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Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Effective recovery monitoring is crucial to optimise performance and prevent overreaching, injuries, and over-training. This study evaluated the heart rate cost (HRC) during submaximal running as a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective tool to assess recovery after a high-intensity training session. Methods: Fifteen male recreational runners (aged 18–31 years) participated in this investigation. Assessments included anamnesis, blood tests (CPK, cortisol, testosterone), body composition analysis, blood pressure, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), pain scale, vertical jump (VJ), and a 6-minute submaximal running test to determine HRC (HR/running velocity). Afterwards, participants completed a high-intensity training session, consisting of six 1-minute treadmill runs and 10 strength exercises in a circuit format. Results: HRC increased 24 h post-training, indicating higher physiological cost, but significantly decreased after five days of recovery (p = 0.044). VJ performance returned to normal after five days compared to 24 h post-training (p = 0.013), with a significant correlation between the delta reduction in HRC and performance recovery on VJ (r = –0.689). No significant changes were found in the testosterone/cortisol ratio or HRV (HRV) (p > 0.05), likely due to the fact that these variables reflect chronic stress more than acute stress. CPK levels mirrored HRC and VJ trends, worsening 24 h post-training and improving after five days (p = 0.01). Conclusions: HRC proved effective in distinguishing recovery status after high-intensity training, showing sensitivity comparable to VJ and CPK measurements. These findings are relevant for researchers, coaches, and athletes in daily recovery assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The validity of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in predicting lactate threshold during an incremental test was analyzed in 15 men with type 2 diabetes (M age=53.4 yr., SD=12.9). Blood glucose, lactate, and minute ventilation (VE)/V[O.sub.2] responses identified the lactate, ventilatory, and glucose thresholds. Workloads (W) corresponding to RPEs 12, 13, 14, and 15 were determined. Second-order polynomials fit to VE/W and [lac]/W ratios corresponding to RPEs of 9-10, 12-13, and 16-17 also identified workloads above which there was an overproportional increase in VE and [lac]. These workload breakpoints did not differ, although at RPE 12 underestimated and at RPE 15 overestimated lactate threshold. RPE 13 and 14 and the responses of VE/W and [lac]/W to submaximal exercise accurately predicted lactate threshold. DOI 10.2466/06.13.15.27.PMS.111.5.365-378

The aim of this study was to analyze the physiological responses to a tap dance choreography and to compare with those observed during a maximal treadmill exercise test, in tap dancers. Eight women (19.6 [+ or -] 2.4 years; 162.3 [+ or -] 4.4 cm; 54.0 [+ or -] 2.3 kg; 20.5 [+ or -] 1.4 kg x [m.sup.2(-1)]; and 5.1 [+ or -] 2.6 years of tap dance training) were submitted to the following procedures: (a) graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill until volitional exhaustion with 0.8 km x [h.sup.-1] of increment at each 3 and 1 minute of interval between stages and (b) tap dance choreography (TAP)--'The Shim Sham Shimmy'--consisting of 9 stages of 3 minutes with 1-minute rest between stages. Expired gas analyses were performed in all experimental sessions, providing breath-by-breath values for respiratory exchange rate (RER), oxygen uptake ([[??]o.sub.2]), and carbon dioxide production (C[O.sub.2]). Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were also measured. During the rest period between stages, blood samples (25 [micro]l) were collected from the ear lobe for lactate threshold (LT) determination. It was observed that at the end of the TAP, subjects achieved an average of 83.8 [+ or -] 6.2% of the HRmax and 68.9 [+ or -] 11.3% of the [[??]o.sub.2]max, both previously identified in the GXT. The choreography demanded 204.7 [+ or -] 31.3 kcal, an average RER of 0.88 [+ or -] 0.05 and mean RPE of 13 [+ or -] 2. The [[??]o.sub.2], HR, and RPE values did not significantly differ from those at the LT intensity identified during the GTX. Based on the present results, it was concluded that the TAP performance in the 'The Shim Sham Shimmy' choreography elicited acute physiologic responses similar to those observed at the LT intensity, thus suggesting that Tap Dance constitutes a useful exercise modality for aerobic fitness and cardiovascular health improvements. KEY WORDS dancing, blood lactate, oxygen consumption, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion

This study analyzed the postexercise blood pressure (BP) after resistance exercise (RE) on middle-aged type-2 diabetic (T2DM, n = 10, 46.6 [+ or -] 13.1 years) and nondiabetic subjects (NDM, n = 10, 52.0 [+ or 0] 13.2 years). Participants performed (a) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength test; (b) 3 laps in an RE circuit of 6 exercises (16 repetitions at 43% 1RM); (c) 3 laps in an RE circuit (30 repetitions at 23% 1RM); and (d) a control session. The blood lactate concentration ([lac]) (YSI 2700S) and BP (Microfife BP3AC1-1) were measured pre-exercise, after exercise, and at each 15 minutes during the 120 minutes of recovery. Analysis of variance with Bonferroni as a post hoc evidenced that the 43% 1RM session elicited the highest [lac] response for both NDM (7.8 [+ or 0] 1.8 vs. 6.4 [+ or -] 1.8 mmol x [L.sup.-1]; p < 0.05) and T2DM (7.0 [+ or -] 1.4 vs. 5.6 [+ or -] 1.6 mmol x [L.sup.-1]; p < 0.05). Also, the 43% 1RM session promoted a significant postexercise hypotension (PEH) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), whereas the 23% 1RM did not. The highest BP reductions for T2DM and NDM after 43% 1RM were, respectively, 9.5 [+ or -] 11.1and 11.0 [+ or -] 7.1 mmHg for SBP and 6.4 [+ or -] 7.8 and 7.7 [+ or -] 7.9 mmHg for the MAP (p [less than or equal to] 0.05). The PEH of SBP lasted longer (120 minutes) for NDM than for T2DM (90 minutes). The PEH may be associated with [lac] elevation, and the lower hypotensive effect presented by T2DM may be related to endothelial dysfunction usually observed in diabetic individuals. In conclusion, the RE of higher intensity, performed in ~25-minute duration, was more efficient at promoting PEH which, in turn, suggests its use on BP control for middle-aged T2DM and NDM subjects with characteristics similar to those of our participants. KEY WORDS resistance exercise, diabetes, blood pressure control, postexercise hypotension, blood lactate

The purpose of this study was to compare different methods to identify the lactate threshold (LT) and glucose threshold (GT) on resistance exercise for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nine men with type 2 diabetes (47.2 [+ or -] 12.4 years, 87.6 [+ or -] 20.0 kg, 174.9 [+ or -] 5.9 cm, and 22.4 [+ or -] 7.2% body fat) performed incremental tests (ITs) on the leg press (LP) and bench press (BP) at relative intensities of 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of one-repetition maximum (1 RM) at each 1 -minute stage. During the 2-minute interval between stages, 25 [micro]l of capillary blood were collected from the earlobe for blood lactate [Lac] and blood glucose [Gluc] analysis (YS12700S). The LT in the LP and BP was identified at IT by the inflexion in [Lac] response as well as by an equation originated from a polynomial adjustment (LTp) of the [Lac]/% 1RM ratio responses. The lowest [Gluc] during the IT identified the GT. The analysis of variance did not show differences among the 1RM at the thresholds identified by different methods in the LP ([LT.sub.Lp] = 31.0% [+ or -] 5.3% 1RM; [GT.sub.LP] = 32.1% [+ or -] 6.1% 1RM; LT[p.sub.LP] = 36.7% [+ or -] 5.6% [+ or -] 1RM; p > 0.05) and BP ([LT.sub.BP] 29.9% [+ or -] 8.5[+ or -] 1RM; [GT.sub.BP] = 32.1% [+ or -] 8.5% 1RM; LT[p.sub.BP] = 31.8% [+ or -] 6.7% 1 RM; p > 0.05). It was concluded that it was possible to identify the LT and GT in resistance exercise by different methods for individuals with type 2 diabetes with no differences between them. The intensities (kg) corresponding to these thresholds were between 46% and 60% of the body weight on the LP and between 18% and 26% of the body weight on the BP, in which the exercise prescription would be done to this intensity in 3 sets of 20 to 30 repetitions each and 1 minute of rest while alternating the muscle groups for blood glucose control for individuals with characteristics similar to the participants. KEY WORDS anaerobic threshold, prescription of resistance exercise, glucose control

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completed the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), a self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies. Keywords: romantic attachment; culture; internal working models; human mating strategies

DNA sequencers output a large set of very long biological data strings that we should persist in databases rather than basic text file systems. Many different data models and database management systems (DBMS) may deal with both storage and efficiency issues regarding genomic datasets. Specifically, there is a need for handling strings with variable sizes while keeping their biological meaning. Relational database management systems (RDBMS) provide several data types that could be further explored for the genomics context. Besides, they enforce integrity, consistency, and enable good abstractions for more conventional data. We propose the relational text data type to represent and manipulate biological sequences and their derivatives. We present a logical schema for representing the core biological information, which may be inferred from a given biological conceptual data schema and the corresponding function manipulations. We implement and evaluate these stored functions into an actual RDBMS for both efficacy and efficiency. We show that it is possible to enforce basic and complex requirements for the genomic domain. We claim that the well-established relational text data type in RDBMS may appropriately handle the representation and persistency of biological sequences. We base our approach on the idea of domain-specific abstract data types that can store data with semantically defined functions while hiding those details from non-technical end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the perceptual responses and future intentions (FI) to engage in continuous moderate aerobic exercise (CE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) of individuals with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), we had 25 participants with SAH (M age = 48.0, SD = 8.0 years) perform, on different days and in randomized order, 33 minute