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Purpose: Chronic otitis media (COM) is one of the common infectious diseases of the middle ear caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of boric acid (BA) in the treatment of COM by comparing topical 4% and 8% BA applications with systemic ciprofloxacin in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) inoculation-induced model of COM in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-two Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven equal groups. The COM model was created with P. aeruginosa. Clinical, histopathological and, immunohistochemical comparisons were performed between the control, COM, topical 4% and 8% BA treatment, a systemic ciprofloxacin treatment, and topical 4% and 8% BA contact groups. Results: In the COM model, moderate edema, inflammation, degeneration and moderate tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression were detected with the application of 4% BA. Mild edema, inflammation, degeneration, and mild TNF-α expression were detected with 8% BA application. Conclusion: Both 4% and 8% BA treatment provided significant clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical improvement. The application of 8% BA was found to exhibit greater therapeutic efficacy, with no harmful effect on the middle ear mucosa.

Introduction: Ototoxicity refers to cellular damage or function impairment developing in the inner ear in association with any therapeutic agent or chemical substance, and still represents the principal side-effect restricting the use of cisplatin. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a biochemical, functional and histopathological investigation of the potential protective effect of eugenol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Methods: The study was performed with 24 female Sprague Dawley rats. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests were performed on all animals, which were randomized into four equal groups. A single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin was administered to cisplatin group, while the eugenol group received 100 mg/kg eugenol intraperitoneal for five consecutive days. 100 mg/kg eugenol was administered to cisplatin + eugenol group for 5 days. On the third day, these rats were received a single dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin. The control group was given 8 mL/kg/day intraperitoneal saline solution for five days. The distortion product otoacoustic emissions test was repeated 24 h after the final drug administration. All animals were sacrificed, and the cochleas were subsequently used for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Results: Cisplatin caused oxidative stress in the cochlea, impaired the cochlear structure and significantly reduced signal noise ratio levels. Administration of eugenol together with cisplatin reversed these effects and provided functional, biochemical and histopathological protection. Conclusion: The study findings represent the first indication in the literature that eugenol may protect against ototoxicity by raising levels of antioxidant enzymes and lowering those of oxidant parameters. Resumo: Introdução: A ototoxicidade refere-se ao dano celular ou comprometimento da função da orelha interna associado a qualquer agente terapêutico ou substância química e ainda representa o principal efeito colateral que restringe o uso da cisplatina. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma investigação bioquímica, funcional e histopatológica do potencial efeito protetor do eugenol contra a ototoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina. Método: O estudo foi realizado com 24 ratos fêmeas Sprague Dawley. Testes de emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção foram realizados em todos os animais, os quais foram randomizados em quatro grupos iguais. Uma única dose intraperitoneal de 15 mg/kg de cisplatina foi administrada ao grupo cisplatina, enquanto o grupo eugenol recebeu 100 mg/kg de eugenol intraperitoneal por cinco dias consecutivos. Foram administrados 100 mg/kg de eugenol ao grupo cisplatina + eugenol durante 5 dias. No terceiro dia, estes ratos receberam uma dose única de 15 mg/kg de cisplatina. O grupo controle recebeu 8 mL/kg/dia de solução salina intraperitoneal por cinco dias. O teste de emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção foi repetido 24 horas após a administração final do medicamento. Todos os animais foram sacrificados e as cócleas foram posteriormente utilizadas para exames bioquímicos e histopatológicos. Resultados: A cisplatina causou estresse oxidativo na cóclea, prejudicou a estrutura coclear e reduziu significativamente os níveis da relação sinal/ruído. A administração de eugenol juntamente com a cisplatina reverteu esses efeitos e forneceu proteção funcional, bioquímica e histopatológica. Conclusão: Os achados do estudo representam a primeira indicação na literatura de que o eugenol pode proteger contra a ototoxicidade, eleva os níveis de enzimas antioxidantes e diminui os níveis dos parâmetros oxidantes. Keywords: Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, Eugenol, DPOAE, Oxidative stress, 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, Palavras-chave: Ototoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina, Eugenol, EOAPD, Estresse oxidativo, 8-Hidroxi-2′-deoxiguanosina

Introduction: Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of a variety of cancers. Ototoxicity is one of the main side-effects restricting the use of cisplatin. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of gallic acid, in biochemical, functional and histopathological terms, against ototoxicity induced by cisplatin. Methods: Twenty-eight female Sprague Dawley rats were included. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of seven animals each. Cisplatin group received a single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin. Gallic acid group received intraperitoneal gallic acid at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days. Cisplatin + gallic acid group received intraperitoneal gallic acid at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days and a single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin at 3rd day. A control group received 1 mL intraperitoneal saline solution for five consecutive days. Prior to drug administration, all rats were exposed to the distortion product otoacoustic emissions test. The test was repeated on the 6th day of the study. All rats were then sacrificed; the cochleas were removed and set aside for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Results: In cisplatin group, Day 6 signal noise ratio values were significantly lower than those of the other groups. Also, malondialdehyde levels in cochlear tissues were significantly higher, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower compared to the control group. Histopathologic evaluation revealed erosion in the stria vascularis, degeneration and edema in the connective tissue layer in endothelial cells, impairment of outer hair cells and a decrease in the number of these calls. In the cisplatin + gallic acid group, this biochemical, histopathological and functional changes were reversed. Conclusion: In the light of our findings, we think that gallic acid may have played a protective role against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats, as indicated by the distortion product otoacoustic emissions test results, biochemical findings and immunohistochemical analyses. Resumo: Introdução: A cisplatina é um agente antineoplásico amplamente usado no tratamento de vários tipos de câncer. A ototoxicidade é um dos principais efeitos colaterais que restringem o uso da cisplatina. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficácia protetora do ácido gálico, em termos bioquímicos, funcionais e histopatológicos, contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina. Método: Vinte e oito ratas Sprague-Dawley foram incluídas. As ratas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de sete animais cada. O grupo cisplatina recebeu uma única dose intraperitoneal de 15 mg/kg de cisplatina. O grupo ácido gálico recebeu ácido gálico via intraperitoneal a uma dose de 100 mg/kg durante cinco dias consecutivos. O grupo cisplatina + ácido gálico recebeu ácido gálico via intraperitoneal a uma dose de 100 mg/kg durante cinco dias consecutivos e uma única dose intraperitoneal de 15 mg/kg de cisplatina no terceiro dia. O grupo controle recebeu 1 mL de solução salina via intraperitoneal por cinco dias consecutivos. Antes da administração do fármaco, todos os ratos foram expostos ao teste de emissões otoacústicas - produto de distorção. O teste foi repetido no sexto dia do estudo. Todos os ratos foram então sacrificados; as cócleas foram removidas e reservadas para análises bioquímicas e histopatológicas. Resultados: No grupo cisplatina, os valores da relação sinal-ruído do dia 6 foram significativamente mais baixos aos dos outros grupos. Além disso, os níveis de malondialdeído nos tecidos cocleares foram significativamente mais altos, e as atividades de superóxido dismutase e glutatione peroxidase foram significativamente mais baixas em comparação com o grupo controle. A avaliação histopatológica revelou erosão na estria vascular, degeneração e edema na camada de tecido conjuntivo em células endoteliais, comprometimento das células ciliadas externas e diminuição do número dessas células. No grupo cisplatina + ácido gálico, estas alterações bioquímicas, histopatológicas e funcionais foram revertidas. Conclusão: Tendo em vista os nossos achados, consideramos que o ácido gálico pode ter desempenhado um papel protetor contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina em ratas, conforme indicado pelos resultados do teste emissões otoacústicas - produto de distorção, achados bioquímicos e análises imuno-histoquímicas. Keywords: Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, Gallic acid, Oxidative stress, DPOAE, Palavras-chave: Ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina, Ácido gálico, Estresse oxidativo, EOAPD

Objective:The frequency of metabolic syndrome is increasing in both children and adults. In addition to metabolic complications such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome may affect all systems of the body. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome on hearing in childhood.Methods:A prospective, controlled study was performed on 38 obese children diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 34 healthy children. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical studies were performed. All individuals underwent pure-tone audiometry, tympanogram, and transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) tests. The hearing thresholds of the patients were compared with healthy volunteers.Results:There was no significant difference in terms of age and gender between the groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in mean hearing levels between the groups. When frequencies were compared, significantly increased hearing threshold levels were determined at low frequencies in children with metabolic syndrome. Analysis of the TEOAE results elicited no statistically significant variation in terms of signal-to-noise ratio values, signal amplitudes, or test reproducibility values between the study groups.Conclusion:Identification of the potential hearing losses early by means of detailed hearing examinations in children with metabolic syndrome is important. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of metabolic syndrome on hearing in this age group.

Mucociliary clearance (MC) is one of the main defense mechanisms of the nasal respiratory mucosa. The purpose of this study was to determine changes occurring nasal MC in patients with sinusitis, and how medical treatment affects changes in MC, and to identify an appropriate topical solution with positive effects on MC for use in the treatment of sinusitis by examining the effects of various topical solutions on MC. 60 patients diagnosed with rhinosinusitis at the ear, nose and throat clinic were included in this prospective study. Patients were randomly assigned into groups. Group 1 (n:10) received no topical treatment. Group 2 (n:10) was administered with fluticasone propionate, Group 3 (n:10) received mometasone furoate and Group 4 (n:10) received oxymetazoline. Group 5 (n:10) received isotonic sea water for nasal irrigation, while Group 6 (n:10) received isotonic Ringers solution for nasal irrigation. Group 7 represented the control group (non-sinusitis). The saccharin test was used to determine nasal mucociliary clearance times. The saccharin test was performed before and on the 2nd week of treatment in all groups. Basal MCT and 2nd week MCT values were compared in all groups. When measurements performed 20 min and 14 days after administration of topical agents were compared with basal values, mean MCT values at 20 min. and 14 days were shorter in all groups compared to mean basal MCT values. However, the difference between 20-min, 14th day and basal MCT values was only statistically significant in the oxymetazoline and isotonic Ringers solution groups (p [Med-Science 2018; 7(1.000): 1-4]

One of the most common cause of hearing loss depends on noise overexposure. Noise is a stress factor that has auditory, psychological and physiological effects. Noise causes overproduction of stress hormones, sleep disturbances and impairment of cellular immunity. The effect of noise that inflicts organic damage on the human hearing system varies depending on intensity, and duration of the noise and individual susceptibility. There are several anatomical and physiologic abnormalities caused by noise overexposure. These abnormalities vary from the minimal loss of metabolic activities of hair cells and stiffness of stereocilia to total loss of organ of corti and the auditory nerve. The opportunity to treat and prevent noise induced hearing loss may increase with the clarification of the mechanism of cochlear damage in noise. Understanding of these mechanisms is important for development of new agents for treatment or prevention of noise induced hearing loss. In this report, we reviewed the pathological changes of the cochlea in noise induced hearing loss in the light of the literature. [Med-Science 2015; 4(4.000): 2967-74]

Choanal atresia is the unilateral or bilateral obstruction of the passage between nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Transnasal surgery of choanal atresia in a patient with unilateral choanal atresia diagnosed accidentally during operation of septorinoplasti for septal deviation and external nasal deformity in Plastic Surgery Clinic is presented. A 25-year-old female referred to plastic surgery clinic with external nasal deformity and difficulty in breathing through nose. Although concha bullosa at middle concha and polipoid degeneration at lower concha are observed in computerized tomography of paranasal sinus, the patient referred to our clinic. In physical examination, due to advanced septal deviation, endoscopic examination of left nasal cavity could not be established. It was planned to examine the left nasal cavity in operating room after septoplasty. In the endoscopic examination after septoplasty, choanal atresia at left nasal cavity observed. Atresia was repaired with transnasal approach. At follow-up period, the choanal opening was intact. Unilateral choanal atresia is a disorder which can reach at the adolesant ages without diagnosis. Although the symptoms of the disease can be interfere in lots of diseases, the diagnosis is simple with nasal endoscopic examination. If nasal endoscopic examination is difficult because of nasal septal deviation, it must be performed in operating room before ending the operation to reveal the additional disorders. [Med-Science 2015; 4(1.000): 2073-9]

The aim of this study is to determine some parameters such as the structure of foreign body, age of patient etc. in patients with foreign body in their nasal cavity. The patients who referred to our hospital with foreign body in their nasal cavity between November 2013 and November 2014 are included to study. Data were collected retrospectively from patients records. 80 patients had foreign body in their nasal cavity. 45(%56.25) of them have foreign body in right nasal cavity, while 35 have in left one (%43.75). 48 of the patients were male (%60), 32 of them were female (%40). The foreign bodies were more common in early ages. 28 of patients (%35) were between age 0-2, 32 of them (%40) were between age 2-4, 15 of them (%19) were between age 5-8 and 5 of them (%6) were older than 8 years old. The foreign bodies mostly consist of little plastic substances (18 patients, %22.5), beans (16 patients %20), paper particles (12 patients, %12) and sponge (7 patients, %8.75). Only 5 of patients had complication of epistaxis after removal of foreign body. Foreign bodies in nasal cavity are common disorders of pediatric population. Although it is generally easy to remove foreign bodies from nasal cavity, it must be also considered that, all foreign bodies of nasal cavity have potential risk to obstruct the airway. Because of this, the foreign body in the nasal cavity is an emergency situation. [Med-Science 2015; 4(1.000): 2065-72]