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Lentil yield in semi-arid regions is limited by heat, drought stress and nutrient deficiencies induced by high soil pH and water scarcity. In this study, we investigated the effect of foliar fertiliser treatments on lentil yield and yield components in a semi-arid region of South-East Anatolia, Türkiye. The control treatment and six foliar treatments were as follows: (i) Control: non-amended control, (ii) Zn: zinc sulphate, (iii) K: potassium sulphate, (iv) Zn + K (zinc sulphate + potassium sulphate), (v) Flo: Florea-UPL (containing boron and molybdenum), (vi) Mac: Macarena-UPL, an organomineral foliar fertiliser and (vii) Flo + Mac. Foliar fertilisers were applied at the first blooming stage of field-grown lentils. Total biomass yield was largely unaffected across treatments except in the K treatment. However, foliar Zn supply was the only treatment that significantly increased grain yield (55% higher), harvest index and total grain N uptake compared to the control, likely due to enhanced translocation of nitrogen-containing assimilates. SPAD values and total N analysis showed that stover N content depleted more rapidly in the Zn treatment than in other treatments during the grain-filling phase. The tested commercial products slightly increased SPAD values, biomass and grain yield. Among the treatments, Zn, as a foliar fertiliser, was the most cost-effective solution for improving grain yield in this region.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of using fuzzy C-means clustering, AMMI and GGE biplot analysis methods to predict the yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes grown in various environments. The trials were conducted in the Central, Silvan and Hazro districts of Diyarbakir province and Kiziltepe district of Mardin province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. During the 2016 growing season, 19 chickpea genotypes were tested across four distinct environments. Multiple location experiments were used to assess the genotypes’ performance and stability. The study employed a two-factor experimental design in randomized blocks with four replications in each environment. As a result, the genotype FLIP98-206C showed the highest performance for yield (1727.3 kg ha−1) at the Diyarbakır location among all locations. On the other hand, the Diyar-95 variety showed the lowest yield (723.5 kg ha−1) at the Hazro location among all locations. The Diyarbakir location was determined as an ideal test environment for genotype selection in fuzzy C-means clustering, AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. The Silvan region was determined as the weakest environment for this purpose. It is considered that the determination of genotypes with high yield and stability in this research, in which different analysis methods were used in combination, will contribute to agricultural production.

A 58-year-old otherwise healthy man received a diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanoma (CMM) in June 2021 and underwent a single session of (21 Gy) CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). Eleven months later, we noticed 3+ anterior chamber cells with occasional vitreous cells in the left eye. Though the tumor looked regressed, there were mild optic disc leakage, early hypofluorescent and late hyperfluorescent punctate lesions scattered 360 degrees, and late staining of the mass on fluorescein angiogram. The findings were compatible with a unilateral multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)-like reaction that was most likely related to CyberKnife SRT-induced tumor necrosis, and a dexamethasone implant was administered intravitreally into the left eye together with topical steroids. A second intravitreal injection of dexamethasone was given three months later due to remittance of the angiographic features. As there are only a few reports on CyberKnife SRT for the treatment of CMM, we wanted to share our interesting observation of a post-treatment MEWDS-like reaction likely related to tumor necrosis syndrome with the ophthalmic community.

In this study, five laboratories, namely, BRML (Romania), TUBITAK UME (Turkey), IMBIH (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BAM (Germany), and DTI (Denmark), developed and validated analytical procedures by ICP-MS, ICP-OES, MWP-AES, WD-XRF, and ID-MS for the determination of inorganic impurities in solid and liquid biofuels, established the budget of uncertainties, and developed the method for determining the amount of ash in the measurement range 0–1.2% with absolute repeatability less than 0.1% and absolute reproducibility of 0.2% (according to EN ISO 18122). In order to create homogeneous certified reference materials, improved methodologies for the measurement and characterization of solid and liquid biofuels were developed. Thus, information regarding the precision, accuracy, and bias of the method, and identifying the factors that intervened in the measurement of uncertainty were experimentally determined, supplementing the information from the existing standards in the field.

