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Background: The knowledge and importance of blood groups emerged from transfusion medicine and its relation with certain malignancies has been proven. Its importance in forensic medicine was brought to light when its association was found with the distribution of finger patterns. Thus, few studies exist proving the relationship between dactyloscopy and blood groups. Cheiloscopy on other hand is the study of the irregularities present on the lips forming a unique arrangement called the prints of the lip. Aim: Our paper aims at elucidating any unique combination if any that exists between prints on lips, prints of fingers, and blood grouping in a specific population, which might help in the identification of an individual. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects of age varying from 15 to 40 years were included in the study. Subjects comprised of 50 males and 50 females. All the subjects were examined and their prints of lips along with prints of their fingers were taken. Blood groups were determined for each patient using the ABO system. Results: Type I was found to be the predominant pattern of lips and whorl arrangement was the most recorded type of fingerprint in males whereas Type II arrangement along with loop prints of fingers was most observed in the case of females. The most common blood group in males was B+ and in females was O+ . Correlation between three parameters was obtained by Pearson correlation statistical analysis. Conclusion: The prints of the lips and fingers of an individual have never been similar and they tend to remain the same from a person's birth until his death. An association between the three things of an individual that is prints of lips, fingers, and his blood group has been tried to be elucidated through the present research to aid in forensic identification.

Background: Garlic has been recommended by many ancient medicines such as the Chinese and the Indian medicine to cure respiratory and digestive issues along with treating microbial infestation and leprosy. The therapeutic effects encompass many advantages in the field of cardiovascular system, antibiotics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hormone-like effects. Aims and Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the garlic antibacterial effect against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pneumoniae from patients attending referral hospital. Materials and Methods: The isolation of bacteria was done from pus sample collected from referral hospital, Bedar, Karnataka, with sterile swabs. The study samples were inoculated under aseptic conditions on culture media such as nutrient agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates and isolated the pathogen bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus. The garlic bulbs were peeled off and then ligated using pestle simultaneously with addition of minor quantity of H2O for preparation of plant extract and study the antimicrobial effect of garlic on these bacteria. Results: The result showed that garlic extracts have a high range of antibacterial effect against both Gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus. Conclusion: The present study observations revealed that garlic makes large clear zones in comparison to the currently available antibiotics used in the study. The potentiality of the garlic can be utilized in the field of antibacterial agents. It can be prepared in the form of tablets in the best concentrations and affordable dosages so that it can be used as medicine against these pathogenic organisms.

Background: Psychiatric patients or mentally ill patients conform a substantial section of the community deserving special attention. This study aimed to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of psychiatric patients attending District Civil Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 150 outpatients aged 18–64 years, attending the Department of Psychiatry, District Civil Hospital, Raichur. A specific questionnaire was drawn up and was used to record the demographic and medical data and oral hygiene practices. Type III clinical examination was carried out. The WHO Assessment Form 1997 was used to assess the oral health status of the study population. Results: Of the 150 patients examined, 90 (60%) were male and 60 (40%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 33.79 ± 10.57 years. The majority (52%) were diagnosed with epilepsy and 18% had anxiety disorder. The prevalence of caries was 87.3%. Periodontal status, according to the Community Periodontal Index scores, was as follows: 54% of the patients had shallow pocket (4 mm–5 mm) and 32% of the patients had 6-mm or more deep pocket. Conclusion: This study highlights a substantial need for prevention and treatment of oral health needs among psychiatric patients, and to increase awareness toward oral health.

Aim and Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the candidal species among masses with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This prospective and observational study was conducted by the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, S. B. Patil Dental College, Bidar, Karnataka, India, from February 2018 to January 2019. The study composed of total of 150 individuals, of which 50 individuals did not had any visible manifestations, 50 were analyzed with potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) in particular oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and oral submucous fibrosis and last group of 50 individuals were suffering from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). First, the swab samples were elicited from culture technique after that incisional biopsy of the discernible investigated lesion was done for the purpose of justopathological verification. The swab samples were streak on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and HiCrome Candida Differential HiVeg agar/CHROMagar medium and incubation at 37°C for 24–48 h. Biopsy was done for all the samples. Results: The proportion of candidates as men and women in control was 45 (90%) and 5 (10%), in PMD was 30 (60%) and 20 (40%), and in OSCC was 45 (90%) and 5 (10%), correspondingly. On evaluation on SDA medium in controls, PMD and OSCC groups, Candida was founded in 14 (28%), 20 (40%), and 42 (84%) and not founded in 36 (72%), 30 (60%), and 8 (16%) folks, subsequently. Intragroup contrast illustrated exceedingly necessary distinction with P = 0.000 between both controls versus OSCC and PMD in comparison to OSCC. Nevertheless, controls versus PMD manifested insignificant, P = 0.119. Investigation on CHROM AGAR media among controls, PMD and OSCC groups, Candida species was seen in 11 (22%), 19 (38%), and 40 (80%) and absent in 39 (78%), 31 (62%), and 10 (20%) individuals, respectively. On statistical inspection, the variations noted were enormous, (P = 0.000). On speciation of Candida in CHROM agar among the controls, PMD and OSCC groups, Candida albicans species was present in 9 (18%), 16 (32%), and 6 (12%), Candida krusei in 3 (6%), 6 (12%), and 13 (26%), Candida glabrata in 0, 0, and 8 (16%), and Candida tropicalis in 0, 0, and 3 (6%) cases, respectively. Nonetheless, only OSCC group reveal amalgamation of species such as C. glabrata and C. krusei was present in 2 (4%) case, C. tropicalis and C. krusei in was present 3 (6%) cases, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata was present in 2 (4%) case, C. albicans and C. tropicalis was present in 2 (4%) cases, and C. krusei, C. glabrata with C. albicans was present in 1 (2%) case, respectively. All other types of fungi were regarded as infectious excluding Candida, on analysis on SDA medium, infestation in the form of fungal molds was seen in 18 (36%) in controls, 12 (24%) in PMD and 8 (16%) in OSCC groups. Conclusion: We interpreted that the chief carrier of candidal species in PMDs and OSCC, yet more light is to be thrown on the topic that Candida has particular establishment in PMDs or in malignancy.

