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The importance of coffee cultivation in Nariño is reflected in the fact that 64% of its municipalities grow coffee. The ruggedness of its Andean topography provides great diversity in terms of climatic conditions, which, in one way or another, affect the behavior of coffee in all its physiological processes. Therefore, this study sought to identify the variation in the growth processes and production processes in the different coffee areas of this department, including the coffee-growing municipalities Sandoná, Consacá, La Florida and La Unión in the Department of Nariño, using experimental lots located at different altitude ranges (B 1800msnm). The statistical design used for each municipality was Random Complete Blocks with three treatments and sixteen repetitions. The recorded climatic variables included photosynthetically active radiation, ambient temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, and the evaluated physiological variables were plant height, number of leaves, basal stem diameter, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, length of primary branches, number of knots per branch and leaf area index. The variable plant height was statistically higher in the upper zone (A) in the municipalities La Florida (79.95 cm) and Consacá (64.31cm); in La Florida, the number of branches and the LAI were higher in the upper zone plants, while the diameter of the stems was higher in the middle zone. In the other municipalities, these variables were not affected by the altitude.

The aim of this paper is to analyze, from experimental results, the influence of the shape of the leading edge and its sharpening on the cavitating behavior of an inducer. The studied inducer is designed according to a methodology developed at LEMFI. Successive cutting and sharpening (four cuts, which modify up to 20 percent of the blade chord at the tip), were made to modify the shape of the leading edge. For the various geometries, the experimental results obtained on the LEMFI test rig are presented as follows. Noncavitating Regime: Overall performances at 1450 rpm. Cavitating Regime: (1) The development of the cavitation versus the cavitation number, (2) the description of the various cavitation pictures, and (3) the pressure fluctuations measured at the wall at 150 mm downstream of the trailing edge for various flow rates and inlet pressures. The CFD simulations carried out under CFX-Blade Gen + on this range of inducers are presented to explain certain aspects observed.

Quizá el título de este artículo hubiese podido hacer referencia a las "políticas higiénicas" del periodo. La opción en este caso no ha sido azarosa: se quiere afirmar el carácter político de unos saberes y unas prácticas y, por ello, se habla de la higiene como política, es decir, como dispositivo de poder, como mecanismo de control y gestión social. En esta perspectiva, dos aspectos se destacan en lo que podriamos denominar el dispositivo higiénico: la readecuación del espacio urbano (particularmente la construcción de los llamados "barrios obreros"), y el intento de conversión de la institución escolar en una especie de invernadero para el "cultivo de las tiernas plantas infantiles". En estas dos direcciones se dirigieron los principales intentos de higienización de la población pobre del país durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930.