Aim: To evaluate the laparoscopic operations performed in our department according to the modified Clavien classification system of complications. Materials and Methods: Between September, 2005 and February, 2014, a total of 1023 laparoscopic cases were performed. This period was divided into three terms (Terms 1, 2 and 3 consisting of 38, 32 and 32 months, respectively). According to the European Scoring System (ESS), easy (E), slightly difficult (SD), fairly difficult (FD), difficult (D), very difficult (VD) and extremely difficult (ED) cases were 35, 88, 170, 390, 203 and 137, respectively. The perioperative complications were evaluated based on the 3 time periods, with a specific emphasis on determining the learning curve according to the modified Clavien classification system of complications. Results: A total of 236 (23.1%) complications were observed according to the modified Clavien classification. The minor (Clavien I-II) and major (Clavien III, IV and V) complication rates were 20.5% (n = 210) and 2.4% (n = 26), respectively. Clavien I was the most frequently encountered type of complication (n = 120, %11.7). No significant difference was observed among all 3 time periods regarding total complication rates. The D cases had the highest complication rate compared to E, SD, FD, VD and ED cases among all three terms. The total number of complications increased significantly with increasing grade of technical difficulty according to the ESS. Conclusion: Complications encountered in our laparoscopic surgery experience were predominantly minor, and the rate of complications was not significantly increased during the learning curve. The present data can provide guidance and manage expectations for surgeons introducing laparoscopy into their practice.

Background: To report our initial experiences using a combined retroperitoneoscopic and transperitoneal laparoscopic technique for the management of renal cell carcinoma with level I tumor thrombi. Materials and Methods: Two patients underwent this technique for tumors 11- and 13-cm in diameter. After transection of the renal artery with limited mobilization of the kidney using a retroperitoneoscopic approach, additional ports were placed, and the management of the tumor thrombus was performed in the large working space provided by the transperitoneoscopic approach. Results: The technique was feasible in the present 2 cases. The total operative times were 170 and 200 min, respectively. The estimated blood loss was 450 cc in the first case and 200 cc in the second case. No complications were observed in either of the patients. Conclusions: Based on the initial clinical experience, we have presented a feasible surgical option for the laparoscopic management of renal cell carcinoma with level I thrombi.

Plasmacytomas of the urethra are extremely rare neoplasias; they may occur as isolated tumors or concomitantly with generalized multiple myeloma. Herein, we describe the clinical presentation and characteristics of a patient with primary plasmacytoma of the urethra. A 51-year-old man presented with terminal hematuria and a palpable penile mass. Magnetic resonance urethrography revealed a 3-cm long stenotic segment along which the urethral mucosa was found to be irregular. On urethroscopy, papillary mucosal projections extending to the presphincteric area were noted. Lesions were found to be composed primarily of neoplastic plasma cells capable of producing mainly lambda light chain. Upon diagnosis, the patient received external beam radiation therapy targeting the pelvic region. The lesion diminished in size progressively during the treatment course. He was disease-free after 6 months. Although it is a relatively rare disease, primary urethral plasmacystoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of urethral tumors and radiation therapy should be an integral part of the treatment strategy.

Backgroud: Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy. To date, the studies were unable to elucidate the mechanism of the thrombosis leading to the entity; particularly the relation between thrombocyte aggregation and retinal vein occlusion is still unclear. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a determinant of rate of platelet production and activation, both of which are indices of function of platelets. The relation between MPV and BRVO has not been studied before. The aim was to evaluate MPV in BRVO. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were included in the study. Forty six age and sex matched hypertensive volunteers were recruited as the control group. Results: MPV values were significantly higher in BRVO patients compared with the control subjects (8.01 ± 0.79vs 7.52 ± 0.32fL, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusion: MPV is significantly higher in patients hypertensive BRVO patients and further investigations regarding its potentially use as a prognostic biomarker in patients with BRVO are needed.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest visceral cancer in men worldwide. Introduction of serum PSA as a highly specific biomarker for prostatic diseases has led to a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of early stage PCa in last decades. Guidelines underline that benefits as well as risks and squeals of early diagnosis and treatment should be discussed with patients. There are several new biomarkers (Pro-PSA, PCA-3 test, and TMPRSS2-ERG) available on the market but new ones are awaited in order to improve specificity and sensitivity. Investigators have also focused on identifying and isolating the gene, or genes, responsible for PCa. Current definitive treatment options for clinically localized PCa with functional and oncological success rates up to 95% include surgery (radical prostatectomy), external-beam radiation therapy, and interstitial radiation therapy (brachytherapy). Potential complications of overdiagnosis and overtreatment have resulted in arguments about screening and introduced a new management approach called “active surveillance.” Improvements in diagnostic techniques, especially multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, significantly ameliorated the accuracy of tumor localization and local staging. These advances will further support focal therapies as emerging treatment alternatives for localized PCa. As a conclusion, revolutionary changes in the diagnosis and management of PCa are awaited in the near future.

Abstract Salt stress limits crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions, posing a significant challenge to agricultural sustainability. This study investigates the potential of ascorbic acid (AA) to alleviate the harmful effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) in Arachis hypogaea L. by applying AA concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm and NaCl levels of 100 and 200 mM under controlled conditions. Results showed that the application of 300 ppm AA under 200 mM NaCl notably mitigated salt-induced reductions, enhancing stem and root lengths by 33% and 14% and increasing stem fresh and dry weights by 67% and 39%, respectively. Comparative analysis showed a 3% decrease in plant temperature, a 56% increase in leaf area, and a 59% reduction in malondialdehyde, underscoring AA’s protective effects. Although not all measured parameters responded significantly to AA under salt stress, these findings highlight the compound’s potential to counteract growth reductions in A. hypogaea, demonstrating its value for sustainable agricultural practices under saline conditions.

Abstract Background We evaluated anxiety, pain, and oral-health-related quality of life in individuals treated with conventional fixed appliances (Group A) and clear aligners (Group B) for moderate malocclusion during the initial phase of orthodontic treatment. Methods Sixty individuals, separated into Group A (n = 30) and Group B (n = 30), were included in the study. They completed the Anxiety Levels, Oral Health Impact Profile-14, and Oral Health Related Quality of Life - United Kingdom/Surveys after the application of attachments on days 0 (T1), 10 (T10), and 20 (T20). Their pain levels were evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale on days 0, 2, and 6 in the 2nd and 6th hours and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. Results Per the VAS questionnaire, pain levels in the 2nd hour, 6th hour, 1st day, and 3rd day were significantly lower in Group B than in Group A. In the OHIP-14 survey results, the comparison between Group A and Group B showed a significant difference only on the 1st day. The STAI and OHRQoL-UK survey results did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions We found no significant difference between the two groups in terms of anxiety levels, and pain among individuals in Group A was higher than in Group B only at the beginning of the treatment. No significant differences were observed in terms of individuals’ quality of life. Trial registration NCT06133296 (retrospectively registered)- Registration Date:15/11/2023.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of upper central incisors on the upper lip after fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 30 individuals aged between 202 and 278 months whose lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated at the beginning and end of treatment were included. The study was divided into two groups: Group A, in which the upper incisors protruded by 0–1 mm, and Group B, in which they protruded by 1–3 mm. The soft tissue nasolabial angle, upper lip thickness, and upper lip protrusion values were compared at the beginning and end of treatment in both groups. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the relationship between continuous variables, and Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between these variables. RESULTS: The mean upper incisor protrusion was 0.49 +- 0.3 mm for Group A and 2.29 +- 0.56 mm for Group B. The nasolabial angle was -0.57 +- 1.13° in Group A and -3.78 +- 76° in Group B. The lip thickness was 0.18 +- 0.14 mm in Group A and -0.73 +- 0.49 mm in Group B. The upper lip protrusion was 0.34 +- 0.45 mm for Group A and 1.48 +- 0.45 mm for Group B. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups for all three values (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Upper incisor protrusion was used to determine a decrease in nasolabial angle and a decrease in upper lip protrusion. However, when the protrusion amount increased, a decrease in lip thickness was observed.

This work aims to investigate the feasibility of offshore wind energy in Turkey by performing extensive simulations and analyses for a 50-90 MW capacity offshore wind park to be constructed at the Gulf of Edremit, a very high potential site located at the Aegean Sea, 3 km from the west coastline of Turkey. The location and layout of the farm is optimized by considering the sea depth data obtained from bathymetric maps and wind speed measurements acquired from the MERRA data and local met mast. Dynamic interactions among the turbines and the resulting wake losses are modeled by using two different site assessment programs. Capacity factors and the annual energy production yields are calculated for 8 different types of turbines with rated powers changing between 2 and 3.6 MW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, humic acid was applied to soybean (Glycine max L.), which has high economic value and importance, to determine the tolerance level of the plant against salt stress, and physical and chemical changes in the plant were observed. The study was carried out in the climate room of Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops in 2019. In the research, İlksoy soybean variety was used. The experiment was carried out in 4 factorial orders according to the factorial experiment was designed based on Completely Randomized Design. In the research, four different Humic acid doses (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and 3 different NaCl salt doses (0, 125 and 250 mM) were used. In the study, root length, stem length, root fresh weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content, ion leakage in leaf tissues, lipid peroxidation level (MDA), relative water content and membrane resistance index in leaf tissues were determined. Properties such as index were also examined. As a result of the study, the longest root was 38 cm for the control plots that salt and humic acid didn’t apply to the plants. The highest root fresh weight was 2.08 g and the stem fresh weight was 1.87 g of the plots where 500 ppm humic acid dose applied. In addition, the plants with the highest chlorophyll ratio was 51.05 under 250 mM salt applied without humic acid application.

This study investigated the effect of organic fertilizers on vegetative growth and the physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of thyme plants grown under stress. A factorial experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design with 12 combinations and 3 replications in the 2018 growing season. The experiment factors were the implementation of organic fertilizers at 4 levels (vermicompost, manure compost, animal manure, and control) and irrigation regime at 3 levels (Irr1, Irr2, and Irr3, respectively, irrigation after 60, 90, and 120 mm evaporation from A pan). The results showed that With delayed irrigation, the chlorophyll a and b contents, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid decreased, while the application of low water stress enhanced the amount of oil and the oil yield with the respective highest values of 2.61% and 3.68 g/m under mild stress conditions. Nonetheless, higher values for the aforementioned properties were noted with the application of vermicompost. Water deficit decreased nutrient uptake (K, P, and N) and relative water content, biological yield, and seed yield of thyme, indicating that thyme was sensitive to drought, and organic fertilizers application improved nutrient uptake (K, P, and N) and relative water content, biological yield and seed yield of the plant within irrigation levels. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were reduced under organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and manure compost as compared with control under drought stress. The plants of thyme showed a good response to organic fertilizers under water deficit circumstances, with vermicompost being the most effective.

In order to meet the demand for medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.), which is an important economic product, harvesting from nature has economic value. However, it may not always be of the desired standard and quality. Also, the harvesting from nature endangers their natural population causing their genetic base to decline. For this reason, it is important to produce it in an agrosystem and to increase yield in a sustainable way. In this study, the effects of eleven endophyte bacteria (EB) isolates applications on the development, morphology, and physicochemical properties of Salvia officinalis L. were investigated by climate chamber experiments. Peat+perlite+soil (1:1:2) mixture was used as the growing medium and EB was applied two times by soaking method. Effects of EB applications on shoot/root length, root/stem fresh and dry weight, Dualex values (Nitrogen balance index (NBI), flavonol, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll), leaf area, leaf temperature and color values (L*, a) *, b * C and Hue° were examined. All EB applications increased the plant height and leaf area. Also, the majority of EB isolates enhanced the root dry weight. The effect of EB applications on flavonol and chlorophyll content was not found statistically significant. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the nitrogen balance index (NBI). It was also observed that EB applications caused changes in plant color. According to the results obtained, it has been seen that it is possible to produce environmentally friendly and sustainable medicinal sage with appropriate plant-bacteria combinations.

Sella turcica, which keeping the pituitary gland inside, is frequently used in cephalometric analysis during the orthodontic treatment planning because it can be easily detected in lateral cephalometric radiographs. Embryologically, the cartilage forming the anterior wall of the sella turcica develops from the neural crest cells. Similarly, it has been reported that the dental epithelial progenitor cells and maxillary, palatal and frontonasal development regions also generated from neural crest cells and these cells are effective in sella turcica bridging and tooth development and eruption. Thus, in the literature, the variations in sella turcica dimensions and morphology has been associated with different craniofacial and dental anomalies due to its relationship with pituitary gland, development origin, and anatomic position. At this point, the correct analysis of sella turcica, provide early diagnosis of the anomalies and pathologies that can be arise in the future. However, it has been observed that conflicting results were obtained from these studies in which subjects with different ethnical origin, age, and craniofacial morphologies were evaluated and different radiographic techniques were used. In this review, it was aimed to examine these studies which were evaluated the association of sella turcica dimensions and morphology with different craniofacial and dental anomalies.

Calendula officinalis L. species, which has an important place among medicinal plants, is used in the pharmacology, food, ornamental plant, and cosmetics industry. In recent studies, It is known that the usage areas of marigold have become increasingly widespread, but despite this widespread use, the species is quite limited of commercial production. Against drought stress, which is an important abiotic stress factor in agricultural production, BGUB (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) applications have come to the fore in order to minimize the decrease in yield and quality. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of PGPR (B0: Bacteria-free environment (control), B1; Azospirillum lipoferum, B2: Bacillus megaterium, B3: Chlorella saccharophila) applications on some growth parameters and physiological changes of C. officinalis plant grown under drought stress (normal irrigation (K1), reduced ½ (K2) ve reduced ¾ (K3)) conditions. The study was carried out in a controlled climate room with a temperature of 25oC and a humidity of 65% in a dark/light photoperiod of 8/16 hours. Seeds were sown on 28.05.2020 and were subjected to analysis of variance in randomized plot design and 3x4 factorial design. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of BGUKB (B0: Bacteria-free environment (control), B1; Azospirillum lipoferum, B2: Bacillus megaterium, B3: Chlorella saccharophila) applications on some growth parameters and physiological changes of C. officinalis plant grown under drought stress (normal irrigation (K1), reduced ½ (K2) ve reduced ¾ (K3)) conditions. Considering the parameters examined, drought applications were found to be statistically significant in terms of stem length (K1: 11.1 cm), root fresh (K1: 1.06 g) and dry (K1: 0.17 g) weight, stem fresh (K1: 7.26 g) weight, leaf area (K1: 7.81 cm2) and temperature (K3: 27.7 oC), epidermal cell number (K1: 593.16 number/mm2 and all stomatal characteristics. In conclusion, bacteria applications showed a significant impact on some of the characters like stem length (B1: 11.0 cm), root fresh (B1: 0.89 g) weight, stem fresh (B1: 6.09 g) weight, epidermal cell number (B1: 672.88 number mm-2), stoma length (B1: 32.71 µ) and density (B1: 11.06 number (mm2).

Background: A biochemical recurrence (BCR) risk model was created based on pretest prostate specific antigen (PSA) and groupings by restaging prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT. Methods: A cohort of 1216 BCR patients were analyzed for overall survival (OS) according to the PSA threshold and restaging PSMA PET/CT. A Cox regression analysis of OS was carried out to detect significant clinical characteristics. Results: In the cohort, 271 patients had a pretest PSA of 5 positive sites. In the Cox regression analysis, four variables significantly predicted OS: treatment center, International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) grade, pretest PSA threshold, and the grouping of positive sites on the restaging PSMA PET/CT. Conclusions: The pretest PSA and PSMA PET/CT were important for the OS of the BCR patients. The findings argue for the new BCR risk model and serve as framework for ongoing trials.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada sabit ortodontik tedavi sonrasında mine yüzeyinde gözlenen renk değişimlerinin SpectroShade MicroTM ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya sabit ortodontik tedavi uygulanan 10 bireye ait 120 adet maksiller ve mandibular santral, lateral ve kanin diş dâhil edildi. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrası renk ölçümleri SpectroShade MicroTM cihazıyla dişlerin bukkal yüzlerinin orta üçlüsünden yapıldı. Diş renginin belirlenmesinde rengin koordinatlarını L*, a* ve b* sembolleriyle ifade eden CIE L*a*b* sistemi temel alınarak renk değişimi (∆E) hesaplandı. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrası L*, a* ve b* değerlerinin karşılaştırılmasında eşleştirilmiş t-testi kullanıldı. ∆L, ∆a, ∆b ve ∆E değerleri bakımından diş gruplarının karşılaştırılmasında ise tek-yönlü varyans analizi yapıldı. Bulgular: L* değerinde mandibular santral (p=0.036) ve lateral dişlerde (p=0.004), b* değerinde ise maksiller (p=0.036) ve mandibular (p=0.020) santral dişlerde anlamlı düşüş belirlendi. ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* ve ∆E değerlerindeki değişim bakımından diş grupları arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmedi. Tüm dişlerin ortalama ∆E değerinin 1.89 ± 0.77 olduğu ve klinik olarak kabul edilebilir görünür renk değişiminin meydana geldiği saptandı. Sonuç: Sabit ortodontik tedavi sonrasında dişlerin renginin koyulaştığı ve mavi renk aralığına geçtiği görüldü.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Down sendromu veya herhangi bir kromozomal-genetik anomalisi olmayan zihinsel engelli pediatrik hastalarda oküler patolojilerin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya 2010 ve 2011 yılları arasında 79 zeka geriliği olan ve 110 sağlıklı çocuk olmak üzere toplam 189 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların demografik faktörleri (yaş, cinsiyet) ile etkilenen taraf, görme keskinliği, ezotropya, ekzotropya, ön segment patolojileri ve arka segment patolojileri değerlendirildi. Çalışma grubundaki tüm pediatrik hastalar Wechsler Çocuklar için Zeka Ölçeği-Yenilenmiş Formu’na göre IQ düzeyi 70 olarak ayrıldı. Bulgular: Zeka geriliği olan çocukların yaş ortalaması 11,85±6,19 (3-17) yıl iken sağlıklı çocukların yaş ortalaması 10,73±3,35 (3-15) yıl idi. Görmesi değerlendirilen 74 hastanın 8'inde görme bozukluğu varken, sağlıklı grupta ise hiç görme bozukluğu yoktu (sağ ve sol için sırasıyla p=0,001 ve p=0,004). Düşük IQ'lu çocuklarda, 2 (%2,5) olguda ön segment patolojisi ve 3 (%3,8) olguda ise arka segment patolojisi saptandı. Düşük IQ'lu hastaların 7 (%8,9)'sinde şaşılık saptanırken sağlıklı çocuklarda ise hiç şaşılık saptanmadı. Zeka geriliği olan olguların 5 (%6,3)'inde ekzotropya, 2 (%2,5)'sinde ise ezotropya vardı. Ekzotropya zeka geriliği olan çocuklarda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede daha yüksek olarak bulundu (p=0,012). Sonuç: Zihinsel engelli çocuklarda görme bozukluğu, ön-arka segment patolojisi, ekzotropya yüksek prevalansa sahipti ve tüm oküler patolojiler düşük zihinsel engelle ilişkiliydi.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affect plant cell metabolism and reduce plant productivity. In the study, some growth and biochemical characteristics of two different types of dwarf and lantern beans were investigated. The study was carried out in an aeroponic environment in a fully controlled climate room with 6 repetitions according to a completely randomized experimental design. In the experiment where two bean types (dwarf and pole types) were used as material, four different salt doses (0, 25, 50, 100 mM NaCl) were used for the salt stress conditions desired to be created. In the study, root length, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weights, and leaf area were measured as some growth parameters, while MDA, APX, CAT, SOD activities, and proline and chlorophyll content were observed as biochemical parameters.For both genotypes, salinity induced a marked reduction in growth parameters. In parallel with the aggravation of salinity stress conditions, an increase in MDA, SOD, and proline content occurred. In the other investigated biochemical enzyme activities (APX and CAT), there was an increase up to a certain dose compared to the control and a decrease in the subsequent doses. Additionally, it has been determined that chlorophyll content is stable until the third dose but a significant decrease started after the fourth salt application. These results show that there has been a significant increase in enzymatic defense systems to reduce the effects of salt-induced stress in beans, and it has been observed that dwarf and pole bean types show close responses to salt stress.

Cadmium is a widely distributed heavy metal in agricultural soils that affects plant growth and productivity. In this context, the current study investigated the effects of different cadmium (Cd) doses (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L−1 of CdSO4) on the growth and physiological attributes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) including plant height (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight (g) of root, stem, and leaves, leaf number, macro and micro-nutrients, Se, and heavy metal (Cd, Cr, and Pb) content. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. The results showed that Cd stress significantly negatively affected all growth indices, macro- and micro-nutrients, and heavy metal content. In addition, it increased the MDA and APX activities. The highest amounts of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, K, Na, Cd, Cr, and Cu were determined in plant roots, while the highest values of Ca and Mg were detected in plant stem tissues. High Cd doses decreased the content of Ca, K, Mg, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in safflower plant tissues by 45.47%, 39.33%, 79.28%, 68.21%, 37.06%, 66.67%, 45.62%, 50.38%, 54.37%, 33.33% and 65.87%, respectively, as compared to the control treatments.

Research was carried out to determine the effects of different salt sources (control, NaCl, KCl and CaCl2) at the 150 mM dose and seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract concentrations (control, 2, 4 and 6 cc l-1) on growth parameters with biochemical changes in Echinacea (Echinaceae purpurea L.). The factorial experiment based on completely randomized design performed in growth chamber conditions with four replicates. In experiment, parameters such as leaf area, chlorophyll content, ion leakage in leaf tissues, MDA levels, relative water content in leaf tissues and membrane endurance index were investigated. In study, it was determined that salt stress decreased leaf area, chlorophyll content, membrane endurance index, relative water content in leaf tissues; MDA levels with ion leakage in leaf tissues were increased. All of the investigated parameters increased significantly except for MDA level and ion leakage in leaf tissues due to seaweed applications.