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Abstract Excess oxidative stress generated in the body causes various types of cellular damage, including DNA damage. Certain trace minerals act as antioxidants by functioning as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. This study was conducted to evaluate the serum and hair concentrations of major antioxidant trace minerals (zinc, manganese, selenium, and chromium) and to determine the association between the oxidative stress marker urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and serum or hair antioxidant trace mineral concentrations, according to the general characteristics of healthy adults. Study participants were selected after screening, and 108 participants aged 19–69 years were finally included. Serum and hair trace mineral concentrations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and urine 8-OHdG levels were quantified using an ELISA kit. Results showed that urinary 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher in exercisers than in those who did not exercise. Correlation analysis revealed that urinary 8-OHdG was negatively correlated with hair zinc in participants over 60 years of age and with poor health status, and positively correlated with hair chromium in participants with irregular dietary habits. In conclusion, these results suggest that urinary 8-OHdG is particularly correlated with hair zinc and chromium levels. Additional large-scale epidemiological studies are needed to generally confirm these findings.

Objectives: Bone health in early adulthood, as individuals approach peak bone mass, plays a critical role in preventing osteoporosis later in life. This study aimed to investigate the associations between lifestyle and dietary factors, anthropometric measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 healthy Korean adults (50 men and 50 women) in their 20s and early 30s. Bone mineral density (BMD), anthropometric measurements, dietary intake (24-hour recall), and urinary bone resorption indicators (deoxypyridinoline and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were analyzed. Variables were compared between the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups (OSTEO group: 30% men and 60% women) and the healthy control group. Results: Men in the OSTEO group were significantly taller than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly lower body weight and body composition (muscle and body fat) than those in the normal group (P < 0.01). Men in the OSTEO group had a significantly higher intake of animal calcium (Ca) than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). Women in the OSTEO group had significantly higher dietary fiber, vitamin A, Ca, plant Ca, and potassium intake than did those in the normal group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in caffeinated beverage consumption, eating habits, or urinary bone resorption indicators between the OSTEO and control groups of either sex. Conclusions: In our study of young South Korean adults, we observed low bone density levels, with particularly low BMD in taller men and underweight women. We found a higher nutrient intake in the OSTEO group, indicating the possibility of reverse causality, a phenomenon often found in cross-sectional studies. Therefore, there is a need to further elucidate dietary factors related to osteoporosis in young adults through prospective cohort studies involving a larger population.

Abstract Background This study investigated the association between quantitative and qualitative protein intake and grip strength (GS) in the South Korean population to explore nutritional management for the prevention of sarcopenia. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on data from a nationally representative sample of the South Korean elderly population, consisting of 1,531 men and 1,983 women aged 65 years and older who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016 to 2019. Low GS was defined as GS

The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional value of edible insects with a focus on minerals. Proximate analysis and mineral content were analyzed for five types of dried edible insects currently sold in Korean markets including Tenebrio molitor, Oxya chinensis sinuosa, Bombyx mori, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, and Verlarifictorus aspersus. On a dry weight basis, the highest content of fat was in Tenebrio molitor and of protein in Oxya chinensis sinuosa. Energy content was highest in Tenebrio molitor at 23.9 MJ/kg dry weight. Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis had the highest concentration of calcium (349.2–2282.0 mg/kg dry weight), of phosphorus (5105.0–8875.1 mg/kg dry weight), and of magnesium (502.2–2522.9 mg/kg dry weight). Zinc and copper concentrations were highest in Verlarifictorus aspersus. Iron, manganese, and molybdenum concentrations were highest in Oxya chinensis sinuosa. Last, the concentration of boron was highest in Tenebrio molitor. Edible insects may be a source of mineral nutrition.

