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Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) based on Local Field Potential (LFP) has recently been developed to restore communication or behavioral functions. LFP provides comprehensive information, due to its stability, robustness, and reach frequency content within the cognitive process. It has been demonstrated that spatial attention can be decoded from brain activity in the visual cortical areas. However, whether motion direction can be decoded from the LFP signal in the primate visual cortex remains uninvestigated, as well as how decoding performance may be influenced by spatial attention. In this paper, these issues were examined by recording LFP from the middle temporal area (MT) of macaque, employing machine learning algorithms. The animal was trained to report a brief direction change in a target stimulus which moved in various directions during a visual attention task. It was found that the LFP-gamma power was able to provide significant information to reliably decode motion direction, compared with other frequency bands, on a single-trial basis. Moreover, the results show that spatial attention leads to enhancements in motion direction discrimination performance. The highest decoding performance was achieved in the high-gamma frequencies (60–120Hz) when targets were presented inside the receptive field in opposite directions. Using a feature selection approach, performance was improved by optimally selecting features where the highest level of participation was observed in the gamma-band. Generally, the results suggest that in the MT area, LFP signals exhibit appreciable information about visual features like motion direction, which could thus be utilized as a control signal for cognitive BCI systems.

With the widening of the gap in water supply and demand in recent years and the schemes of the Ministry of Energy to restore and balance underground tables, the agricultural sector is projected to be under increasing pressure due to the rationing programs and the allocation of water resources to other sectors with higher economic efficiency in water use. We explored the economic impacts of non-pricing policy of limiting water supply and the policies of water pricing, taxing, and subsidization as per each m3 water use over or below the average gross requirement of the planting pattern on the components of the agricultural sector in Qazvin Province using the data and statistics for the 2013-2014 growing season and the expansion of positive mathematical programming model with the maximum entropy approach. The results showed that the non-pricing policy of 50% limitation of water supply would have the highest economic return per m3 water use. It is estimated to be 0.23$. The highest reduction of chemical fertilizer use would be accomplished in the scenario of 50% limitation of water availability and the integrated scenario of 30% water availability limitation + 50% higher price for water. According to the comparison of employment per unit area vis-à-vis the reference year under different scenarios, the scenario of 50% limitation of water supply (20% increase per ha versus the reference year) would be the best for employment creation followed by the integrated scenario of 30% limitation of water availability. Since the non-pricing policy of limiting water availability would be more effective than the pricing policies in improving water use status and changing planting pattern, it is recommended to apply a combination of these policies in the studied region.

Primitive human being because of the lack of knowledge about phenomena believed in the belief and ritual system with the purpose of keeping his worldly economic life. The priority of belief to existence was the nature of this belief system (mythical ideology) in which the existence of human being and observing his rights was subject to governing belief system. Religions were coincident to the time of human social life, when he came to understand causation rule and to know that his economic life was not related to will of the various Gods and the aim of religions is not to govern the world but to develope human being. Religions accepted the governing of wisdom for managing of society. To understand the real causes of phenomena instead of spirits and Gods, caused human freedom and his control of his destiny and paved the way for the priority of existence to belief. In fact, for this reason and also for superior position of morality in religions, religions must be regard as a supporter of human rights. انسان ابتدایی به علت عدم شناخت پدیدارها معتقد به نظام اعتقادی و مناسکی بود که هدف از رعایت آن حفظ نظام دنیوی و معیشتی بود. تقدم عقیده بر وجود جوهر این نظام اعتقادی (جهان‌بینی اسطوره‌ای) بود که درآن وجود فرد و رعایت حقوق او تابعی از نظام اعتقادی حاکم است. ادیان مصادف با زمانی از زندگی اجتماعی انسان است که او به درک قانون علیت نایل شد و فهمید که زندگی اقتصادی او تابع اراده خدایان متعدد نیست و اساس و غایت دین، نه اداره دنیا بلکه انسان‌سازی است. ادیان در اداره جامعه قائل به حاکمیت عقل شدند. درک علت پدیدارها و عدم انتساب آن به روح‌ها و خدایان متعدد، آزادی انسان و حاکمیت او را بر سرنوشت خود موجب شد و زمینه تقدم وجود بر عقیده را فراهم نمود. بدین علت و هم به علت حاکمیت اخلاق در ادیان به درستی باید ادیان را حامی حقوق انسان دانست.