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In this study, the emission and performance characteristics of single-cylinder diesel engines were tested using various biodiesel blends prepared by mixing diesel with mango seed oil biodiesel (MSOB). Furthermore, the effect of n-amyl and n-hexanol alcohol additions on the performance and emission results of manufactured biodiesel blends is investigated and compared with diesel fuel. On the other hand, a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) based on the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) method is developed to forecast ideal biodiesel blends in order to reduce emissions from diesel engines while improving performance. The optimal brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for this study were 32.3916 % for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel and 0.0453 kg/kWh for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-amyl fuel, respectively. The optimal emissions from the test engine were 0.1034 % CO from 60 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 20 % n-hexanol and 28.886 ppm HC from 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel. The optimal smoke and NOx levels are achieved with a blend of 60 % diesel, 20 % MSOB, 5 % n-amyl, and 5 % n-hexane. Moreover, the developed DNN-MRFO achieved 0.9979, 0.9992 and 0.9975 overall regression coefficients during training, validation and testing. The root mean square error (RMSE) of DNN-MRFO also ranges from 0.019 to 0.032. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to investigate the compatibility of n-Amyl alcohol in a mini-truck common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition (CI) engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) as a DeNOx technique. The n-Amyl alcohol is a renewable biofuel it effectively mitigates the demand for fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emission. Palladium and Rhodium coated SCR catalyst was used to reduce the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. For SCR of NOx ammonia was used as a reductant. From the experimental results, it was noted that with an increase in the percentage of alcohol in the blends, a slight drop in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was observed. Both NOx and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions could be reduced with the use of n-Amyl alcohol and a combination of SCR and EGR techniques. The maximum reduction of NOx can be successfully achieved with the use of 40N60D (40% n-Amyl alcohol & 60% Diesel v/v) blend with SCR and 20% EGR at the slight cost of BTE. The engine can be successfully worked up to 40% of n-Amyl alcohol/diesel blends without causing any visible damage to the engine, with less NOx emissions. It is concluded that n-Amyl alcohol will be a sustainable next-generation biofuel for commercial vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propiyonik asit-su-n-amil alkol ve propiyonik asit-su-n-amil asetat üçlü sistemlerine ait sıvı-sıvı dengeleri 25 oC'de izotermal şartlarda incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bağlantı doğrusu verilerinin doğruluğu Othmer-Tobias ve Hand korelasyonları kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Deneysel verilerden yararlanarak dağılma katsayıları ve ayırma faktörleri hesaplanmıştır. İncelenen her bir sisteme ait denge verileri, UNIFAC metodu ile de hesaplanmıştır. Deneysel denge verileri ve UNIFAC metodu ile bulunan veriler karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur. Deneysel veriler değerlendirildiğinde n-amil alkol ve n-amil asetat'ın propiyonik asitin sulu çözeltilerinden ekstraksiyonla geri kazanımında, çözücü olarak kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

The kinetics of esterification of salicylic acid with amyl alcohol has been studied batchwise in the presence of Lewatit MonoPlus S-100 as heterogeneous catalyst. The kinetic behavior of the reaction has been tested by three different models: the quasi-homogeneous model, the Eley-Rideal model and the Langmuir-Hinselwood model. L-H model fits the experimental data best among the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study on combustion and emissions characteristics of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in which in-cylinder directly injected n-heptane combined with port injection (PI) of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol are used in a single-cylinder engine. The results show that when the overall lower heating values (LHVs) per-cycle is constant, with the increase of premixed ratio (RP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions decrease. When in high overall LHVs per-cycle, NOx and soot emissions of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol RCCI are also high. Meanwhile, compared to n-heptane/n-butanol and n-heptane/n-amyl alcohol, the combustion phases of ethanol RCCI are strongly delayed at high premixed ratio. For certain premixed ratios and overall LHVs per-cycle, low NOx and soot emissions can be realized when fueled with ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depletion of fossil fuel resources along with surge in pollution levels were jointly contributing to the era of quest for novel fuel source in recent years. For the past two decades, the research in engines were vividly focused on alternative fuels based on alcohol and various vegetable oil sources. Binary fuels (diesel with alcohol and biodiesel with alcohol) and ternary fuels (diesel/biodiesel/alcohol) were much popular in present years because biodiesel helps in prevention of mixture/phase stratification. Hence, the current research work is focussed to analyse the performance, combustion and emission profiles of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends. With increasing concentration of n-amyl alcohol (from 5% to 20%). Results were much interesting as the key performance indicators such as ID (Ignition delay), BTE and AFR were drastically improved. Simultaneous reductions in CO, HC and smoke opacity were found along with marginal improvements in NOx emissions. Maximum peak pressure, improved HRR and CHRR were found for biodiesel/diesel/n-amyl20 blend and higher MFB (Mass Fraction Burnt) is also reported for the same blend. Overall, an addition of 20% n-amyl alcohol in biodiesel