This study was conducted to develop an equation for estimation of 24-h urinary-sodium excretion that can serve as an alternative to 24-h dietary recall and 24-h urine collection for normotensive Korean adults. In total, data on 640 healthy Korean adults aged 19 to 69 years from 4 regions of the country were collected as a training set. In order to externally validate the equation developed from that training set, 200 subjects were recruited independently as a validation set. Due to heterogeneity by gender, we constructed a gender-specific equation for estimation of 24-h urinary-sodium excretion by using a multivariable linear regression model and assessed the performance of the developed equation in validation set. The best model consisted of age, body weight, dietary behavior ('eating salty food', 'Kimchi consumption', 'Korean soup or stew consumption', 'soy sauce or red pepper paste consumption'), and smoking status in men, and age, body weight, dietary behavior ('salt preference', 'eating salty food', 'checking sodium content for processed foods', 'nut consumption'), and smoking status in women, respectively. When this model was tested in the external validation set, the mean bias between the measured and estimated 24-h urinary-sodium excretion from Bland-Altman plots was -1.92 (95% CI: -113, 110) mmol/d for men and -1.51 (95% CI: -90.6, 87.6) mmol/d for women. The cut-points of sodium intake calculated based on the equations were ≥4,000 mg/d for men and ≥3,500 mg/d for women, with 89.8 and 76.6% sensitivity and 29.3 and 64.2% specificity, respectively. In this study, a habitual 24-hour urinary-sodium-excretion-estimation model of normotensive Korean adults based on anthropometric and lifestyle factors was developed and showed feasibility for an asymptomatic population.

Magnesium is known to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, studies on its relationship with hypertension, a single and common cause of various chronic diseases, are limited and their findings are not consistent. The purpose of the present study is to identify the relationship between magnesium intake and high blood pressure (HBP) risk in Koreans.This research is a cross-sectional study based on the 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. This study investigated 11,685 adults aged over 20 to examine their general characteristics, anthropometry and blood pressure. Daily magnesium intake was analyzed using the 24-hour dietary recall method. To calculate the odds ratio (OR) of HBP risk (130/85 mmHg or over) according to the quartile of magnesium intake (mg/1000 kcal) together with its 95% confidence interval (CI), multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.No significant association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of HBP was found. In obese women, particularly, after adjusting relevant factors, the adjusted odds ratio of HBP prevalence in the highest magnesium intake quartile was 0.40 compared with the lowest magnesium intake quartile (95% CI = 0.25~0.63, P for trend = 0.0014). Women, especially obese women, were found to have a negative relationship of magnesium intake with HBP.The present results indicate that sufficient magnesium intake could be useful in decreasing the high blood pressure risk of obese women.

To increase the understanding of the relationship between dietary silicon intake and various human health outcomes, this study assessed the silicon contents of 201 home meal replacement (HMR) products (124 ready-to-cook and 77 ready-to-eat products). Ready-to-cook foods included rice, porridge, noodles, broth, stew, soup, bread, dumplings, meat dishes and sauces, while ready-to-eat foods included lunch boxes, kimbap, burgers and sandwiches. The collected samples were analysed for silicon content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The average silicon content per serving was significantly higher in ready-to-eat foods at 7.68 mg compared to 3.03 mg in ready-tocook foods, and the content per 100 g was also significantly different at 4.12 mg and 1.53 mg, respectively. When comparing the silicon content per serving of ready-to-cook foods by type, there were no significant differences. However, significant differences were determined in silicon content per serving of ready-to-eat foods by type, with sandwiches having the lowest average of 1.09 mg and kimbap having the highest average of 9.73 mg. The product types with the lowest price and highest silicon content were noodles and kimbap. The silicon content of HMR constructed in this study can be widely used to expand food composition database and assess the intake of silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed dietary 12 mineral intakes in young Korean adults with a self-selected diet. The study aimed to investigate the intake status of minerals in young adults for balanced nutritional management. As a cross-sectional study, anthropometric measurements and a dietary intake survey using a 24-hour recall method were conducted in 100 adults aged 