5 cm layer of the deep-tillage (CONV) and the reduced-tillage (RT) treatments. A laboratory incubation was performed during 29 days with, for each soil, three litter treatments, i.e. (i) no litter added (control), and uniformly (ii) 13C-labelled mature wheat (recalcitrant litter), and (iii) 13C-labelled flowering wheat residues (labile litter), mixed into the soil at the rate of 3 mg C g-1 dry soil. Dynamics of C-CO2 and 13C-CO2, microbial biomass C and 13C, and hydrolytic enzymatic activities were measured during the decomposition. Non amended RT soil (control) showed higher total C content, C-CO2 emitted, microbial biomass C and enzymatic activities than CONV soil. RT litter-amended treatments exhibited both higher carbon use efficiency (proportion of the litter-13C decomposed incorporated into 13C-microbial biomass) and enzymatic efficiency (amount of litter-13C mineralized per amount of enzymes produced), yet had lower or equivalent priming effects than CONV treatments. These results suggest legacy effect of agricultural practices such as reduced tillage on the microbial C assimilation strategy in soil. We observed also that differences between CONV and RT microbial activities and carbon use efficiency increased with the recalcitrance of the decomposing litter.

Published
2017

9. Sugarcane mulch C and N dynamics during decomposition under different rates of trash removal

Author

Guilherme Dietrich, Sylvie Recous, Ismael Cristiano Pfeifer, C.M. Garlet, Marciel Redin, Sandro José Giacomini, H. Bazzo, Marie Sauvadet, Federal University of Santa Maria, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratorio do solos, Sciences sans Frontières (Brésil), Brazilian government through the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Program CNPq-Ciencias sem Fronteiras, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Crop residue, soil-residue contact, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Humid subtropical climate, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Crop, Degradation, Dry matter, sub-tropical conditions, Cane, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, biology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Soil-residue contact, Carbon, Subtropical climate, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Soil fertility, Agronomy and Crop Science, Mulch, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Sugarcane is a worldwide crop that leaves a considerable amount of crop residues (called trash) on the soil surface each year after green cane harvesting. However, the recent industrial valorization of these residues raises the question of how much trash to leave as mulch after harvest. Here, we studied the decomposition of three different trash quantities (4, 8 and 12 Mg ha −1 ) across five experimental sites from a subtropical climate over one year. We quantified the dry matter (DM), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of the remaining mulch at one-month intervals for one year after trash addition at all sites. The chemical composition of the trash was characterized by proximate analysis at one site. Our results showed that mulch degradation was proportional to the initial amount of trash left on the soil surface, i.e., the degradation rates were similar for the three trash treatments at each site, suggesting no limiting factor to decomposition associated with trash quantity and its contact with the soil. On average, 64% of the trash was degraded after 12 months in all treatments, leading to considerable differences in the mass of C degraded after one year (1.2 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.3 Mg ha −1 for the 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha −1 treatments, respectively). An interaction between trash quantity and site was observed, which translated into more differences in the C degradation rates between sites for the 4 Mg ha −1 trash treatment. The N content of the remaining mulch was rather stable throughout the year, which indicated the efficient use and recycling of N by the decomposing microflora during trash decomposition. These results will help determine the amount of sugarcane trash that should be left on fields to preserve soil C and soil fertility.

Published
2017
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10. Can changes in litter quality drive soil fauna structure and functions?

Author

Isabelle Bertrand, Marie Sauvadet, Matthieu Chauvat, Nicolas Brunet, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), SOFIA project (ANR Agrobiosphere, ANR-11-AGRO-0004), ANR-11-AGRO-0004,SOFIA,Agrosystèmes et biodiversité fonctionnelle des Sols(2011), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité d'Agronomie de Laon-Reims-Mons (AGRO-LRM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Litter (animal), [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Crop residue, crop residues, Litter quality, enzymic activity, functional group, Soil biology, faune du sol, Soil Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Divergence, Abundance (ecology), biomasse microbienne, sol agricole, Fauna functional groups, 2. Zero hunger, Diversity, agricultural soil, Ecology, detritivorous, activité enzymatique, Detritivore, Litter decomposition, food and beverages, Biota, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, résidu de culture, 15. Life on land, dégradation de la litière, mineral nitrogen, Enzymes, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Taxon, Agronomy, azote minéral, détritivore, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Composition (visual arts), groupe fonctionnel, soil fauna, france
Abstract

