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Digital platforms, with their ever-increasing reach and power, are reshaping many aspects of society. China is experiencing a platformization of society akin to what has occurred in the West. By mapping the algorithmic news distribution field in China, this study shows how the key players (including digital platforms, news organizations, and state regulators) compete, collaborate, and work symbiotically with each other in this changing ecology. We explore a particularly key player—Jinri Toutiao, led by ByteDance (parent company of the popular app TikTok)—as a case that exemplifies the platform logic in China’s news ecosystem and how it involves a delicate dance with the public and regulators in a politically restrictive environment. We find that the mutual shaping of platforms and society is not a given but rather a dynamic process. Indeed, we show that Toutiao’s tremendous success is partially because of the state’s laissez-faire policy in the earlier years, and that its move to assume greater social responsibility is a response to recent tightening of regulations. Amid widespread questions about the role and influence of Big Tech and platforms in society, the case of China enriches our understanding of the platformization of news outside the Western context.

Journalism and other institutions clash over automated news generation, algorithmic distribution and content ownership worldwide. AI policies are the main mechanisms that establish and organise the hierarchies among these institutions. Few studies, however, have explored the normative dimension of AI in policymaking in journalism, especially beyond the West. This case study inspects the copyright law's impact on AI innovation in newsrooms in the unexamined Chinese context. Using neo-institutional theory and policy network theory, the study investigates the Third Amendment to the Chinese Copyright Law, exemplary court cases regarding automated journalism copyright disputes (such as Tencent v. Yingxun and Film v. Baidu), and other supporting documents. The findings show how China's copyright legal framework separates authorship and ownership; defines "originality" and "creativity" in human-machine collaboration; and prioritises tech companies while undermining journalistic autonomy. We argue that the law's eager embrace of AI may give tech companies an advantage over news organisations that do not necessarily have a strategy to adopt AI. Moreover, it favours state-owned, resource-rich official media over the private sector. An implication of this shifting power dynamic is the possibility of privately owned news media being marginalised, resulting in even stronger state control over media production and information flow.

News dissemination online is driven by three gatekeeping logics: the gatekeeping logic of the news media (publishing), the gatekeeping logic of social actors (sharing), and the gatekeeping logic of platform algorithms (spreading), each guided by different values and with a different relationship to content. Using a reverse engineering approach, this study applies a 2015 dataset to empirically explore how a Facebook algorithm changed the overall composition of the news users saw, highlighting the ongoing issue of how the different gates and associated gatekeeping logics – especially that of platforms – influence news distribution. In contrast to previous studies, we find the relationship between news properties and the distribution of news online to be non-linear. Results point to Facebook's role in the overall composition of online news, both directly and in interaction with other gatekeepers. As news stories become more widely spread online, algorithmic logics take precedence over user behaviour and preferences.

Background Hyperoxia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may lead to oxidative injury from mitochondrial‐derived reactive oxygen species, despite guidelines recommending 1.0 inspired oxygen during CPR . We hypothesized exposure to 1.0 inspired oxygen during CPR would result in cerebral hyperoxia, higher mitochondrial‐derived reactive oxygen species, increased oxidative injury, and similar survival compared with those exposed to 21% oxygen. Methods and Results Four‐week‐old piglets (n=25) underwent asphyxial cardiac arrest followed by randomization and blinding to CPR with 0.21 (n=10) or 1.0 inspired oxygen (n=10) through 10 minutes post return of spontaneous circulation. Sham was n=5. Survivors received 4 hours of protocolized postarrest care, whereupon brain was obtained for mitochondrial analysis and neuropathology. Groups were compared using Kruskal‐Wallis test, Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, and generalized estimating equations regression models. Both 1.0 and 0.21 groups were similar in systemic hemodynamics and cerebral blood flow, as well as survival (8/10). The 1.0 animals had relative cerebral hyperoxia during CPR and immediately following return of spontaneous circulation (brain tissue oxygen tension, 85% [interquartile range, 72%–120%] baseline in 0.21 animals versus 697% [interquartile range, 515%–721%] baseline in 1.0 animals; P =0.001 at 10 minutes postarrest). Cerebral mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production was higher in animals treated with 1.0 compared with 0.21 ( P P P Conclusions Exposure to 1.0 inspired oxygen during CPR caused cerebral hyperoxia during resuscitation, and resultant increased mitochondrial‐derived reactive oxygen species and oxidative injury following cardiac arrest.

