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Purpose: To examine the expression of HLA-DR, a marker of inflammation, in the early stages of dry eye disease and to locate the appearance of this marker on specific areas of the bulbar conjunctiva., Methods: Dry eye patients were identified and their condition classified as mild (n = 16) or moderate (n = 16) based on Schirmer testing, vital staining, tear break-up time, and symptom questionnaire scores. Brush cytology was used to collect epithelial cells from the nasal, temporal, and superior conjunctivae of patients and age-matched controls. HLA-DR positive cells were detected by immunohistochemical staining and quantified., Results: Patients with moderate dry eye had the highest rate of conjunctival HLA-DR-positive cells, with significantly higher rates than controls regardless of which region of the conjunctiva was sampled (P < 0.01). The mild dry eye group had similar rates of HLA-DR-positive cells in the superior conjunctival region compared with controls. However, in the nasal and temporal regions, they displayed a significantly higher rate of HLA-DR-positive cells than controls (P < 0.01) and the nasal region showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) when compared with the temporal one. Some of these mild dry eyes had no vital staining., Conclusions: The HLA-DR expression pattern in mild and moderate dry eyes appears to reflect disease progression. Overexpression of HLA-DR in mild dry eyes showing no vital staining suggests that inflammation may be a primary cause of ocular surface damage. These data support the use of immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of dry eye disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the role and the effectiveness over time of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) as a first-step procedure to treat conjunctival reconstruction in late-stage ocular-cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP)., Design: Prospective interventional noncomparative case series., Participants: Nine eyes (9 patients) with advanced OCP., Methods: Preoperatively, the ocular surface conditions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry of conjunctival biopsy and impression cytology specimens. The amniotic membrane was obtained during cesarean section from women who were 39 weeks pregnant and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis; it was processed, histologically tested, and stored at -80 degrees C. After scar tissue was removed, the preserved amniotic membrane was placed over the cornea, the bulbar, and tarsal conjunctiva, and was secured with 8-0 Vicryl sutures to the conjunctival edges and the deep fornices with double-armed 6-0 silk sutures. In 2 cases a double layer of amniotic membrane was transplanted. All patients received immunosuppressive systemic therapy and preservative-free tear substitutes and steroids topically for at least 6 months. During follow-up (average, 48 weeks; range, 28-96 weeks), a new standardized method was used to evaluate the fornix depth, and impression cytology testing was performed and conjunctival inflammation recorded and used as parameters for monitoring disease activity., Main Outcome Measures: Symblepharon, increased inferior fornix depth, presence of conjunctival goblet cells, and the degree of conjunctival inflammation., Results: The conjunctival surface was free from symblepharon in all subjects for the first 16 weeks. At the week 28 examination, a small area of symblepharon was present in four eyes (44.4%). The depth of the fornix was significantly (P < 0.0001, analysis of variance) improved at weeks 4, 16, and 28. The normal conjunctival epithelium with goblet cells was restored in 6 of 9 eyes (66.7%) at the week 4 examination and in 4 eyes (44.4%) at the week 28 examination. Conjunctival inflammation was clinically but not statistically reduced. The visual acuity improved in 5 subjects., Conclusions: AMT can be a first-step procedure for ocular surface reconstruction in OCP, but its effectiveness deteriorates slightly over time.

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is an important regulator of the immune system. In this report, we have analysed five human melanoma cell lines expressing the IL2R for their ability to secrete IL2. In the M14 melanoma cell line, we observed the appearance of the 0.9 kb transcript specific for the IL2 gene, 72 h after subculture, and the secretion of a biologically active IL2 which specifically sustains the proliferation of the IL2 dependent murine lymphoid cell line CTLL2. In M14 cells, IL2 gene activation is transient as in lymphoid cells but is not inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine-A and FK506 which are effective on PHA-blasts. In M14 cells, recombinant IL2 (36 pM) induces the down modulation of ICAM-1 expression at the surface of M14 cells. Overnight incubation of these cells with polyclonal anti-IL2 antibodies leads to an increased expression of ICAM-1 and a decreased membrane detection of the IL2R alpha, suggesting the existence of an autocrine/paracrine loop involved in the surface expression of these antigens. A decreased expression of the ICAM-1 protein could help some melanoma cells to escape from cytolytic recognition and therefore favour their metastasis.