Crop residues restitution has significant impacts on soil biota, as it constitutes the main carbon (C) source in cultivated system, and differently alters belowground communities depending on its initial quality. However, functional consequences of such changes have mainly been studied considering few taxa, and less is known on the effects of biota differentiation in complex, un-manipulated communities. To evaluate the role of litters diverging qualities on soil fauna assemblages and functions during decomposition, we incorporated into the soil two litters of different qualities (high: pea or low: barley) in a long-term experimental research station studying the impacts of different cultural practices in Northern France. We measured initially and after 7 and 11 months the abundance and composition of main functional groups of soil fauna: bacterial-feeders, fungal-feeders, meso- and macro-detritivores. In parallel, we followed litter mass loss and quality, enzymatic activities (hydrolytic and oxidative), soil mineral N content, microbial and fungal biomass. Pea and barley litter qualities gradually diverged across time due to the faster depletion of cellulose in pea (−38%) than in barley (−18%), leading to contrasting enzymatic activities despite similar mass loss for both litters. Microbial-feeders exhibited more changes between the sampling dates rather than between the different litters. Contrastingly, detritivores (meso- and macro-) mirrored divergence in quality of pea and barley litters across time with increasing composition dissimilarities after 0, 7 and 11 months. As a consequence, enzymatic activities were better explained by detritivores rather than by microbial-feeders composition. These relationships suggested a direct link between the identity of the taxa stimulated and the nature of the top-down regulation during litter decomposition.

Published
2017
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11. The dynamics of soil micro-food web structure and functions vary according to litter quality

Author

Marie Sauvadet, Pierre-Alain Maron, Cécile Villenave, Matthieu Chauvat, Daniel Cluzeau, Isabelle Bertrand, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station Biologique de Paimpont CNRS UMR 6653 (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), SOFIA project (ANR Agrobiosphere, ANR-11-AGRO-0004), ANR-11-AGRO-0004,SOFIA,Agrosystèmes et biodiversité fonctionnelle des Sols(2011), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 ( FARE ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Etude et compréhension de la biodiversité ( ECODIV ), Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] ( ECOBIO ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -INEE-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes ( OSUR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Station Biologique de Paimpont CNRS UMR 6653 ( OSUR ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes ( Eco&Sols ), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Rennes (UR)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Maize decomposition, Nematodes, Soil biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Soil Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Ecosystem engineer, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem, education, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], biology, Ecology, Respiration, Earthworm, Pyrosequencing, Biota, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, biology.organism_classification, Enzymes, pyrosequencing, Microbial population biology, Agronomy, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Network analysis
Abstract

International audience; Anthropogenic pressures on agricultural soils are known to alter the properties of soil food webs, which may affect ecosystem functions and the capacity to deliver services. Cropping systems fuel belowground biota by supplying litter, but litter quality varies from year to year. In this study, we hypothesized that (i) the structure and function of the soil biota may respond strongly to the quality of crop residue, and (ii) this response may vary with the complexity of the food web. To test this hypothesis, a 3-month incubation experiment was performed using soil columns filled with a silty loam agricultural soil (Estrées-Mons, Northern France), and plant litter was incorporated into the 0–5-cm layer. The quality of the litter was modulated by using either high quality (maize leaves) or low quality materials (maize roots), and two levels of biotic complexity were tested by introducing or not introducing an ecosystem engineer (Lumbricus terrestris, anecic earthworm) into the columns. We then investigated litter decomposition and enzymatic activities, as well as the biomass and diversity of the bacterial, fungal and nematode communities. The C mineralization and enzymatic profiles varied according to litter quality, and the most obvious differences were observed in the hydrolytic enzymes and phenol oxidase. Micro-food web interactions and structure were mainly impacted by litter type and the time since litter incorporation, and as expected, we observed a temporal succession of cellulolytic organisms followed by lignolytic organisms. This progression was mirrored by the nematode community; the ratio of fungal feeders/bacterial feeders increased between 35 and 91 days. Initial litter quality primarily impacted bacterial and fungal community structure, and the development of the bacterial channel was greater with the addition of leaf litter. This was related to an increase in specific, favored phyla, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, whereas Actinobacteria increased more with the addition of root litter. However, we could not statistically link the changes in the structure of the microbial communities over time with those in enzyme activity, which led us to assume that other factors, such as top-down regulation, are more important than microbial community structure in the determination of the enzyme secretions in the soil. Finally, the addition of earthworms did not significantly impact litter decomposition and had a low impact on micro-food web structure and interactions. However, the presence of L. terrestris did modify the enzymatic secretions, probably through its endemic microbial population, as well as the stimulation of microbial activity through predation

Published
2016
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