This study investigates the kinds of transparency that appeal to different parts of the public and the extent to which transparency can be a remedy for declining trust in journalism. It uses a representative survey of Swedes, and the results show that there are three distinct forms of transparency, including the previously unreported ambient transparency, and that they appeal to different people. News consumption or social media use has little or no effect on transparency. The strongest positive effect on transparency comes from appreciation of the current quality of journalistic performance, high trust in journalists and media, and having news media and authorities as the preferred channels of information. Those most skeptical about journalism are also least positive about transparency. The results suggest that transparency has very limited reach as a cure for declining trust in, and the trustworthiness of, journalism, possibly since the acts of transparency themselves remain non-transparent.

OBJECTIVESControversy remains regarding the use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in neonatal cardiac surgery. Alterations in cerebral mitochondrial bioenergetics are thought to contribute to ischaemia–reperfusion injury in DHCA. The purpose of this study was to compare cerebral mitochondrial bioenergetics for DHCA with deep hypothermic continuous perfusion using a neonatal swine model.METHODSTwenty-four piglets (mean weight 3.8 kg) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB): 10 underwent 40-min DHCA, following cooling to 18°C, 10 underwent 40 min DHCA and 10 remained at deep hypothermia for 40 min; animals were subsequently rewarmed to normothermia. 4 remained on normothermic CPB throughout. Fresh brain tissue was harvested while on CPB and assessed for mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species generation. Cerebral microdialysis samples were collected throughout the analysis.RESULTSDHCA animals had significantly decreased mitochondrial complex I respiration, maximal oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory control ratio and significantly increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (P CONCLUSIONSDHCA is associated with disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics compared with deep hypothermic continuous perfusion. Preserving mitochondrial health may mitigate brain injury in cardiac surgical patients. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of neurological injury in neonatal cardiac surgery and correlate mitochondrial dysfunction with neurological outcomes.

Journalism's appeal to the public is in decline and the causes and remedies for this are debated in society and academia. One dimension that has garnered attention is that of journalistic norms and how they are performed; it has been proposed that a journalism based on a different, more transparent, normative base can better connect with citizens, compared with the current prevailing norm of journalistic objectivity. However, the opinions of citizens themselves have been remarkably absent and, in order to inform the debate, this study inductively investigates how citizens view and relate to the notion of good journalism. Drawing upon a theoretical framework of Bourdieu's concept of doxa, journalistic role performance, and social contract theory, this study is based on the results of 13 focus groups. The findings suggest that the respondents’ views about good journalism are quite in accordance with the traditional norms of the journalistic field; however, there is more emphasis on stylistic and linguistic qualities. Few calls are made for transparency. The results suggest that a remedy to the decreasing trust in news may not lay in the changing of norms, but rather in how already established norms and values of the journalistic field are performed.

By distancing itself from the current dominance of the ontological interpretation of Stimmung, this article explicates another tradition of understanding Stimmung as a decisively modern category. Two modernities of Stimmung are then offered—a compensational and a confrontational—whereby the article traces the second kind in the writings of Georg Simmel and Emil Staiger. Central is the aesthetic paradigm of music, which forms the basis for a specific relation to the material world. The article ultimately argues that Stimmung is a contribution to a current discussion of the material state of modernity.