sessions of CE and 30 minutes of HIIE. Twenty seconds after each 3-minutes of these sessions, we obtained participant responses to Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE), the Feeling Scale (FS), the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), and attentional focus (AF). We assessed their FI to engage in CE and HIIE at the end of each session. We analyzed results using two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures, Spearman correlation coefficients, a simple linear regression, and Wilcoxon test. We found a significant time by session type (CE and HIIE) interaction effect for RPE (p <.001), FAS (p =.002), and AF (p =.004). Participants' FI to engage in HIIE were only significantly correlated with FAS (r = −.424; p =.035) and AF (r =.431 ; p =.032) responses. FAS responses (βz = −.455; R2 =.207 ; p =.022) and AF responses (βz =.467; R2 =.218; p =.019) predicted FI for engaging in HIIE. There were no significant differences in participants' FI to engage in CE sessions (M = 76.4, SD =22.5%) versus HIIE sessions (M = 71.8, SD = 22.9%; p =.177). Individuals with SAH had more positive perceptions of CE than HIIE, as seen by their greater dissociative AF in the CE sessions. Furthermore, these results supported the application of strategies aimed at manipulating AF in this population, possibly as a tool to increase participants' FI to engage in subsequent physical exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment and implementation of development projects has been disconnected from relevant concepts in social psychology, especially those relating to understanding the interactions between projects and local communities. This disconnection has given rise to the prevalence of several fallacies about human behaviour amongst project staff, decision makers and environmental and social impact assessment practitioners. The playing-out of these fallacies influences the implementation of projects and reduces the likelihood of gaining a social licence to operate. Because these fallacies lead to distorted perceptions about communities, the existence of these fallacies is deleterious to desirable social relations with communities, good impact assessment practice, and to effective project decision-making. We describe eight of these fallacies: subjectivity; naiveté; unpredictability; irrationality; greediness; self-serving; aggressiveness; and rigidity. We discuss these fallacies by drawing on the social psychology constructs of attitudes, risk perception, social identity, and social justice. We conclude by considering how these fallacies can be addressed in practice and how development projects and impact assessment can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cruz, LC, Teixeira-Araujo, AA, Andrade, KTP, Rocha, TCOG, Puga, GM, and Moreira, SR. Low intensity resistance exercise reduces hyperglycemia and enhances glucose control over a 24-hour period in women with type 2 diabetes. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2826-2835, 2019-The study herein aimed to compare glucose concentration and hyperglycemic responses of 24 hours after resistance exercise (RE) performed in different intensities in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Twelve women with T2D (55.2 +/- 4.0 years; 70.1 +/- 11.4 kg; and 155.7 +/- 3.3 cm) performed 4 experimental sessions divided into 2 blocks separated by 7 days and in randomized order: block-A (session-1: control-CONT40% and session-2: RE40% of one repetition maximum [1RM] test) and block-B (session-3: CONT80% and session-4: RE80%1RM). The RE sessions were performed over 40 minutes with 3 circuits of 7 exercises each, with 40%1RM and 80%1RM with 16 and 8 repetitions for each set, respectively. Glucose was monitored over 24 hours after each experimental session through continuous glucose-monitoring system. One-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed that area under the curve of glucose concentration was reduced (p <= 0.05) after RE40%1RM (193.738 +/- 33.186 mg[middle dot]dl-1 x 1.380 min-1) when compared with CONT40% (263.937 +/- 26.665 mg[middle dot]dl-1 x 1.380 min-1), CONT80% (254.721 +/- 35.836 mg[middle dot]dl-1 x 1.380 min-1), and RE80%1RM (263.966 +/- 62.795 mg[middle dot]dl-1 x 1.380 min-1). Hyperglycemia (>160 mg[middle dot]dl-1) was less prevalent (p <= 0.05) during the total period after RE40%1RM (20.8 +/- 21.2%) when compared with CONT40% (77.4 +/- 18.3%), CONT80% (69.4 +/- 24.6%), and RE80%1RM (66.0 +/- 33.7%). There was a lower hyperglycemic state in RE40%1RM (p <= 0.05) vs. CONT40%, CONT80%, and RE80%1RM after breakfast (1:25 +/- 0:54 vs. 4:00 +/- 0:00, 3:40 +/- 0:53, and 3:25 +/- 1:09 hours, respectively), lunch (1:25 +/- 2:03 vs. 4:55 +/- 0:17, 4:25 +/- 1:26, and 3:40 +/- 2:06 hours, respectively), and dinner (0:15 +/- 0:27 vs. 3:15 +/- 0:45, 3:25 +/- 0:47, and 2:50 +/- 1:31 hours, respectively). During the sleeping period, there was a lower hyperglycemic state (p <= 0.05) in RE40%1RM (0:20 +/- 0:39 hours) vs. RE80%1RM (4:05 +/- 3:08 hours). A single low-intensity RE40%1RM decreases hyperglycemic prevalence over a 24-hour period and ameliorates glucose control after meals and in sleeping periods in women with T2D. /=>/=> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this paper was to evaluate the structural validity and convergent validity of the first Portuguese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Settings The data sets come from two studies