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This study reports the phosphorylation of lignin using disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate salt as a phosphate donor and urea as a catalyst. Phosphorylation of lignin was carried out by grafting the salt onto lignin at 80 °C. Weight ratio of lignin and salt was 1:6.25. The phosphorylated lignin was analyzed using EDS which shows that an average of 2,9% of phosphorus element is found in the grafted lignin. This is also confirmed by functional group analysis using FTIR and the result shows that the phosphate group had been successfully grafted onto the lignin. Furthermore, the TGA results show an improve in the thermal stability as seen from the increase of decomposition temperature of the grafted lignin up to 34 °C compared with the pristine one. A slight increase in char residue of grafted lignin as high as 5% compared to pure lignin is also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper soap is currently in great demand by the public because it is easy to carry everywhere. In the process, solid soap is printed as thin as paper. This paper soap will dissolve and produce foam when exposed to water. This study aims to synthesize the paper soap product against the effect of variations in the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA serves as an adhesive and forms a thin layer (film). The raw material for making soap is virgin coconut oil and NaOH as a basic soap. Basic soap is mixed with glycerin, ethylene glycol, silicone oil, olive oil, aloe vera, and perfume. After that, the mixture was added with polyvinyl alcohol with various concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent solution. The processed soap material is then poured into a flat mold with a thickness of 0.5 mm and 1 mm. The paper soap produced was tested for water content, free fatty acids, pH and antibacterial activity test. The test results showed that the best paper soap was obtained when using a 5 percent PVA solution. The results are in accordance with the requirements of SNI 3532:2016 solid soap with a moisture content of 12%, free fatty acids 1.5%, pH 9.6 and the value of inhibition diameter on the antibacterial activity test 18.7 mm, the value stability of foam of 94% with a thickness of 0.5 mm soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]