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This paper describes the methodology of thick film and multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) component manufacturing by inkjet printing. The printing unit is a CeraDrop 3D multimaterial inkjet printer. Aqueous conductive and dielectric inks were formulated according to the printhead specifications in terms of viscosity, surface tension, particle size, and sedimentation. Jetting behavior was controlled and optimized to reach the best droplet characteristics with regard to the design. The numerical processing simulation tool helps to control the printing job and to identify potential beneficial issues during the processing. Therefore, printing parameters (droplet spreading, layer thickness, filling strategy, layer drying, etc.) were optimized according to material and component design characteristics. In this way, high definition and thin conductive tracks were achieved on an alumina substrate with good electrical properties. Moreover, two printheads were used to successively build 3D multimaterial MLCC components with thin dielectric and conductive layers (i) with good precision of margins compared with traditional processes, and (ii) with very high complex configurations thanks to the flexibility of the inkjet printing process. For both applications, large area components were accessible in a single batch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Using mRNA expression-derived signatures as predictors of individual patient outcome has been a goal ever since the introduction of microarrays. Here, we addressed whether analyses of tumour mRNA at the exon level can improve on the predictive power and classification accuracy of gene-based expression profiles using neuroblastoma as a model.Methods:In a patient cohort comprising 113 primary neuroblastoma specimens expression profiling using exon-level analyses was performed to define predictive signatures using various machine-learning techniques. Alternative transcript use was calculated from relative exon expression. Validation of alternative transcripts was achieved using qPCR- and cell-based approaches.Results:Both predictors derived from the gene or the exon levels resulted in prediction accuracies >80% for both event-free and overall survival and proved as independent prognostic markers in multivariate analyses. Alternative transcript use was most prominently linked to the amplification status of the MYCN oncogene, expression of the TrkA/NTRK1 neurotrophin receptor and survival.Conclusion:As exon level-based prediction yields comparable, but not significantly better, prediction accuracy than gene expression-based predictors, gene-based assays seem to be sufficiently precise for predicting outcome of neuroblastoma patients. However, exon-level analyses provide added knowledge by identifying alternative transcript use, which should deepen the understanding of neuroblastoma biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:In the INRG dataset, the hypothesis that any segmental chromosomal alteration might be of prognostic impact in neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification (MNA) was tested.Methods:The presence of any segmental chromosomal alteration (chromosome 1p deletion, 11q deletion and/or chromosome 17q gain) defined a segmental genomic profile. Only tumours with a confirmed unaltered status for all three chromosome arms were considered as having no segmental chromosomal alterations.Results:Among the 8800 patients in the INRG database, a genomic type could be attributed for 505 patients without MNA: 397 cases had a segmental genomic type, whereas 108 cases had an absence of any segmental alteration. A segmental genomic type was more frequent in patients >18 months and in stage 4 disease (P<0.0001). In univariate analysis, 11q deletion, 17q gain and a segmental genomic type were associated with a poorer event-free survival (EFS) (P<0.0001, P=0.0002 and P<0.0001, respectively). In multivariate analysis modelling EFS, the parameters age, stage and a segmental genomic type were retained in the model, whereas the individual genetic markers were not (P<0.0001 and RR=2.56; P=0.0002 and RR=1.8; P=0.01 and RR=1.7, respectively).Conclusion:A segmental genomic profile, rather than the single genetic markers, adds prognostic information to the clinical markers age and stage in neuroblastoma patients without MNA, underlining the importance of pangenomic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In neuroblastoma (NB), the presence of segmental chromosome alterations (SCAs) is associated with a higher risk of relapse.Methods: In order to analyse the role of SCAs in infants with localised unresectable/disseminated NB without MYCN amplification, we have performed an array CGH analysis of tumours from infants enrolled in the prospective European INES trials.Results: Tumour samples from 218 out of 300 enroled patients could be analysed. Segmental chromosome alterations were observed in 11%, 20% and 59% of infants enroled in trials INES99.1 (localised unresectable NB), INES99.2 (stage 4s) and INES99.3 (stage 4) (P<0.0001). Progression-free survival was poorer in patients whose tumours harboured SCA, in the whole population and in trials INES99.1 and INES99.2, in the absence of clinical symptoms (log-rank test, P=0.0001, P=0.04 and P=0.0003, respectively). In multivariate analysis, a SCA genomic profile was the strongest predictor of poorer progression-free survival.Conclusion: In infants with stage 4s MYCN-non-amplified NB, a SCA genomic profile identifies patients who will require upfront treatment even in the absence of other clinical indication for therapy, whereas in infants with localised unresectable NB, a genomic profile characterised by the absence of SCA identifies patients in whom treatment reduction might be possible. These findings will be implemented in a future international trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical heterogeneity reflects the complexity of genetic events associated with neuroblastoma (NB). To identify the status of all described genetic loci with possible prognostic interest, high-throughput approaches have been used, but only with tumour cell content >60%. In some tumours, necrotic, haemorrhagic and/or calcification areas influence the low amount of neuroblasts. We evaluated the effect of tumour cell content in the detection of relevant aberrant genetic markers (AGM) diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on tissue microarrays (TMA) in NB.Methods: Two hundred and thirty-three MYCN non-amplified primary NB included in 12 TMAs were analysed.Results: Presence of AGM reduced event-free survival (EFS) (P=0.004) as well as overall survival (OS) (P=0.004) of patients in the whole cohort. There were no differences in prognostic impact of presence of AGM according to tumour cell content.Conclusion: We propose the use of FISH to diagnose AGM of all NB samples having the above-mentioned areas to determine patient risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a process for preparing microdot arrays of SiO2 from a tetraethoxysilane precursor containing either a cationic (CTAB) or non-ionic surfactant. Controlling the ink jet deposition parameters and precursor hydrolysis made it possible to obtain mesoporous silica with a Pm3 n cubic structure, using CTAB, or an Fmmm orthorhombic structure, using a non-ionic surfactant. The addition of hydrophobic organosilane F3C(CF2)5CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3 leads to the most regular and best-defined three-dimensional microdot array with a constant diameter of 155 μm and a regular space of 250 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, experimental and three-dimensional numerical simulations are pursued with the intent of elucidating the differences that the hub shape has on three inducer performances and on other important engineering properties in cavitating and non-cavitating regimes. Two inducers have a cylindrical hub and the third one has a conical hub. They are noted as BH inducer (big hub), SH inducer (small hub), and CH inducer (conical hub). These machines were designed with the goal to reduce the amount of cavitation and vibration, on the one hand, and to improve the overall performance, on the other hand. Both sets of experimental and numerical data suggest that the cavitating and non-cavitating performances are affected by changes in the hub shape. The hub configuration and cavitation numbers considered give rise to various cavitation structures on the suction side of the blades, characterized – at some flow rates – by recirculating flow regions and backflow vortices. The results show the relative superiority of the CH inducer through the critical cavitation coefficient of 5 per cent, even if this inducer is very unstable for all flow rates. It was also found that the BH inducer is the most stable and that for a 15 per cent head drop, the three inducers have quite the same performances. The main experimental and numerical results presented here concern the overall performances, especially the hydrodynamic mechanism of head drop and the visualization of three-dimensional flow structures. We also present the vibratory behaviour versus the flow rate and the suction pressure. The computational three-dimensional flow in non-cavitating regimes enabled us to explain the unstable and cavitating operation for off-design conditions. The numerical computation in cavitating flows is carried out using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software CFX-TASCFlow 2.12 , which cavitation model was validated on our BH inducer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]