Importance Mitochondrial disease is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Although children with mitochondrial disease often have severe, life-limiting illnesses, many survive into adulthood. There is, however, limited information about the impact of mitochondrial disease on healthcare utilization in the U.S. across the lifespan. Objectives To describe the characteristics of inpatient hospitalizations related to mitochondrial disease in the U.S., to identify patient-level clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality, and to estimate the burden of hospitalizations on individual patients. Design Cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies. Setting U.S. hospitals. Participants Individuals with hospital discharges included in the triennial Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids Inpatient Database (KID) and the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) in 2012 (cross-sectional analysis); individuals with hospital discharges included in the HCUP California State Inpatient Database from 2007 to 2011, inclusive (longitudinal analysis). Exposure Hospital discharge associated with a diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Main outcome measures Total number and rate of hospitalizations for individuals with mitochondrial disease ( International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification code 277.87, disorder of mitochondrial metabolism); in-hospital mortality. Results In the 2012, there were approximately 3200 inpatient pediatric hospitalizations (1.9 per 100,000 population) and 2000 inpatient adult hospitalizations (0.8 per 100,000 population) for mitochondrial disease in the U.S., with associated direct medical costs of $113million. In-hospital mortality rates were 2.4% for children and 3.0% for adults, far exceeding population averages. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with both having a diagnosis of mitochondrial disease and with higher in-hospital mortality. From 2007 to 2011 in California, 495 individuals had at least one admission with a diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Patients had a median of 1.1 hospitalizations (IQI, 0.6–2.2) per calendar year of follow-up; infants under 2y were hospitalized more frequently than other age groups. Over up to five years of follow up, 9.9% of participants with any hospitalization for mitochondrial disease were noted to have an in-hospital death. Conclusions and relevance Hospitalizations for pediatric and adult mitochondrial diseases are associated with serious illnesses, substantial costs, and significant patient time. Identification of opportunities to prevent or shorten such hospitalizations should be the focus of future studies.

Although considerable efforts have studied online news, studies so far have not investigated how the actual news topics are affected by digitalization in general, if at all, or compared them to different media constructs. Instead, changes in content are assumed or illustrated anecdotally rather than systematically assessed. This empirical study, covering Swedish and UK news sites within tabloid, quality morning, and local/regional varieties between 2002 and 2012, shows that there is a tabloidization effect in general but that it is stronger in tabloids and in Sweden compared to the UK. Further, this tabloidization can be more precisely described as a shift from political to more lifestyle journalism, as it is in the areas where the prime growth and decline are found. In addition, the study reveals that it is the slower news that increases most suggesting that the immediate character of online news is mediated by production conditions