conducted in Portugal, respectively, from the Resilience Effect in Coping with Trauma (RECT) project and from the Health Impact Assessment of Employment Strategies (HIAES) project. Participants The sample is composed of 476 participants from the RECT project and 405 participants from the HIAES project. In both projects, convenience samples were used. Measures The original CD-RISC items were translated to Portuguese and were used in a survey along with additional psychosocial and biomedical measures. Results Independent exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) with each of the two samples revealed that the best solution in both samples had three factors consistent with the self-efficacy, spirituality and social support factors from the original scale. A Confirmatory factor analysis using the two samples together and specifying the three factors from the EFA revealed a good overall fit and, comparatively, better fit than a model specified with the five factors from the original scale. The study of the convergent validity revealed that bivariate correlations between the three factors and validated measures of stress, life satisfaction, mental health and physical health are globally consistent with previous research. Conclusions This study makes available to the broad Community of Portuguese Language Countries a validated measure of resilience extensively used for research and intervention. The results encourage future studies using this translated version of CD-RISC to explore further the three-factor structure found here and to test the convergent validity with new samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Eye trauma in the older population can lead to blindness. Sleep deterioration is associated with increased risk of occupational injuries. The purpose of the study was to assess the epidemiology of ocular trauma in the elderly population and to evaluate the relationship between eye trauma and sleep quality. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional, observational hospital based study done in a Sao Paulo, Brazil. Subjects and Methods: Patients with ocular trauma aged 60 years who attended the Eye Trauma Service of the Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Central Hospital were included. All subjects underwent a complete eye examination and answered to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The results were compared with an age and gender matched control group. Results: Eighty-nine patients with ocular trauma were included in the epidemiological study, 71 (80%) were male and 18 (20%) were female. The patients' ages ranged from 60 to 90 years (65.7 ± 7.1 years). Most accidents occurred at home and were of mild severity. The control group had a global PSQI score of 1.21 ± 1.37, whereas in the ocular trauma group the score was 3.11 ± 3.63 (P < 0.038). A post hoc analysis including only patients with severe trauma, the PSQI score was 8.80 ± 2.44 (P < 0.000). Conclusion: The elderly population represents an important group of ocular trauma in their own peculiar characteristics. Elderly victims of ocular trauma, particularly serious eye injury, have worse sleep quality than subjects of the same age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social structure of humpback whales in their tropical wintering grounds is very fluid. To date, no information has been published for cases in which two whales were both satellite-tagged while in association. Here, we report the movements of four humpback whale pairs tagged together off the coast of Brazil. Fieldwork and satellite tagging of humpback whales was conducted between 2003 and 2008 along the eastern coast of Brazil, between 20°S and 8°S. Movement was monitored while whales were still in their breeding ground. A switching state space model was applied to the filtered data of each humpback whale to standardize telemetry data and allow direct comparison of each individual track. GIS was used to plot model-predicted locations and to visually compare animal movements. The results confirm the short-lived nature of associations between breeding humpback whales, and shows that individuals differ widely in their movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased body fat is considered an independent risk factor in developing cardiovascular diseases, especially systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). However, little is known about this subject in the adolescent population of low socioeconomic status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the blood pressure (BP) values in adolescents of low socioeconomic status with different relative body fat and verify if an increased waist circumference (WC) is associated with cardiovascular risk. The subjects consisted of 149 adolescents (85 boys and 64 girls) aged 11 to 16 from the city of Ceilândia, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Body mass, stature, and skinfold thickness were measured to estimate body fat percentage (BF%). Shapiro-Wilk's Test confirmed the normality of data and descriptive statistics were performed to characterize the sample. Comparison between body fat and sex was performed through a one-way ANOVA with Scheffe's post-hoc. WC above average was considered when the volunteer presented a value above the 90th percentile of the sample with the same sex. Statistical significance was set at P=0.05 and the software used for data analysis was the SPSS v.13.0. Results showed that for both sexes the adolescents with high and average BF% presented higher BP when compared to the subjects with low BF%. High BF% adolescents also presented higher BP when compared to the subjects with average BF%. Lastly, an association between increased WC and BP was found. Therefore, we concluded that body fat indicators (BF% and WC) presented significant associations with BP in adolescents of both sexes with low socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study about fatigue recovery time assessment processes in work activities. It came about due to a demand presented by an automotive industry giant, in need of updating existing cycle time sheets and TAKT time parameters. The company decided to hire an Ergonomics Laboratory with ties to a major Brazilian University in order to evaluate current conditions and establish a new method to either calculate recovery times or validate existing assessment criteria, based in the ergonomics evaluation of the work activities. It is clear that there has been evident evolution in the industrial sector in the past two decades. It brought up fast modernization of industrial processes, not only in production but also in terms of management systems. Due to improved computer and robotics systems, combined with overall operational advancements - like the use of lighter hand tools and more effective hoist systems - most work activities have had its physical effort requirements reduced in the past decades. Thus, compensation factors built into production times need to be reviewed in order to avoid unnecessary costs associated to them. By using ergonomics considerations, we prevent simply removing the physical variables built in rest time calculations without taking on account, for example, additional cognitive load represented by the use of more sophisticated pieces of equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study about fatigue recovery time assessment processes in work activities. It came about due to a demand presented by an automotive industry giant, in need of updating existing cycle time sheets and TAKT time parameters. The company decided to hire an Ergonomics Laboratory with ties to a major Brazilian University in order to evaluate current conditions and establish a new method to either calculate recovery times or validate existing assessment criteria, based in the ergonomics evaluation of the work activities. It is clear that there has been evident evolution in the industrial sector in the past two decades. It brought up fast modernization of industrial processes, not only in production but also in terms of management systems. Due to improved computer and robotics systems, combined with overall operational advancements - like the use of lighter hand tools and more effective hoist systems - most work activities have had its physical effort requirements reduced in the past decades. Thus, compensation factors built into production times need to be reviewed in order to avoid unnecessary costs associated to them. By using ergonomics considerations, we prevent simply removing the physical variables built in rest time calculations without taking on account, for example, additional cognitive load represented by the use of more sophisticated pieces of equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the effects of aerobic training on serum lipid profile and body fat content in male members of Brazilian Military Police Academy. The study uses various methods including the t-tests to assess the within-group and between-group differences and the skinfold caliper to determine the relative body fat content. Moreover, the study reveals that aerobic training decreases the body fat content in military officers.

Introduction: Due to the lack of time to have anthropometric measurements taken a big amount of data about certain populations become unknown. This study aimed at verifying the validity of a technique to demand only 1min from each person questioned, in order to obtain anthropometric data. Materials and Methods: This research, approved by the UNIFA committee of ethics, compared the result of 40 measures, with the body of nine adults, with the same measures taken from digital pictures. The average time for the process of classic measurement was 45min for each person (5min in the point of reference establishing and 40min for the taking of the measures). The accomplishment of the digital pictures didn't take more than 1min from each person. Each digital image was reticulated with a grid in which each small square represented 1cm2, having the distances among the point of reference for each measure registered. Results: The statistical treatment showed that all the digital shooting were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the measured values on the body and regression equations for the estimative of the real measures were established in function of the digital measures. Discussion: Regarding the results that were found, it is pointed out that each considered variable presented an equation of specific regression that must be respected. The adoption of a widespread equation is not correct. It was concluded, therefore, that the technique of digital measurement is valid to obtain anthropometrical data of ergonomic interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the vocalizations of a female humpback whale in Arraial Do Cobo, Brazil. Social sounds; Feeding sounds; Frequency and interval of the sounds.