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In recent decades much attention has been given to the optimization of professional development to support education reform; especially as it relates to science, engineering, technology and mathematics (STEM) fields. Many studies have shown that the most effective STEM professional development programs include active inquiry opportunities that take place over long durations. The Colorado School of Mines (CSM) has developed, and hosts, a professional program that works to address these needs. The "Water-Energy Education for the Next Generation" (WE[superscript 2]NG) is a National Science Foundation funded Research Experience for Teachers (RET). The WE[superscript 2]NG program is a six-week summer training that immerses K-12 educators in state-of-the-art research at CSM through the highly interdisciplinary lens of the water-energy nexus. The WE[superscript 2]NG model also includes industry field trips, content and pedagogy workshops and book club focusing on science communication. Program effectiveness is evaluated through surveys given to participants before, during and after the program. Pre- and post-program surveys indicate that WE[superscript 2]NG supports teacher confidence and growth in teachers of all grade levels and that participant satisfaction outcomes are likely related to the ratio of elementary, middle and high school teacher participants. Surveys given during the program reveal consistently positive feedback and that satisfaction with collaborative program elements is related to program duration. Overall, survey results illustrate that the WE[superscript 2]NG RET program is an effective professional development model for K-12 STEM educators.

In the nineteenth century, Irish newspaper culture became more experimental in nature. The form of Irish nationalist newspapers as an assemblage of various registers and genres embodied the politics of Irish nationalism and anti- colonialism in the period. These media innovations, as well as the forms of writing disseminated, transformed again during the Great Famine in Ireland (1846-51). During and after the Famine, the gothic was mobilized in newspaper columns, often in service of producing critiques of empire. Examining Irish newspaper writing on famine in India and on the Morant Bay Rebellion, this essay argues that engagement with the gothic in the anti-colonialist press in Victorian Ireland allowed for the emergence of powerful and distinctly internationalist critiques of colonial capitalism and its violent apparatuses. .Amy E. Martin (amartin@mtholyoke.edu) is Professor of English on the Emma B. Kennedy Foundation at Mount Holyoke College. She is the author of Alter- Nations: Nationalisms, Terror, and the State in Nineteenth Century Britain and Ireland (Ohio State UP, 2012) and has published widely on Victorian Ireland, including in The Field Day Review, Victorian Literature and Culture, and Victorian Review., In the nineteenth-century Irish nationalist press, there are important strands of internationalist thought that facilitate a sophisticated understanding of empire beyond the limits of Ireland. These theorizations of empire opened [...]

Children commonly refuse induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia providers must then decide whether to honor the child's dissent or to proceed over objection. In some circumstances, a forced induction involves restraining the child, incurring both practical and ethical harms to the patient‐provider encounter. This educational review explores the practical dilemma encountered when a child dissents to induction of anesthesia. In the course of exploring this dilemma, dissent and associated terms are defined and compared, and the prominent ethical underpinnings regarding pediatric decision‐making are described to clarify dissent as an ethical and practical concept. Important legal and professional standards are summarized, and practice trends are discussed to depict the current state of practice, including novel approaches to honoring pediatric dissent for elective surgeries. This information is then used to invite providers to consider where they ethically situate themselves within a legally and professionally defined space of acceptable practice. Finally, these considerations are synthesized to discuss important nuances regarding pediatric refusal, and some key questions are presented for clinicians to ponder as they consider their practice of choosing whether to honor pediatric dissent at induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) recycling may occur multiple times during the life of the pavement. This study investigates the effect of multiple recycling on binder properties by employing a virgin 3045 PEN grade binder that was aged in the laboratory intended to simulate aging of binders in RAP. The aged binder was rejuvenated using two bio-oils and one softer binder. The doses of the bio-oils and softer binder were determined by matching the continuous high-temperature performance grade (PGH) of the rejuvenated RAP binder to that of the virgin binder. This aging and rejuvenation cycle was repeated three times. Finally, fatigue and rutting performance of the binder was evaluated for the three reuse levels. Results indicate that the material can be reused up to three cycles keeping good performance on fatigue or rutting. However, care should be taken regarding the cumulative effect of bio-oils causing an over-softening effect on the of the RAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose School-based oral health programs (SBOHPs) provide opportunities to address oral health inequities by providing convenient access points for care. No published guidelines on SBOHP implementation existed. Our work describes how philanthropic, public, and academic organizations partnered to support dental safety net providers with designing comprehensive SBOHPs in North and South Carolina. Description A multi-sector leadership team was established to manage a new SBOHP philanthropic-funded grant program organized into two phases, Readiness and Implementation, with the former a 6-month planning period in preparation of the latter. Readiness included technical assistance (TA) delivered through coaching and 15 online learning modules organized in four domains: operations, finance, enabling services, and impact. Organizations could apply for implementation grants after successful TA completion. Process evaluation was used including a Readiness Stoplight Report for tracking progression. Assessment Ten Readiness grantees completed the TA. A variety of models resulted, including mobile, portable and fixed clinics. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the readiness stoplight reports. Components of the operation and finance domains required were the most time-intensive, specifically the development of policy manuals, production goals, and financial performance tracking. Conclusion The program's structure resulted in (a) a two-state learning community, (b) SBOHP practice and policy alignment, and (c) coordinated program distribution. TA improvements are planned to account for COVID-19 threats, including school closures, space limitations, and transmission fears. Telehealth, non-aerosolizing procedures, and improved scheduling and communication can address concerns. Organizations considering SBOHPs should explore similar recommendations to navigate adverse circumstances., Author(s): Amy B. Martin [sup.1] , Mark E. Moss [sup.2] , Abby Kelly [sup.1] , Amah Riley [sup.1] , Vanessa Pardi [sup.2] , Anna Chandler Pollard [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) [...]