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important health problem, and a leading cause of death in children worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical component of the secondary TBI cascades. The response of mitochondria in the pediatric brain to injury has limited investigation, despite evidence that developing brain’s response differs from the adult, especially in diffuse non-impact TBI. We perform a detailed evaluation of mitochondrial bioenergetics using high-resolution respirometry in a swine model of diffuse TBI (rapid non-impact rotational injury: RNR), and examined the cortex and hippocampus. A substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration protocol examined the role of the individual complexes as well as the uncoupled maximal respiration. Respiration per mg of tissue was also related to citrate synthase activity (CS) as an attempt to control for variability in mitochondrial content following injury. Diffuse RNR stimulated increased complex II-driven respiration relative to mitochondrial content in the hippocampus compared to shams. LEAK (State 4O) respiration was increased in both hippocampal and cortical tissue, with decreased respiratory ratios of convergent oxidative phosphorylation through complex I and II, compared to sham animals, indicating uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation at 24 hours. The study suggests that proportionately, complex I contribution to convergent mitochondrial respiration was reduced in the hippocampus after RNR, with a simultaneous increase in complex-II driven respiration. In addition, mitochondrial respiration 24 hours after diffuse TBI that varies by location within the brain. Finally, we conclude that significant uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and alterations in convergent respiration through complex I- and complex II-driven respiration reveals therapeutic opportunities for the injured at-risk pediatric brain.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to activate the peripheral innate immune system and systemic inflammatory response, possibly through the central release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Our main purpose was to gain an initial understanding of the peripheral mitochondrial response following TBI, and how this response could be utilized to determine cerebral mitochondrial bioenergetics. We hypothesized that TBI would increase peripheral whole blood relative mtDNA copy number, and that these alterations would be associated with cerebral mitochondrial bioenergetics triggered by TBI. Methodology Blood samples were obtained before, 6 h after, and 25 h after focal (controlled cortical impact injury: CCI) and diffuse (rapid non-impact rotational injury: RNR) TBI. PCR primers, unique to mtDNA, were identified by aligning segments of nuclear DNA (nDNA) to mtDNA, normalizing values to nuclear 16S rRNA, for a relative mtDNA copy number. Three unique mtDNA regions were selected, and PCR primers were designed within those regions, limited to 25-30 base pairs to further ensure sequence specificity, and measured utilizing qRT-PCR. Results Mean relative mtDNA copy numbers increased significantly at 6 and 25 hrs after following both focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury. Specifically, the mean relative mtDNA copy number from three mitochondrial-specific regions pre-injury was 0.84 ± 0.05. At 6 and 25 h after diffuse non-impact TBI, mean mtDNA copy number was significantly higher: 2.07 ± 0.19 (P < 0.0001) and 2.37 ± 0.42 (P < 0.001), respectively. Following focal impact TBI, relative mtDNA copy number was also significantly higher, 1.35 ± 0.12 (P < 0.0001) at 25 hours. Alterations in mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus and cortex post-TBI correlated with changes in the relative mtDNA copy number measured in peripheral blood. Conclusions Alterations in peripheral blood relative mtDNA copy numbers may be a novel biosignature of cerebral mitochondrial bioenergetics with exciting translational potential for non-invasive diagnostic and interventional studies.

Transparency has been proposed to both change the way journalism is being produced and increase its credibility. However, little research has been conducted to assess the connection between transparency and credibility. This study utilizes an experimental setting (N=1320) to measure what impact transparency have on source and message credibility from the user perspective. The results reveals an almost absence of any transparency effect on both source and message credibility although some small significant effects could be observed primarily regarding internal hyperlinks, comments and contextual information. Although further research is desperately needed in this area the study suggest that transparency does not affect the credibility of journalism in the eyes of the contemporary audience and thus have limited appeal as a new norm in journalism. Transparens och journalistisk trovärdighet

Coronagraphy is a powerful technique to achieve high contrast imaging and hence to image faint companions around bright targets. Various concepts have been used in the visible and near-infrared regimes, while coronagraphic applications in the mid-infrared remain nowadays largely unexplored. Vector vortex phase masks based on concentric subwavelength gratings show great promise for such applications. We aim at producing and validating the first high-performance broadband focal plane phase mask coronagraphs for applications in the mid-infrared regime, and in particular the L band with a fractional bandwidth of ~16% (3.5-4.1 \mu m). Based on rigorous coupled wave analysis, we designed an annular groove phase mask (AGPM) producing a vortex effect in the L band, and etched it onto a series of diamond substrates. The grating parameters were measured by means of scanning electron microscopy. The resulting components were then tested on a mid-infrared coronagraphic test bench. A broadband raw null depth of 2 x 10^{-3} was obtained for our best L-band AGPM after only a few iterations between design and manufacturing. This corresponds to a raw contrast of about 6 x 10^{-5} (10.5 mag) at 2\lambda/D. This result is fully in line with our projections based on rigorous coupled wave analysis modeling, using the measured grating parameters. The sensitivity to tilt and focus has also been evaluated. After years of technological developments, mid-infrared vector vortex coronagraphs finally become a reality and live up to our expectations. Based on their measured performance, our L-band AGPMs are now ready to open a new parameter space in exoplanet imaging at major ground-based observatories., Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures