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THE RATHER LIMITED MODERN LITERATURE on English shipping is somewhat ambivalent on its importance in the development process leading to the Industrial Revolution. One of the best known authorities on the subject, Ralph Davis, thought its effects on the process “cannot easily be disentangled from those of trade,” and concluded: “The shipping industry was an important part of the English economy, both before and after the decisive decades of the Industrial Revolution, but it cannot be said to have made a contribution of a special character to the transition.” Robert Craig, another leading authority, viewing the relationship apparently from a different consideration, is more optimistic: “There can be little doubt,” he says, “that the capital invested in shipping represented one of the most important forms of fixed … capital in Britain in the period of industrialization.” The ambiguity in the literature probably arises from a consideration of shipping in isolation from the shipbuilding industry. Of course, conceptually the separation makes good sectoral sense, for shipping is a service industry, while shipbuilding produces a physical product and, therefore, belongs to manufacturing. However, for purposes of a more accurate assessment of the contribution of the shipping trade to the industrialization process, under the conditions of the mercantilist world of 1650–1850, it makes more practical sense to take the shipping and shipbuilding trades together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WE HAVE SEEN IN THE PRECEDING CHAPTERS that the development process in England between 1650 and 1850 was strongly linked not just to British America but to all of the Americas. The supply of African slave labor – the central element in the development and operation of the Atlantic system during the period – constituted one of the linkages. The Portuguese had been buying and selling Africans for more than 100 years before the first known English attempt by John Hawkins to enter the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the 1560s. Even at this point, the effort could not be sustained as the Spaniards and Portuguese strove to defend their monopoly of the more lucrative areas of Atlantic commerce. But, just as through war and diplomacy, British America came to dominate commodity production for Atlantic commerce from the eighteenth century, so did British traders in England and in the Americas come to dominate Atlantic commerce, including the supply of African slave labor to all the Americas. In this chapter we attempt to show the dimensions of the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by traders resident in England and, to a lesser extent, by those resident in British America. By showing the distribution of the British slave trade between British and non-British America, the evidence in the chapter is intended to reinforce the main argument of this study that the English economy during the period in question was linked significantly to activities in both British and non-British America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]