Introduction: The relationship between chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is bidirectional. Halitosis or oral malodor has an effect on psychological and social life of persons, and is seen in individuals with diabetes. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the effect of phase I therapy on the clinical parameters, volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels, and random blood sugar (RBS) levels in chronic periodontitis patients with diagnosed DM. Materials and Methods: Our study included 80 patients with diabetes and chronic periodontitis. We collected subgingival plaque samples at 1 week and 1 month after scaling and root planing. The parameters measured were probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level for all the teeth at four sites per each tooth. RBS levels were recorded for all the patients. Malodor was measured with Tanita Breath Checker (Tanita India Private Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). Results: We found a statistically significant reduction in clinical parameter levels, VSC levels, and N-benzoyl-dl-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) levels in both the groups from baseline to 4 weeks with highest levels in diabetic chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) and lowest in nondiabetic CGP at baseline. The mean intergroup comparison of BANA levels was statistically significant at all intervals of time between the two the groups. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation observed between oral malodor levels, RBS, and clinical parameters in the diabetic group.

Background: Systemic disorder like diabetes mellitus is on the rise in developing countries like India and in many parts of the world. Early diagnosis of this disease will help to prevent the complications due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Dentist helps in the early diagnosis of this disease as patients manifest several oral manifestations. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to study the cytological and cytomorphometric changes of exfoliated cells of oral mucosa in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty diabetic patients and 15 healthy controls were included in the study. From the buccal mucosa, smears were collected and Papanicolaou stain was used for staining. Cytological and cytomorphometric study was carried out. The cell diameter and nuclear diameter were measured on these smears and were compared with the control group with the help of “unpaired Student t test.”Results: Buccal mucosa exfoliated cells’ mean nuclear diameter of diabetic group and control group was 11.198 and 9.494 µm, respectively and the difference was highly significant. Conclusion: Our study suggests significant cellular changes in the diabetic patients, which may aid us in early detection of diabetes.

Introduction: White, non scrapable lesions are commonly seen in the oral cavity. Based on their history and clinical appearance, most of these lesions can be easily diagnosed, but sometimes diagnosis may go wrong. In order to arrive to a confirmative diagnosis, histopathological assessment is needed in many cases, if not all. Aims: 1) To find out the prevalence of clinically diagnosed oral white, non scrapable lesions. 2) To find out the prevalence of histopathologically diagnosed oral white, non scrapable lesions. 3) To correlate the clinical and histopathological diagnosis in the above lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 cases of oral white, non scrapable lesions were included in the study. Based on their history and clinical presentation, clinical provisional diagnosis was made. Then biopsy was done and confirmatory histopathological diagnosis was given and both were correlated. In order to correlate clinical and histopathological diagnosis Discrepancy Index (DI) was calculated for all the cases. Results: Based on clinical diagnosis, there were 59 cases (59%) of leukoplakia, 29 cases (29%) of lichen planus and six cases (6%) of lichenoid reaction; whereas, based on histopathological diagnosis, there were 66 cases (66%) of leukoplakia epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis (leukoplakia) and 30 cases (30%) of lichen planus. Seventy eight clinically diagnosed cases (78%) correlated with the histopathological diagnosis and 22 cases (22%) did not correlate. The total discrepancy index was 22%. Conclusion: A clinician needs to be aware of oral white, non scrapable lesions. Due to the overlapping of many clinical features in some of these lesions and also due to their malignant potential, a histopathological confirmative diagnosis is recommended.

The term nevi constitute a hamartomatous growth of either skin or mucosa that is generally found at birth or shortly after birth. An epidermal nevus consisting chiefly of sebaceous glands is called as nevus sebaceous. Typically this entity is seen as a solitary bald patch over the scalp at birth. We report a case of exophytic lesion following blaschko's lines at birth. We find this case as peculiar because of the multiplicity of lesions, their pattern of distribution, as well as their atypical morphology.

Leukoplakias are oral white lesions that have not been diagnosed as any other specific disease. They are grouped under premalignant lesions, now redesignated as potentially malignant disorders. Their significance lies in the fact that they have propensity for malignant transformation at a higher rate when compared to other oral lesions. This article reviews aetiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, histopathologic features, malignant potential and treatment of oral leukoplakia.