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Electrochemical biosensors use biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and antibodies, to translate the analytical signals detected in a sample. They have diverse applications including pesticide detection in agriculture, water analysis in various sectors, and biomedical and forensic diagnostics. With the estimated number of cancer cases in the US in 2024 being over two million, particularly lung cancer, which is notoriously difficult to diagnose early, the integration of biosensors into the Point‐of‐care Testing (PoCT) strategy can significantly improve the detection of cancer biomarkers, contributing to early diagnosis and successful treatment. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a promising alternative for reducing production costs and customizing devices in various ways. This review highlights recent trends and research on the development of electrochemical biosensors for early detection of lung cancer. These biosensors are expected to be more sensitive and selective for a variety of real samples and are precise, accurate, and stable during their commercialization. Significant progress has been made in the development of electrochemical devices for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, with various biomarker anchoring and detection strategies addressed throughout the study. Overcoming these challenges is key to advancing the use of these biosensors, thus improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling the successful treatment of lung cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fouling is the main limitation in membrane separation processes. This phenomenon occurs by the adsorption/deposition of particles, colloids, or biomolecules on the membrane surface and it pores. This process can severely affect membrane performance due to the decrease in permeate flux, lifetime reduction, and selectively and separability changes. Studies have concluded that physicochemical superficial characteristics of membranes is a key for understanding and mitigating fouling. In this study, the surface of a commercial microfiltration membrane (MF) was modified with commercial surfactants and a biosurfactant to reduce fouling and improve its performance. Coated (MF‐SDS, MF‐CTAB, MF‐Tween80, and MF‐Rha) and uncoated membranes were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), contact angle, and zeta potential. Microfiltration tests were performed by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast suspensions as model fouling agent at different transmembrane pressures and feed flow rates. Interfacial analysis indicated that the adsorption of surfactants on the membranes' surface is responsible for significant changes in the membrane's hydrophilicity and superficial charges. Considering filtration of the model suspensions, the permeate flux values were increased for all coated membranes compared to the uncoated one. Long‐term experiments showed a high stability of the rhamnolipid adsorption on the membrane surface, proving its effectiveness in fouling reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Horseradish peroxidase ( HRP) is a peroxidase-type enzyme containing heme as prosthetic group. It is a versatile enzyme that has been used for detection of H2O2. New supports for immobilization based on nanomaterials have demonstrated ideal characteristics for maintaining enzyme stability, offering many advantages over conventional immobilization supports. Titanate nanostructures show attractive properties for this application. RESULTS HRP ( EC 1.11.1.7) was immobilized onto titanate nanowires ( TNW) by both non-specific and covalent coupling through amine groups. TNW were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction ( XRD), scanning electron microscopy ( SEM), N2 physisorption (77 K), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ( EDS), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR). The coverage of TNW containing HRP adsorbed by covalent coupling was 1.56 mgHRP m−2 and residual enzymatic activity around 40%. Desorption tests were conducted under different conditions to evaluate the stability of the coupling, showing no significant loss of the enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Immobilization of the enzyme HRP was successfully achieved by covalent coupling to TNW. The enzyme is firmly attached to TNW surface, remaining active for more than 160 days. Altogether, these results indicate that TNW is an excellent matrix for immobilization of HRP and a very promising platform for constructing biosensors. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a mathematical model was formulated to characterize the functioning of third‐generation enzyme‐based amperometric biosensors. This study utilized a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐based, screen‐printed biosensor. The model parameters were determined using the Environment for Modeling Simulation and Optimization (EMSO), validated with experimental data, and exhibited high determination coefficients, indicating the accuracy of the models in capturing biosensor behavior. Simulations based on this model emphasize diffusion as a limiting factor. Further sensitivity analysis was conducted using simulated response surfaces and biosensor performance optimization, which confirmed that higher concentrations of HRP in the thinnest polymeric film resulted in enhanced biosensor sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]