The increasing interest in supporting human psychological wellbeing in the workplace should be applauded. Within the animal health industry, especially in veterinary and welfare sectors, the need to support staff has perhaps never been more salient. One support method that can be appealing for organisations is to offer interventions that are group based. Groups can be viewed as cost effective by delivering help to a number of people at one time; however, they are often wrongly perceived as a quick and cheap option. Moreover, groups are commonly believed to be pleasant places which, by their very nature, will be social, kind and healing – but this can be a misplaced belief. Groups may provide few or none of the intended outcomes, or even cause more harm than good. Just as a medication can have unwanted and sometimes harmful side effects, so too can psychological and social interventions. Leaning on our experience of running formal groups in a number of different ways, in this article we aim to share thinking about what is needed to run groups to support staff wellbeing. We also cover factors to consider before embarking on this type of intervention to ensure that groups help staff rather than harm them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassland degradation is challenging the health of grassland ecosystems globally and causing biodiversity decline. Previous studies have demonstrated the impact of grassland degradation on the abundance and behavior of small mammals. Little is known about how it affects the genetic structure of gregarious mammals in the wild. This study explores the effects of grassland degradation on the genetic structure of a small burrowing mammal, plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). We used nine microsatellite loci to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between colonies and genetic relatedness between individuals within the colony. We found that pikas in severely degraded grasslands had a significantly higher genetic diversity within colonies, a higher level of gene flow between colonies, and a lower genetic differentiation between colonies compared to pikas in less degraded grasslands. Individuals within colonies had a significantly lower genetic relatedness in severely degraded grasslands than in less degraded grasslands. This study has provided potential evidence of a significant impact of grassland degradation on the genetic structure of pikas, which has caused a breakdown of their kin‐selected colony structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of interviews with staff from 64 community organizations regarding their experiences with service-learners. One of the themes that emerged from the interviews focused on concerns related to short-term service-learning commitments that last a semester or less. We explore the challenges presented to community groups by short-term service: investment of staff time; staff capacity to train and supervise; incompatibility with direct client service; timing and project management; and academic calendar issues. Despite these obstacles, many community organization staff reported their desire to continue working with service-learners for altruistic and other reasons. The paper concludes with thoughts on how to deal with the challenges presented by short-term service-learning.

Children and the Great Hunger in Ireland, edited by Christine Kinealy, Jason King, and Gerard Moran; pp. xxxiii + 293. Hamden, CT and Cork: Quinnipiac University Press, 2018, $29.00. Since [...]

Background: Shielding was introduced to protect clinically extremely vulnerable people during the COVID‐19 pandemic. For junior doctors who had to shield, this meant pausing in‐person clinical duties to protect their health. There is limited literature regarding this, and the available evidence is predominantly surveys or blogs that describe mainly negative experiences including guilt, isolation, inadequate support and Return To Work (RTW) concerns. Exploring the experiences of this group is valuable to understand the impact on them, and their support needs moving forward. Methods: This was a qualitative study using individual semi‐structured interviews. Three junior doctors were recruited using volunteer and snowball sampling. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Seven themes were finalised: (1) Professional value, (2) Threatened autonomy, (3) Self‐motivated, (4) Educational impact, (5) Mental health, (6) Inadequate support and (7) Return To Work concerns. Discussion: Participant experiences largely reflected the evidence base including increased skill and knowledge acquisition, alongside guilt, isolation and inadequate support whilst shielding and upon RTW. These findings add valuable qualitative data to a scarcity of literature. However, caution should be applied when transferring these findings to other junior doctors, noting the small sample and regional setting. A small research grant has been secured for further research with a larger sample size incorporating the supervisor perspective. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that shielding was a challenging experience for these junior doctors including impacts on mental health and insufficient support. This lack of support requires further attention to refine and strengthen available support structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, grassland degradation is an acute ecological problem. In alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau, increased densities of various small mammals in degraded grassland are assumed to intensify the degradation process and these mammals are subject to lethal control. However, whether the negative impact of small mammals is solely a result of population size or also a result of activity and behavior has not been tested. In this study, we use plateau pika as a model to compare population size, core area of colony, and the number of burrow entrances and latrines between lightly and severely degraded grassland. We test whether the alleged contribution of pika to grassland degradation is a result of increased population size or increased burrowing activities of individuals in response to lower food abundance. We found that grassland degradation resulted in lower plant species richness, plant height, and biomass. Furthermore, the overall population size of pika was not significantly affected by location in lightly and severely degraded grassland. However, pika core areas in severely grassland degradation were significantly larger and had significantly higher densities of burrows and latrines. Our study provides convincing evidence that habitat‐induced changes in the behavior of small, burrowing mammals, such as pika, can exacerbate grassland degradation. This finding has significant implications for managing small mammals and restoring degraded grassland ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]