19-31 years. Then, 12 mineral intakes of the subjects were analysed using mineral content databases. The daily mineral intakes of all subjects were 525.02 mg for Ca, 1041.89 mg for P, 3538.83 mg for Na, 2270.92 mg for K, 204.62 mg for Mg, 12.21 mg for Fe, 6.80 mg for Zn, 726.11 ug for Cu, 4.43 mg for Mn, 147.35 ug for I, 77.93 ug for Se, and 58.23 ug for Mo. Cereals (Fe, Mo), vegetables (K, Mg), meat (P, Zn, Se), and teas·beverages·alcohols (Cu, Mn) were the main food groups of various mineral intakes along with milks and dairy products (Ca) and seaweeds (I). Dietary intake of Ca, K, Mg, and Zn did not meet the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) or adequate intake (AI). In addition, the minerals in which the index of nutrient quality value was less than 1 were Ca at 0.82, K at 0.79, Mg at 0.77, and Zn at 0.88. However, the daily intake of P, Na, and Mo significantly exceeded the RNI or AI. In young Korean adults with a self-selected diet, dietary intakes of some minerals (Ca, K, Mg, and Zn) did not meet the dietary reference intakes, while some (P, Na, and Mo) were met. Therefore, we can suggest that balanced mineral intake is needed along with intake exceeding the mineral reference value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at evaluation of the nutritional value of processed beverages commonly sold in Korea, focusing on calcium, potassium, magnesium and boron. The beverages collected (91 products sold in Korean retail stores) were classified into 12 types (fruit juices, fruit beverages, carbonated beverages, sports drinks, caffeinated beverages, alcoholic beverages, teas, natural mineral water, milks, fermented milks, soymilks and other mixed beverages) and concentration of calcium, potassium, magnesium and boron was analysed in them using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Calcium concentration was highest at 993.8 mg·l-1 in fermented milks, followed by milks (599.9 mg·l-1). Potassium was highest at 1 693.7 mg·l-1 in fermented milks, followed by soymilks (1 613.7 mg·l-1). Magnesium was highest in soymilks (138.3 mg·l-1), followed by fermented milks (91.2 mg·l-1). Boron was highest at 1.7 mg·l-1 in soymilks, followed by fruit juices (1.3 mg·l-1). When the mineral concentration of the beverages was evaluated per one dollar and energy, similar results were obtained. Among the various beverage groups, dairy milks, soymilks and fruit juices had greater value in mineral nutrition in terms of concentration, cost effectiveness and nutritional density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study set out to appraise the intake amount of Fe, Zn, and Mn among elementary schoolchildren. Methods: In this study, 1,320 elementary schoolchildren aged between 6 and 11 were evaluated. Their daily nutritional intake status of Fe, Zn, and Mn was evaluated by comparison with Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs). Results: Intake of Fe and Zn was 138.4% and 140.8% of the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI), respectively, and the intake of Mn was 154.1 % of the adequate intake (AI). The proportions of participants with mean daily intake of Zn and Mn less than the tolerable upper intake (UL) was 21.7% and 50.2% for each mineral. Conclusions: In conclusion, the average intake of Fe, Zn, and Mn in Korean elementary schoolchildren satisfied the DRIs. In the future, a study will be necessary to identify appropriate DRIs and to assess the utilization rate with biochemical levels based on the intake of microminerals from various sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese is an essential nutrient for human metabolism; however, few studies have been conducted to establish the dietary recommended intake (DRI) for manganese. The purpose of this study is to provide data that can infonn the manganese intake level and address the RI by analyzing the manganese intake of 513 young Korean adults and evaluating the blood levels and estimated manganese balance of 51 selected subjects. The average age of the total subjects was 22.6 years for men and 21.6 years for women. The average daily energy intake was 1,758.50 kcal for men and 1,578.5 kcal for women. In addition, the daily manganese intake was 3,772.7 μg for men and 3,444.2 μg for women. The manganese intake of all subjects was lower than the tolerable upper intake. The manganese intake, excretion through urine and feces, retention amount, and retention rate of the selected subjects were 2,922.8 pg, 2,612.2 μg, 331.1 μg, and 6.7%, respectively, with no significant difference between men and women except urinary excretion (0.34 jig for men vs. 0.18 μg for women, p < 0.05). The manganese intake was positively related with the intakes of food, energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Also, the manganese retention amount was positively related with the intakes of energy, protein, and fat. These results show that both food intake and energy intake are important factors for manganese intake and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for normal development and bodily functions in humans. In the present study, we examined whether Mn supplementation can alter the serum lipid parameters and liver function in Ca-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks) were divided into five groups and bred for 12 weeks: sham-operated control group (Sham), OVX Ca deficiency group (OLCa) with Ca-deficient diet (0.1% Ca modified AIN-93N diet), OVX Ca deficiency and Mn supplementation group (OLCaMn), OVX with adequate Ca group (OACa; 0.5% Ca AIN-93N diet), and OVX with adequate Ca and Mn supplementation group (OACaMn). A low Ca diet increased the liver weight and serum levels of GOT, GPT, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in OVX rats. Mn supplementation decreased these parameters in Ca-deficient OVX rat. The results of our study suggest Mn supplementation results in reductions of the blood cholesterol levels, which show an increase due to Ca deficiency in OVX rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium, an element involved in a variety of biochemical and physiological processes in the human body, is closely linked to maintaining health and preventing disease. Even so, studies on the status of magnesium intake have never been conducted sufficiently since only recently a dietary reference intake value was proposed, and data on magnesium contents in food items have always been insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we selected 366 food items commonly consumed by Korean people and then analyzed their magnesium content with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. With these results, we evaluated daily magnesium intake in 239 healthy adult males and females. Using these 366 values based on magnesium content measurements, we evaluated the status of magnesium intake by our participants and found that the average daily magnesium intake was 279.2 mg, 90.4% of the recommended intake (RI). The results also showed that the magnesium intake by 54.8% of the subjects was lower than the estimated average requirement. In addition to this, the magnesium intake by 45.2% of the cohort was less than 75% of the RI. As such, a high percentage of the subjects showed inappropriate magnesium intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism parameters relative to calcium (Ca) intake levels in ovariectomized rats. A total of 72 female Wistar rats (6 weeks) were ovariectomized (OVX) and divided into six groups, and Si (500 mg of Si per kilogram of feed) was or was not administered with diets containing various levels of Ca (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.5%) for 10 weeks. The groups were as follows: (1) Ca-deficient group (0.1% Ca), (2) Ca-deficient with Si supplementation group, (3) adequate Ca group (0.5% Ca), (4) adequate Ca with Si supplementation group, (5) high Ca group (1.5% Ca), and (6) high Ca with Si supplementation group. Si supplementation significantly increased the BMD of the femur and tibia in Ca-deficient OVX rats, while no change was observed with Si supplementation in the BMD of the spine, femur, and tibia in the adequate and high Ca groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels were not affected by Si supplementation or Ca intake levels. C-telopeptide type I collagen levels were significantly decreased as a result of Si supplementation in Ca-deficient OVX rats. In summary, Si supplementation produced positive effects on bone mineral density in Ca-deficient OVX rats by reducing bone resorption. Therefore, Si supplementation may also prove to be helpful in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women whose calcium intake is insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  This study aimed to analyze the amounts of copper, selenium, and molybdenum among trace minerals in foods and to evaluate their daily intakes in Korean adults. Contents of copper, selenium, and molybdenum in 366 varieties of foods commonly consumed by Koreans were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, techniques with low detection limits as well as high reproducibility and precision. Next, we evaluated the status of trace mineral intake using the 24-h recall method after conducting anthropometric measurements on 249 male and 344 female adults aged 20 or older. The average daily energy intake for males was 7,452.8 kJ, significantly higher than the 6,118.3 kJ for females (p  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Silicon is important for the proper growth and development of bone and connective tissues. This study was designed to investigate if water-soluble silicon could be used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Silicon (Si 20 mg/kg body weight/day) was administrated orally to 17-week-old ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 4 weeks. Silicon did not alter weight gain in OVX rats. Silicon supplementation significantly increased the bone mineral density of the femur (p p p  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]