diesel blends can be a possible substitute fuel for existing unmodified diesel engine. [Display omitted] • Novel study on analyzing the influence of n-amyl alcohol as additive. • Particle size diameter (PSD), Ignition delay and Mass fraction burnt (MFB) were analysed. • Maximum MFB is reported for diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl20 blend. • The PSD profile of diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends is the least among the test fuels. • Significant drop in PM and PN emissions were reported for diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a search for ethanol and water separation performance and high performance solvents to be used in liquid-liquid solvent extraction of ethanol from dilute aqueous solutions by depending effective product recovery from the solvent. The present study was conducted theoretically and experimentally to analyze the performance of packed column that was expressed as %recovery of ethanol by using some solvents i.e., n-amyl alcohol and 1-dodecanol and by varyng the solvent flow rate and type of packing. The extraction process was done to support the extractive fermentation process in producing bioethanol. The theoretical approach was carried out by developing a mathematical model in determining the extraction recovery percentage. The development of mathematical model required the mass transfer coefficient in dispersed and continuous phases that were obtained from empirical correlation by Siebert and Fair (1988) and Kumar and Hartland (1999) and ethanol distribution coefficient that was obtained experimentally. The mathematical model consists of a nonlinear ordinary differential equation, which was solved numerically using Euler method under MATLAB 6.1 environment. The study used the synthetic broth (10% ethanol, 3% sugar, 87% water) entering extraction column 3 cm in diameter filled with raschig rings packing (7mm x 10 mm) and glass ball packing (6 mm) to the height of 35 cm. The flow rate of solvent was varied 10-40 cm3/s. The theoretical study has been carried out in this research concerning the extraction of ethanol from synthetic fermentation broth using organic solvent (1-dodecanol and n-amyl alcohol) in packed column. The effect of several variable such as solvent flow rate, solvent type and packing type has been explored. The circulation and oscillating drops phenomena should be considered in estimating mass transfer coefficient. The prediction results using Kumar and Hartland correlation agrees well with the experimental data with average deviation of 6.95% and 4.53% for n-amyl alcohol and 1- dodecanol system respectively using raschig rings packing. With ball packing, the deviation is 5.49% and 16.66%. This study has also obtained the ethanol equilibrium distribution coefficient of 0.909 and 0.815 for n-amyl alcohol-syntetic broth and 1-dodecanol-synthetic broth system respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive and selective method has been proposed for direct speciation determination of trace amounts of chromium in water samples using quercetin. The method is based on mixing 5mL of diluted quercetin solution dissolved in n-amyl alcohol with 5mL of acidic solution (pH 1) of Cr(VI), which is accomplished with luminescence quenching of the organic phase due to partially oxidation of quercetin content. Cr(VI) is determined by measuring the diminished content of quercetin with spectrofluorometric method (λ ex =276nm, λ em =331nm). After oxidation of the Cr(III) content to Cr(VI) and determination of the total chromium as Cr(VI), the Cr(III) is obtained by subtracting. All the variables were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No considerable interference was observed due to the presence of co-existing anions and cations. The calibration graphs were linear in the range 1.0×10−7 to 2.0×10−6 M with the detection limits of 9.1×10−9 M. The R.S.D. obtained for 1.0×10−6 M of Cr(VI) was 1.7% (n =7). Validation of the measurements was confirmed using standard reference materials. The method was applied to determine the chromium species in natural water samples. The recoveries obtained for the spiked amount of chromium species were >98%, which denote on satisfactorily application of the method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Esterifications of n-amyl alcohol with propionic acid catalyzed by macroporous (Amberlyst-15) and microporous (Dowex 50 W and Amberlite IR-120) polymeric ion-exchange resins were carried out between 333–348 K. When these catalysts were used as commercially available, Amberlyst-15 was observed to be the most effective catalyst with respect to rate constants, but after drying it became the less effective one. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Stirrer speed and different mesh sizes had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The effect of divinylbenzene content was examined for the microporous resin Dowex 50W, and the results showed that the propionic acid conversion decreased as the divinylbenzene content was increased. The rate data were correlated with a second-order homogeneous reaction model. The apparent activation energies, reaction enthalpies and entropy values were calculated for each catalyst. Reaction monitoring is simple and fast by volumetric method and the reproducibility of this method was the order of ± %2.54. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The kinetics of liquid-phase hydrogenation of n-valeraldehyde to n-amyl alcohol over a 5% Ru/Al2O3 catalyst was studied in the chemical control regime in the range of temperatures 323–348K and pressures 0.69–2.76MPa, using 2-propanol as the solvent. The selectivity to n-amyl alcohol was 100%. The addition of water led to a marked increase in the rate of reaction. The catalyst could be reused thrice without any loss in activity. The initial rates increased linearly with the catalyst loading at 348K in the range of catalyst concentrations 0.26–. A simple power law model was used for analysis of the reaction kinetic data. A single-site Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type model suggesting dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and surface reaction as the rate-controlling step provided the best fit of the experimental data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]