In this report we show that three mutagenized sublines of (murine) EL-4 thymoma cells can constitutively activate human and/or murine B cells via an MHC-nonrestricted cell-cell interaction. The activation signal is not by itself mitogenic but renders B cells capable of proliferating in response to interleukin 2 (IL 2). In addition, one of the mutant EL-4 sublines can constitutively respond by release of IL 2 in the presence of IL 1-containing macrophage (P388D1) supernatant. The exact relationships between these functional properties of the mutant EL-4 thymoma cells and those associated with activated normal T helper-cells remain to be established. However, the EL-4 cells provide a unique system to study in parallel murine and human B cell responses. In particular, the following observations were made during the present study. First, anti-Ig antibodies (anti-Ig) were required for B cell activation in conjunction with two EL-4 sublines acting only on murine B cells, whereas with a third subline acting on both murine and human B cells, anti-Ig was not required. Anti-Ig by itself did not lead to significant B cell activation in the absence of mutant EL-4 (or normal T) cells. Second, the growth factor-stimulated proliferation of EL-4-activated B cells, following separation of the B cells from the EL-4 cells, lasted only 2 days. These results, thus, indicate that the requirement for a surface Ig-mediated B cell activation signal depends on the quality/intensity of a direct T cell signal and that cell-cell interactions may exert a more stringent control over the growth factor responsiveness of B cells as compared with T cells.

Recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) was able to induce proliferation of human tonsillar B cells activated with suboptimal concentrations of anti-mu antibody. The B cell growth factor (BCGF) activity of rIFN-gamma was not due to substances contaminating the IFN-gamma preparation, nor was it mediated by factors released by T cells or large granular lymphocytes following activation by rIFN-gamma. The response of B cells to rIFN-gamma peaked on day 3 of culture and rapidly declined thereafter, whereas the response of parallel anti-mu-activated B cell cultures to recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL2) appeared on day 3, but continued at least until day 5. In addition, B cells responsive to rIFN-gamma could be at least in part separated from those responsive to rIL2, the former being primarily contained in B cell fractions enriched for high-density small B lymphocytes. Finally, the addition to anti-mu-stimulated B cell cultures of very low concentrations of rIFN-gamma potentiated the B cell proliferation promoted by rIL2. The simultaneous addition of monoclonal antibodies against IFN-gamma and T cell activation antigen to anti-mu-stimulated B cell cultures strongly reduced the B cell proliferative response promoted by three different crude BCGF preparations obtained by polyclonal T cell activation in mixed lymphocyte culture. However, the supernatant from a T cell clone (DP5/11) apparently free of IL2, which manifested a BCGF activity similar to that of rIFN-gamma, still maintained its ability to promote proliferation of anti-mu-activated B cells after complete removal of IFN-gamma. Taken together, our data indicate that although some T cell clones are able to produce a BCGF distinct from both IFN-gamma and IL2, these lymphokines account for most of the BCGF activity of supernatants obtained from polyclonal T cell populations. They also suggest that IFN-gamma and the BCGF distinct from IFN-gamma and IL2 act primarily in the earlier phases of B cell activation and potentiate the proliferative response of activated B cells to IL2.

We have applied two-color fluorescence cytofluorometric techniques to the analysis of the distribution of T44 and CD3 antigens in peripheral blood human lymphocytes. While most CD3+ cells co-expressed T44 antigen, a small distinct subset was CD3+ T44- (2-10% of CD3+ cells). This cell subset also did not react with the WT31 monoclonal antibody (mAb), specific for an alpha/beta framework determinant of the T cell receptor (TCR). Lack of T44 antigen expression was also observed in purified CD3+ WT31- polyclonal populations that had been cultured in medium containing interleukin 2 (IL2) and as well as greater than 30 clones expressing the CD3+4-8-WT31- surface phenotype. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that expression of T44 molecules was confined to CD3+ WT31+ peripheral blood T cells. While conventional CD3+ WT31+ cells produced IL2 in response to mAb directed to CD2, CD3 or T44 surface molecules, CD3+ WT31- cells did not respond to anti-T44 mAb but released IL2 following stimulation with anti-CD2 or anti-CD3 mAb. Therefore, assuming that anti-T44 mimicks the effect of a still undefined natural ligand our data suggest that T cells expressing the gamma-gene surface product may be signalled by stimuli which differ, at least in part, from those acting on CD3+ WT31+ T lymphocytes.