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Human cadaveric donors are essential for research in the anatomical sciences. However, many research papers in the anatomical sciences often omit a statement regarding the ethical use of the donor cadavers or, as no current standardized versions exist, use language that is extremely varied. To rectify this issue, 22 editors-in-chief of anatomical journals, representing 17 different countries, developed standardized and simplified language that can be used by authors of studies that use human cadaveric tissues. The goal of these editor recommendations is to standardize the writing approach by which the ethical use of cadaveric donors is acknowledged in anatomical studies that use donor human cadavers. Such sections in anatomical papers will help elevate our discipline and promote standardized language use in others non anatomy journals and also other media outlets that use cadaveric tissues.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test if robotic surgery can be used while performing hip arthroscopy.Methods: Hip arthroscopy was performed on two hip joints of a fresh-frozen male human cadaver. The arthroscopic control of the femoral head and neck and acetabular labrum were evaluated using the da Vinci Surgical System.Results: Docking of the robotic system and manipulation of the instruments were successful. Although most regions reached in standard arthroscopy were also reached with this robotic setting, the 5-mm instrument was limited in movement due to its long articulation section. The 8-mm instrument had shorter articulation section and exhibited a full range of motion inside the joints. The posterior part of the femoral head and the posteroinferior portion of the acetabular labrum could not be observed because of the rigidity of the equipment.Conclusion: Robotic hip arthroscopy appears feasible in a cadaveric model but has some significant limitations. With the development of special instrumentations, arthroscopy of the large or small joints may be possible with robotic surgery. Robotic surgery may also enable surgeons to perform more complex and precise tasks in restricted spaces., Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı robotik cerrahinin kalça artroskopisinde kullanılıp kullanılamayacağını test etmekti.Çalışma planı: Kalça artroskopisi taze dondurulmuş bir erkek insan kadavrasının iki kalça ekleminde denendi. Femur başı, femur boynu ve asetabular labrumun artroskopik kontrolü da Vinci Cerrahi Sistemi kullanılarak yapıldı.Bulgular: Robotik sistemin yerleştirilişi ve cerrahi aletlerin manipülasyonu başarılıydı. Standart artroskopi ile ulaşılabilen çoğu alana robotik set ile de ulaşılmasına rağmen, aletin eklem yapan kısmının uzunluğu nedeniyle 5 mm’lik enstrümanlarda hareket kısıtlıydı. Daha kısa eklemli bölüme sahip olan 8 mm’lik enstrümanlar, eklem içerisinde tam bir hareket açıklığı sergiledi. Ekipmanın rijiditesi nedeniyle femur başının posterioru ile posteroinferior asetabular labrum izlenemedi.Çıkarımlar: Robotik kalça artroskopisi kadavra modelinde uygulanabilir görünmekteyse de bazı önemli kısıtlamalara sahiptir. Büyük veya küçük eklemlerin robotik cerrahi ile artroskopisinin yapılması, özel aletlerin geliştirilmesi ile mümkün olabilir. Robotik cerrahi ile cerrahın dar alanlarda daha kompleks ve kusursuz işler yapmasına da olanak sağlanabilir.

Approximately 10% of all deaths in the world occur as a result of stroke. Determination of the time schedule of the pathologic events in a stroke patient is invaluable for a forensic specialist. The aim of this study was to define the schedule of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occurred in a rat model of permanent focal ischemia for providing useful clues for the evaluation of stroke patients. Male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 350 g were used in this study. Permanent focal brain ischemia was applied by the suture occlusion method. The animals were divided into 7 experimental groups (n = 6) with time schedules including 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 hours, and the sham. Brains were harvested at the end of the determined time schedule. Lesions in the frontoparietal cortex were evaluated macroscopically first and later hematoxylin eosin stained sections from the infarct core were investigated microscopically. Macroscopically, enlargement of the ipsilateral hemisphere was mild at 6 hour, apparent at 12 and 24 hours, and mild again at 72 hours. Microscopically, ischemic changes were apparent even at 1.5 hour. Red neurons and infiltration of the parenchyma with neutrophil leukocytes were observed at 12 hours. Pannecrosis and massive leukocyte infiltration were observed at 72 hours. Macroscopic and microscopic findings obtained from a rat model may provide clues for determination of the time-dependent changes due to brain ischemia in human subjects. Finally, the benefits of determination of time course of pathologic changes in the brain for forensic scientists were discussed.

WOS: 000267812400021 PubMed: 19481960 Hypothesis: Traumatic injuries to the ulnar nerve at the elbow are a frequent problem as it is vulnerable to stretching and compression with motion of the upper limb. The aim of the present study was to explore the course of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and forearm and to determine possible anatomical structures that may cause compression of this structure. Materials and methods: We examined 12 upper limbs from cadavers. The length of any fibrous bands, and if present, their distance to the medial epicondyle was recorded. Results: On 5 sides a fibrous band originating from the medial intermuscular septum was observed to cross over the ulnar nerve. The average length of the fibrous band was 5.7 cm, and it attached to the medial epicondyle. The mean length of the ulnar nerve as it coursed in the cubital tunnel was 3.8 cm. In 4 of the cases, the ulnar nerve was covered by muscle fibers originating from the flexor digitorum superficialis and extending to the flexor carpi ulnaris. On 5 sides we observed fibrous thickenings, and on 8 sides vascular structures were found crossing over the ulnar nerve. Discussion: The cubital tunnel is the most common site of compression of the ulnar nerve. Numerous surgical procedures are recommended for cubital tunnel syndrome. Simple decompression is used most commonly. Although surgical procedures are reported to provide efficient pain relief and functional recovery, residual or recurrent symptoms have been reported. Reasons for such recurrences may be more proximal or distal compression of the ulnar nerve as seen in our study. Conclusion: Knowledge of possible compression sites of the ulnar nerve is important to the surgeon so that complications are avoided and postoperative recurrence is decreased. Level of evidence: Basic science study. (C) 2009 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.

Apaydin, Nihal/0000-0002-7680-1766 WOS: 000188887800018 PubMed: 14746961 Objective: To examine the variations and the anatomical characteristics of the tendinous arch of pelvic fascia (TAPF), the tendinous arch of levator ani (TALA) and the obturator fascia (Ofa) that are important structures in paravaginal defect repair and their relations with important neurovascular structures. Study design: We carried our study on 10 pelvic halves of five female cadavers fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Results: TALA could show a very high location or a low location near to inferior edge of obturator internus. TAPF was not observed in four of the cases. It was examined as a quite weak structure in two of the cases. The location of obturator vessel-nerve bundle could show difference. Obturator artery (OA) and vein sometimes do not course parallel to obturator vein (OV) and make an inclination and extend to the obturator foramen (OF). The distance between TAPF and the pectineal ligament (PL) (Cooper ligament) was measured as 5 cm on average. The distance between TAPF and the entrance of obturator canal was measured as 3.2 cm on average. While the distance of pudendal vessel-nerve bundle from levator am (LA) at the anterior border of the spine was 0 mm, 2 cm anteriorly it was measured as 4.4 mm on average. Conclusion: Since TAPF does not develop in every case, it is not a safe structure to be used in surgery. If TALA develop downward as a variation, it could be difficult to distinguish from TAPE Since the obturator fascia is a thin membrane, it is not a strong structure for suture placement. The region that is 2 cm in front of the ischial spine (IS) is a dangerous zone for pudendal vessel-nerve bundle. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.