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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to evaluate the environmental impacts and resources used to manufacture a product. The present study proposes an innovative and unprecedented based on LCA of biodiesel production from the methyl transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by eggshell-derived CaO and using the nonionic surfactant nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP6EO). Biodiesel was produced under mild conditions with a 1:4 methanol-to-oil ratio, 2 wt% CaO, 1 wt% NP6EO, and reaction times of 2 hours with surfactant and 3 hours without, with a yield of 95.18% and 97.75%, respectively. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was performed using the SimaPro software and the Ecoinvent 3.6 database by implementing the CML-IA baseline method. Results indicated that the catalyst preparation process had the lowest environmental impact, while soybean oil used contributed the most across all impact categories. The surfactant-based process was 77% more eco-efficient than the non-surfactant process. Results also showed that surfactant concentration has more influence on impacts than additional electricity consumption due to a longer reaction time. Compared to traditional KOH-catalyzed biodiesel production, the use of CaO from eggshells and NP6EO demonstrated a lower environmental impact, suggesting this method is a promising alternative to conventional processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) leaves were used as natural dye raw material to dye cotton fabrics. It is aimed to examine the effect of different mordants and nonionic pretreatment on the dyeing of cotton fabrics with eucalyptus leaf. Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate and aluminium sulfate octadecahydrate were used as mordant matter. Before dyeing process, nonionic surfactant treatment was applied to some of the cotton fabrics by using infrared type dyeing machine. The main purpose is to increase the color yield of cotton fabrics dyed with eucalyptus extract. Depending on the type of mordant or whether it is without mordant, yellowish-brown, blue and grayish tones were obtained in the fabrics color after dyeing process. According to the K/S values from spectrophotometer measurements, the nonionic surfactant treatment increased the color yield and darkened the colors by improving the dyeability of all of the dyed samples. While nonionic surfactant pretreatment did not have a negative effect on dry rubbing fastness, the effect of the pretreatment on wet rubbing fastness of the samples was not significant. The nonionic pretreatment significantly improved the washing fastness (change in color) of the samples which dyed with eucalyptus extract without using mordant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Surfactant chemistry can affect the phenolic foam (PF) properties by controlling the collision and combination of the created bubbles during foam production. The study was accomplished using two surfactant families, nonionic: polysorbate (Tween80) and anionic: sodium and ammonium lauryl sulfates (SLS30 and ALS70) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES270) to manufacture PF foams. Tween80 and SLS30 resulted in foams with the lowest and highest densities, 20.2 ± 0.2 and 42.72 ± 0.4 kg/m3, respectively. All the surfactants created an open-cell morphology, except Tween80 with a semi-open-cell structure consisting of large cells and thicker cell wall thickness. The anionic surfactant had better performance, the foams made by SLS30 had cells with diameters of 338.5 ± 18.5 and cell density of 2.5 cell/mm3 × 105. While the SLES270 made foam with the highest cell density and the smallest cell size that caused higher compressive strength. The SLES270 led to keeping the foam flexibility even under the fire exposition, and it increased the thermal insulation by 50% while the other samples were turned into fragile foam. A higher level of polarity in SLES270 caused better micelle production and then better bubble formation, followed by the bubble coalition.

Aqueous two-phase separation (ATPS) using nonionic surfactants is important for protein purification. Multiple nonionic surfactants with different cloud points and molecular structures are tested for pre-purification of the Class II hydrophobin HFBII, an amphiphilic protein valued for its potential in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. The effect of time, temperature and salt addition on phase separation is investigated as well as the influence of surfactant concentration on HFBII partitioning, purity and recovery. Incubation time had little effect on phase separation while, in general, an increased temperature facilitated phase separation. Addition of NaCl also facilitated phase separation but reduced HFBII purity in the surfactant-rich phase. An increased surfactant concentration improved HFBII recovery although negatively affecting HFBII purity in the surfactant-rich phase. When applying the secondary ethoxylated surfactant Tergitol 15-S-5 (5 wt%) at 40°C without NaCl, HFBII purity was enhanced 3.9 ± 0.2 times after back extraction with isobutanol, giving a HFBII recovery of 71.8 ± 2.1%. Using these most optimal conditions, the process could successfully be scaled up resulting in a further increase of HFBII recovery and enrichment to 81.1 ± 2.1% and 6.4 ± 0.3, respectively, confirming the applicability of ATPS for pre-purification of HFBII. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The increasing demand for corrosion prevention strategies that are both effective and sustainable is part of the research the background. Nonionic surfactants offer a potential replacement for traditional corrosion inhibitors. These surfactants are well-known for their low toxicity and biodegradability. The research involved conducting experimental tests (such as weight loss, polarization and impedance spectroscopy) and theoretical computations to investigate the role of nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene (7) tribenzyl phenyl ether) (PETPE) in controlling the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid (1.0 M HCl) environment. The results of the study demonstrated that PETPE exhibited significant corrosion inhibition properties for mild steel in HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency of PETPE was found to increase with increasing PETPE concentration. PETPE is an excellent corrosion inhibitor because it significantly reduces the rate of corrosion, as seen by the notable inhibition efficiency result (95.4%) at a relatively low dose of PETPE (100 ppm). Thermodynamic studies were used to discuss the fundamental mechanisms that control PETPE-acid interactions. The adsorption process followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating a monolayer adsorption of the PETPE on the mild surface. Theoretical computations confirm the strong inhibition behavior of PETPE. The innovative feature of this research is its comprehensive strategy, which integrates experimental studies and theoretical simulations to evaluate the impact of PETPE on the corrosion control of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. The combined effort has the ability to supply valuable knowledge into the mechanisms of corrosion that will lead to the establishment of powerful corrosion control strategies.

Abstract The Museum of Sun Yat-sen University houses a collection of antique glass slides dating back to the 1940s. These historical artifacts not only serve as a record of the past but also bring history to life. During extended storage, the emulsion layer on glass slides may harden and become brittle, leading to cracking and buckling. This study suggests a method to enhance the physical property of the emulsion layer by using a combination of nonionic surfactant isomeric alcohol ethoxylates eight (TO-8) and waterborne epoxy resin (WER). We investigated the microscopic action mechanism of the two on the emulsion layer of glass slides using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angles, and other techniques. Our study revealed that TO-8 can significantly eliminate the spherulitic crystal structure of the emulsion layer, as well as improve its softness and hydrophilicity. The addition of the WER ensures that the cracking and warping of the emulsion layer film is fully corrected, resulting in a flat surface. Additionally, the size of the emulsion layer film remains stable even after wetting. The WER has minimal impact on the image information of glass slides. The emulsion layer of the glass slides, restored using the softening protection solutions developed in this study, showed almost full recovery of image information. This research holds significant theoretical and practical value for repairing cracked and warped emulsion layers on glass slides.

AbstractOur research described in this paper investigated the effect of Tween 20 as a nonionic surfactant on the physicochemical properties and drug release characteristics of Bakla starch. The effect of various concentrations of Tween 20 (0.5, 1 and 1.5% w/w) on various parameters of Bakla starch, including swelling behavior, solubility, moisture content, ash value, water holding capacity and the in-vitro drug release of paracetamol from its tablets, was examined. The incorporation of Tween 20 increased the swelling power, solubility, moisture content and water holding capacity, attributed to the alignment of its polar groups with the starch surface, which enhanced the hydrophilicity of the Bakla starch. The FTIR and XRD analysis suggested the formation of complexes of the starch with the Tween. A low concentration of Tween 20 enhanced the liquid penetration rate in tablets, whereas concentrations above 1% decreased it. This effect on penetration correlates with the enhanced release of paracetamol when Tween 20 is incorporated in the starch, underscoring the importance of the hydrophilic properties of a nonionic surfactant in controlling drug release. Therefore, our research focused on the impact of concentration and hydrophilicity of a nonionic surfactant and its interaction with Bakla starch on various physicochemical properties and the release rate of the paracetamol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of hydrocarbons (HC) into the marine environment has serious consequences, both economically and ecologically. This work presents an efficient process to remove HC pollution from seawater: cloud point extraction (CPE), considered to be a reliable, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method, using the readily biodegradable nonionic surfactants Lutensol ON30 and Tergitol 15‐S‐7. A real salt water sample with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD = 1700 mg O2/L) was thus treated. First, the phase diagrams of the binary systems (water–surfactant), and the pseudo‐binary systems (water–surfactant–HC), were determined. Second, after a 24 h settling time, considered as optimal, the extraction results, that is, residual soluble COD, residual percentage of surfactant in the dilute phase and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium, were expressed in terms of temperature and initial surfactant concentration. For each parameter, the results obtained were modeled using the response surface methodology and represented on three‐dimensional diagrams. They show that the COD can be reduced to 10 and 15 mg O2/L, using Lutensol ON30 and Tergitol 15‐S‐7, respectively, under seawater temperature conditions. Finally, it was shown that the surfactant can be recycled. The present work demonstrates that CPE can reduce the HC content of seawater on a laboratory scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been widely used in seawater desalination and drinking water preparation due to their outstanding ability to retain low valence salt ions and large organic molecules. Small neutral molecules (SNMs) are widely present in water, typically represented by boric acid in seawater and urea in wastewater. Reducing SNMs to meet drinking water standards is a new challenge for RO membranes. In this study, we developed a thin-film composite RO membrane tailored for seawater desalination, demonstrating exceptional selectivity against SNMs and heightened permeability. Specifically, a nonionic surfactant, flexible polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI), was added into the organic phase to react with trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The results showed that the new product, PIBSI–TMC, effectively exhibited the dual function of surfactant and co-monomer changed the physicochemical structure of PA formation during the interfacial polymerization process based on the detailed characterization. PIBSI integrated into the PA matrix significantly enhanced the hydrophobicity of the membrane surface and increased the specific surface area. Simultaneously, the pore size within the layer was reduced, and defects on the RO membrane surface were filled. The objectives were achieved by enhancing the size exclusion mechanisms effect, reducing SNMs diffusion rate, and ultimately improving selectivity. Experimental results demonstrated that the novel membrane achieved excellent desalination performance and a maximum boron removal efficiency of up to 90.40% in simulated seawater (32000 ppm NaCl, 5 ppm boron) compared to virgin membrane. The produced freshwater meets drinking water standards in various regions. Additionally, it exhibited higher flux (48.0 L m−2 h−1, 55.0 bar, approximately 26.4% permeate flux decline) compared to similar membranes. In addition, the rejection of SNMs in wastewater represented by urea was also effective. Therefore, it is favorable for application in resource recovery and pollutant removal. In conclusion, this novel RO membrane holds broad prospects for applications in seawater desalination and potable water production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants behave differently than those of ionic surfactants. Micellar properties and structural characterization of Polysorbate 80 (commonly known as Tween 80) were investigated in the presence of different additives at different temperatures (303–323 K) by using cloud point (CP), densitometry, and viscometry techniques. Nonionic surfactant shows the optimum effect when used near their CP, as the presence of additives strongly influences them. The compounds or additives that break the structure of water will increase the CP, while those that help to build the water structure show a decrease in the CP. Adding ester, urea, and carbohydrates decreases the CP of Polysorbate 80, while alcohol and thiourea show the opposite trend. Density and viscosity measurements of Polysorbate 80 in the presence of monovalent salts (NaX, X = Cl–, Br–, , and salicylate) confirmed the change in molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Museum of Sun Yat-sen University houses a collection of antique glass slides dating back to the 1940s. These historical artifacts not only serve as a record of the past but also bring history to life. During extended storage, the emulsion layer on glass slides may harden and become brittle, leading to cracking and buckling. This study suggests a method to enhance the physical property of the emulsion layer by using a combination of nonionic surfactant isomeric alcohol ethoxylates eight (TO-8) and waterborne epoxy resin (WER). We investigated the microscopic action mechanism of the two on the emulsion layer of glass slides using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angles, and other techniques. Our study revealed that TO-8 can significantly eliminate the spherulitic crystal structure of the emulsion layer, as well as improve its softness and hydrophilicity. The addition of the WER ensures that the cracking and warping of the emulsion layer film is fully corrected, resulting in a flat surface. Additionally, the size of the emulsion layer film remains stable even after wetting. The WER has minimal impact on the image information of glass slides. The emulsion layer of the glass slides, restored using the softening protection solutions developed in this study, showed almost full recovery of image information. This research holds significant theoretical and practical value for repairing cracked and warped emulsion layers on glass slides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic light scattering has been employed to investigate aqueous Pluronic P123 solutions at different temperatures and in the presence of different solvents and quercetin additives. Significant changes have been revealed in the average particle size and polydispersity index depending on the conditions. The effect of temperature on micellization of the block copolymer in aqueous solutions has been studied in a range T = 15–45°C, which is most often considered when using P123 in the sol–gel synthesis of silica. The most pronounced effect of temperature on the micellization of the studied surfactant has been observed at T = 15–20°C. In this temperature range, the scattered light intensity distribution over particle sizes has a polymodal character, which indicates the presence of macromolecules, micelles, and their aggregates in the system. A further increase in temperature up to 45°C causes no significant changes in the particle size. In aqueous solutions, micelles with a narrow size distribution (minimum polydispersity index) are formed within temperature ranges of 21–25 and 35–40°C. Substantial effects have been found when adding alkanols and polyphenolic substances as solubilizers capable of influencing the structure of micelles both in their bulk and on the surface of polar moieties of the surfactant. It has been shown that, in the presence of butanol-1, micelles are stabilized at temperatures of 15–20°C. At T > 30°C, the structure of micelles is transformed. As the fraction of butanol-1 in the solution increases, its influence is manifested at lower temperatures. It has been noted that ethanol has a destructive effect on micelles. Additives of quercetin exhibit an opposite effect of micelle stabilization, which leads to the formation of a homogeneous surfactant structure. It has been shown that, by varying solvent composition, the flavonoid–micelle binding can be controlled due to changes in the solvation. The greatest influence of quercetin on the structure formation of P123 has been observed at a solvent composition corresponding to ethanol-to-block copolymer molar ratio of n(EtOH) : n(P123) = 80 : 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micellization properties of mixed aqueous solutions of a cationic gemini surfactant (CGS) and Triton X‐100, a conventional non‐ionic surfactant, with various mole fractions, were determined by measuring the surface tension at different temperatures. Various theoretical models were used to analyze the behavior of this mixed system. The interactions between CGS and Triton X‐100 were determined to be non‐ideal and synergistic. The calculated interaction parameters (βM) have negative values at all temperatures and for all mole fractions, showing attractive interactions. It was found that increasing the mole fraction of Triton X‐100 significantly increased the synergistic effect (more negative values). Micellar aggregation number (Nagg) values of pure surfactants and their mixtures in different ratios were obtained with the steady‐state fluorescence quenching method. Furthermore, the molar solubilization ratio of Sudan III organic dye in all surfactants aqueous systems was obtained using UV–Visible spectrophotometry. At concentrations above critical micelle concentration, the solubility of Sudan III in water was substantially increased linearly for all systems and it was observed that the enhancement was even more significant for mixed surfactant systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this work are to study the rheological behaviors of a microemulsion of Glucopone–water–hydrocarbon systems and to use a fractional model to describe several experimental results of these systems. Four different types of hydrocarbons were considered. The frequency dependent storage, G′, and loss modulus, G″, were investigated below the critical strain. The critical strain was found to decrease as the alkane chain lengths increased, while the opposite behavior was observed for zero shear viscosity, η0. Most of the microemulsions exhibited stable elastic fluid behavior (G′ > G″) below 10 rad s−1 angular frequency. For all systems, elastic modulus values were found to be greater than loss modulus in the frequency range studied, indicating more elastic behaviors. Shear-thinning behaviors were observed, and the complex viscosity decreased with an increase in hydrocarbon chain lengths. The effects of hydrocarbon types on the rheological behaviors were more profound in the dodecane systems which showed maximum values of G′ and η0. The Friedrich–Braun model was introduced and was used to describe several experimental results on Alkyl polyglocoside solutions. Fractional rheology successfully described the viscoelastic phenomena in Glucopone surfactant solutions and the comparisons between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions were found to be satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonionic‐surfactants have been reported as nanocarriers for delivering low bioavailable drugs at the target sites. In the current study, two new nonionic surfactants were synthesized to enhance the oral bioavailability of the low water‐soluble antifungal drug Amphotericin‐B. The hemolysis effect of nonionic surfactants on red blood cells and cytotoxicity against the 3T3 cell line was studied. Both surfactants have shown low hemolysis and cytotoxicity as compared to standard Tween 80. The morphology of drug‐loaded niosomes of nonionic surfactants 1 and 2 was studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and both surfactants based vesicles were spherical, while their average sizes were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The average size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) values of surfactants 1 and 2 were 282 ± 3 nm, −8 ± 1 mV, 0.26 and 287 ± 3 nm, −10 ± 1 mV, 0.24. The drug entrapment efficiency and critical micelle concentrations of nonionic surfactants were determined by using UV–visible spectroscopy. The structures of surfactants 1 and 2 were assessed through single‐crystal x‐ray crystallographic analysis, while Hirshfeld analysis was performed to study the intermolecular interactions of molecules, as well as the packing behavior of their crystals. The nonionic‐surfactant 1 was further tested for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica promastigotes, in both drug‐loaded and unloaded niosomal vesicular forms. The nonionic surfactant 1 was found to be a potentanti‐leishmanial agent in the drug‐loaded form with IC50 = 3.02 ± 0.91 μM in comparison to their standard drugs Amphotericin‐B (IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.04 μM) and miltefosine (IC50 = 42.2 ± 0.6 μM) (p < 0.1). These results, therefore, form the basis of further results towards efficient drug delivery against tropical disease Leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hetao Irrigation District, situated in the Northwest of China, serves as a significant commercial grain base. Widespread use of atrazine, an herbicide in the region, has resulted in significant environmental issues, impacting the ecosystem equilibrium and sustainable agricultural development. The co-adsorption of the globally employed atrazine herbicide along with two nonionic surfactants, Tween-80 and Brij30, onto soils treated with HCl and H2O2 was investigated. The study revealed that the adsorption isothermal curves of surfactants on soil adhered to a two-stage adsorption model. Various types of adsorption isothermal curves, such as S-type or L-type, influenced the adsorption capacity of atrazine on the soil. Observations indicated that S-type or L-type isothermal curves of surfactants interconverted with alterations in soil polarity. Moreover, it has been uncovered that the adsorption properties of Tween 80 in the soil are intricately connected to its ability to elute atrazine within the same soil. This discovery provides theoretical support for a prudent reduction in herbicide usage in the Hetao Irrigation District in the upcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and several chemicals, including dyestuffs, surfactants, acids, and salts, are required during textile dyeing processes. Surfactants are harmful to the aquatic environment and induce several negative biological effects in exposed biota. In this context, the present study aimed to assess acute effects of five surfactants, comprising anionic and nonionic classes, and other auxiliary products used in fiber dyeing processes to aquatic organisms Vibrio fischeri (bacteria) and Daphnia similis (cladocerans). The toxicities of binary surfactant mixtures containing the anionic surfactant dodecylbenzene sulfonate + nonionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate and dodecylbenzene sulfonate + nonionic alkylene oxide were also evaluated. Nonionic surfactants were more toxic than anionic compounds for both organisms. Acute nonionic toxicity ranged from 1.3 mg/L (fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactant) to 2.6 mg/L (ethoxylate surfactant) for V. fischeri and from 1.9 mg/L (alkylene oxide surfactant) to 12.5 mg/L (alkyl aryl ethoxylated and aromatic sulfonate surfactant) for D. similis, while the anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonate EC50s were determined as 66.2 mg/L and 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Both mixtures were very toxic for the exposed organisms: the EC50 average in the anionic + fatty alcohol ethoxylate mixture was of 1.0 mg/L ± 0.11 for V. fischeri and 4.09 mg/L ± 0.69 for D. similis. While the anionic + alkylene oxide mixture, EC50 of 3.34 mg/L for D. similis and 3.60 mg/L for V. fischeri. These toxicity data suggested that the concentration addition was the best model to explain the action that is more likely to occur for mixture for the dodecylbenzene sulfonate and alkylene oxide mixtures in both organisms. Our findings also suggest that textile wastewater surfactants may interact and produce different responses in aquatic organisms, such as synergism and antagonism. Ecotoxicological assays provide relevant information concerning hazardous pollutants, which may then be adequately treated and suitably managed to reduce toxic loads, associated to suitable management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model smart detergents for fruit washing were designed. Their physicochemical and functional properties were determined, with particular emphasis on the efficiency of removing pesticide residues. The specific behavior of nonionic surfactants near the so‐called cloud point was used in the design of the new smart detergent. The high performance of detergents was related to the temperature‐dependent aggregation behavior of surfactants. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was used to evaluate the washing efficiency. Four types of pesticides (boscalid, acetamiprid, pyraclostrobin and pendimethalin) were applied to apples and then washed with designed detergents. Washing efficiency was evaluated based on the change in pesticide content on the apple surface. Compared to water, the model detergents were found to be more effective in removing pesticide residues, reaching values above 80%. The detergents were also evaluated for skin effects and revealed a low potential for skin irritation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns the coacervate extraction of industrial dye, namely Acid Green 9 (AG-9) from aqueous solution by nonionic surfactant Lutensol AO7 and TX-114 (readily biodegradable). Binary water/surfactant and pseudo-binary phase diagrams were plotted. The extraction results as a function of wt% of the surfactant and temperature are expressed by: percentage of solute extracted, E%, residual concentrations of solute and surfactant in the dilute phase (Xs,w and Xt,w respectively) and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium (Фc). For each parameter, whose values are determined by a design of experiments, these results are subjected to empirical smoothing in three dimensionsusing response surface methodology (RSM). The aim of this study is to find out the best compromise between E % and Фc. Under optimal conditions, the extraction extent of AG-9 reaches 98 % and 96 % using TX-114 and Lutensol AO7, respectively. The effect of Na2SO4 and CTAB addition is also studied. Finally, the possibility of recycling the surfactant is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current work is to explore the interactions between antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT, an amphiphilic) and Triton-165 (TX-165, a nonionic surfactant) by applying surface tension, and UV–visible spectroscopy methods. In diverse solvents (aqueous system/50 mmol kg−1 NaCl/500 mmol kg−1 urea), experimental results using the surface tension technique revealed non-ideal behavior along with attractive/synergistic interactions at interface among the AMT drug and TX-165 mixed systems. As contrasted with aqueous system, NaCl media boosted the interfacial properties, resulting in increased synergism/attractive interaction between ingredients (AMT and TX-165), while urea media had the opposite effect. Numerous interfacial parameters such as surface excess concentration (Γmax), surfactant composition at mixed monolayer ( X 1 σ ), interaction parameters (βσ) activity coefficient [f1σ (TX-165) and f2σ (AMT)], and minimum area per molecule ( A min ) were assessed and illustrated in detail. Interaction parameters (βσ) at surface were attained negative in each case revealing the attractive/synergism among the constituents. It was found that the Gibbs energy of adsorption ( Δ G ads ∘) throughout all utilized solvent was negative, which indicates spontaneity in the adsorption phenomena. AMT + TX-165 mixtures show synergistic or attractive interactions and non-ideal mixing behaviors at surface depending on mixture composition. In addition, UV–visible analysis detected peak shifts and a surge in absorbance during the interaction of TX-165 with TX-165. It was suggested in the current study that TX-165 surfactant could be used for effective drug delivery of antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As pipeline transportation operation moves into deep seas, the formation of hydrate has become a major flow assurance challenge for transmission pipelines. Some nonionic surfactants can play emulsification and anti-agglomeration effects in the oil-water two-phase system. Studying the mechanism of surfactants is helpful to solve the problem of hydrate blocking pipelines and ensuring good fluidity in the pipelines. This study investigated the influence of HLB of nonionic surfactants on the types of emulsions and the formation kinetics of methane hydrate. The experimental results showed that with the increase of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), low water content emulsion successively formed water/oil (W/O) and oil/water (O/W) emulsions, as well as a phase transition zone. The increase in the hydrophilic component had an inhibitory effect on the kinetics of hydrate formation. Under the low water content system, the anti-agglomeration effect of the composite surfactant was better than that of the single surfactant. The slurry-like hydrate generated by the 65% Span 80 + 35% Tween 80 compound system ensures good fluidity in the pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymerization of aniline hydrochloride by inverse microemulsion in a batch process and the semicontinuous process was studied as a function of the surfactant ionic and nonionic. Polymerizations were carried out at 60°C for 4 h with a yield polymer of circa 67 and 27% wt. for ionic and nonionic surfactants. The conductivity of synthesized polyaniline by the semicontinuous process is higher up to three orders of magnitude than that of the batch process for both surfactants. The calculating degree of oxidation by UV-Vis showed the relative intensities of the quinoid to benzenoid unit around one. The morphology was determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and observed that the formation of the different morphologies is due to the self-assembly behavior of surfactant. The diameter z-average particle size (Dz) was studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which determined that the diameter particle in a semicontinuous state is larger than the one produced in a batch; this is due to the control of monomer addition in the system. These findings suggest that the polymerization process and the type of surfactant influence the properties of polyaniline.

Microemulsions are nanocolloidal systems composed of water, an oil, and a surfactant, sometimes with an additional co-surfactant, which have found a wide range of practical applications, including the extractive removal of contaminants from polluted water. In this study, microemulsion systems, including a nonionic surfactant (Brij 30), water, and esters selected from two homologous series of C1–C6 alkyl acetates and ethyl C1–C4 carboxylates, respectively, were prepared by the surfactant titration method. Phase transitions leading to the formation of Winsor II and Winsor IV microemulsions were observed and phase diagrams were constructed. The dependences of phase transitions on the salinity and pH and the addition of isopropanol as a co-surfactant were also investigated. Some physical properties, namely density, refractive index, electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and particle size, were measured for a selection of Winsor IV microemulsions, providing further insight into some other phase transitions occurring in the monophasic domains of phase diagrams. Finally, Winsor II microemulsions were tested as extraction solvents for the removal of four tricyclic antidepressant drugs from aqueous media. Propyl acetate/Brij 30/H2O microemulsions provided the best extraction yields (>90%), the highest Nernst distribution coefficients (~40–88), and a large volumetric ratio of almost 3 between the recovered purified water and the resulting microemulsion extract. Increasing the ionic strength (salinity) or the pH of the aqueous antidepressant solutions led to an improvement in extraction efficiencies, approaching 100%. These results could be extrapolated to other classes of pharmaceutical contaminants and suggest ester- and nonionic surfactant-based microemulsions are a promising tool for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A surfactant with biodegradability and amphiphilicity was prepared from cellulose nanocrystals by grafting fatty acids. The structure of the modified cellulose nanocrystals was investigated by infrared spectroscopy, XRD, particle size detection and scanning electron microscopy. The changes in surface tension of the modified cellulose nanocrystals under different salt ion concentrations and pH were tested, and the molecular model of the modified cellulose nanocrystals was constructed. The optimum reaction conditions for the grafting of different fatty acid groups were determined by the degree of substitution. Infrared characterization and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the reactants were successfully esterified and chemically modified. The particle detection shows that the average particle size of the modified cellulose nanocrystals is slightly increased, but it is still at the nanometer level and still has large specific surface area. The surface tension of the surfactant in the aqueous phase will decrease by changing the salt concentration and pH of the test environment, while the range is not large. Therefore, using trifluoroacetic anhydride as co-reactant, long-chain fatty acids can be grafted onto cellulose nanocrystals to form hydrophobic modified cellulose nanocrystals. The modified cellulose nanocrystals have little change in average particle size and have hydrophilic and lipophilic properties and are nonionic surfactants, which can be used as emulsifier for emulsion preparation. It is found that the modified cellulose nanocrystals have good salt resistance and acid and alkali resistance by testing the changes in surface tension under different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical flooding is a beneficial approach to enhance oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Surfactant flooding due to the capability of oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) reduction is a very well-known approach. However, the adsorption of surfactants on the rocks' surface makes this approach less feasible and too complex to model. This study attempts to analyze the adsorption behavior of saponin on sandstone rocks. Saponin is a natural surfactant found in more than 500 plant species. The adsorption behavior of this surfactant follows the Langmuir isotherm model with a negligible error of 0.98%. Experimental studies revealed that saponin adsorption capacity decreases when the temperature rises, but the behavior still follows the Langmuir isotherm model in elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the effect of particle size on adsorption behavior was also investigated experimentally, whereas smaller particles were found to provide higher adsorption capacities for saponin molecules. In the current research, a model based on thermodynamic equations has been constructed capable of predicting the adsorption behavior of saponin on sandstone rocks in extended conditions. Experimental data were also employed to verify the model performance. Moreover, the core plug and batch adsorption capacities were compared to each other, which showed that the core adsorption capacity is much lower than the batch condition. Comparing results achieved in this study with other natural surfactants, it is explicit that saponin induces a ten times lower critical micelles concentration (CMC) and adsorption tendency on sandstone rocks, which can make saponin a superior natural surfactant with invaluable applications in chemical EOR jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma-based sputtering onto liquids (SoL) is a straightforward approach for synthesizing small metal nanoparticles (NPs) without additional stabilizing reagents. In this work, nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 was used for the first time as a host liquid for the SoL process and the production of colloidal solutions of gold, silver and copper NPs was demonstrated. The average diameter of spherical Au NPs lies in the range from 2.6 to 5.5 nm depending on the conditions. The approach presented here opens the pathway to the production of concentrated dispersions of metal NPs of high purity that can be dispersed in water for future usage, therefore extending further the reach of this synthesis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hetao Irrigation District, situated in the Northwest of China, serves as a significant commercial grain base. Widespread use of atrazine, an herbicide in the region, has resulted in significant environmental issues, impacting the ecosystem equilibrium and sustainable agricultural development. The co-adsorption of the globally employed atrazine herbicide along with two nonionic surfactants, Tween-80 and Brij30, onto soils treated with HCl and H2O2 was investigated. The study revealed that the adsorption isothermal curves of surfactants on soil adhered to a two-stage adsorption model. Various types of adsorption isothermal curves, such as S-type or L-type, influenced the adsorption capacity of atrazine on the soil. Observations indicated that S-type or L-type isothermal curves of surfactants interconverted with alterations in soil polarity. Moreover, it has been uncovered that the adsorption properties of Tween 80 in the soil are intricately connected to its ability to elute atrazine within the same soil. This discovery provides theoretical support for a prudent reduction in herbicide usage in the Hetao Irrigation District in the upcoming years.

The aims of this work are to study the rheological behaviors of a microemulsion of Glucopone–water–hydrocarbon systems and to use a fractional model to describe several experimental results of these systems. Four different types of hydrocarbons were considered. The frequency dependent storage, G′, and loss modulus, G″, were investigated below the critical strain. The critical strain was found to decrease as the alkane chain lengths increased, while the opposite behavior was observed for zero shear viscosity, η0. Most of the microemulsions exhibited stable elastic fluid behavior (G′ > G″) below 10 rad s−1 angular frequency. For all systems, elastic modulus values were found to be greater than loss modulus in the frequency range studied, indicating more elastic behaviors. Shear-thinning behaviors were observed, and the complex viscosity decreased with an increase in hydrocarbon chain lengths. The effects of hydrocarbon types on the rheological behaviors were more profound in the dodecane systems which showed maximum values of G′ and η0. The Friedrich–Braun model was introduced and was used to describe several experimental results on Alkyl polyglocoside solutions. Fractional rheology successfully described the viscoelastic phenomena in Glucopone surfactant solutions and the comparisons between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions were found to be satisfactory.

Al self‐corrosion in alkaline electrolytes is a critical issue that restricts the practical application of alkaline Al‐air batteries. To inhibit Al self‐corrosion, a hybrid of nonionic surfactant (branched alkyl glycoside, abbreviated as BAG) and ZnO is developed. Hydrogen evolution test, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are performed to investigate the corrosion behavior of the Al electrode in inhibitor‐containing solutions. The findings show that the hybrid inhibitor successfully inhibits Al self‐corrosion, with an inhibition efficiency of 85.7 %. SEM and FTIR are employed to analyze the corrosion surface. It reveals the formation of the glucoside‐Al and glucoside‐Zn bonds on Al surface. As a result, the synergistic effect between BAG and ZnO is presented. The results of galvanostatic discharges demonstrate that the BAG/ZnO hybrid can improve the discharge performances of Al‐air batteries. The specific capacity at 20 mA cm−2 reaches 2396 Ah kg−1, with a high anode utilization efficiency of 80.4 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their surface active properties, surfactants have numerous applications in different fields of life. In the present research work, the solubilization of reactive red 2 (RR2) has been studied in single and mixed micellar systems (MMS) using UV-visible spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. The interaction of RR2 with ionic micelles of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was investigated. In order to probe the interaction of RR2 in MMS, mixtures of CPC and TX-114 (Triton X-114, a nonionic surfactant) were used. UV-visible spectroscopy has been used to obtain the degree of solubilization of RR2 in terms of the partition coefficient (Kc) and Gibbs free energy of partitioning (ΔG°p). Electrical conductivity data have been employed to detect the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant systems in the presence of RR2 and, accordingly, to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of the micellization. From the obtained data, it is concluded that the micellization is spontaneous at all studied temperatures. Moreover, the micellization was observed to be driven by both enthalpy and entropy. The results also indicated that MMS have better solubilizing power than single micellar solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkylphenolpolyethoxylates whose bioresistant metabolites (alkylphenols, short-chain alkylphenolpolyethoxylates and alkylphenoxycarboxylic acids) are compounds with hormonal activity that pose a serious threat to living organisms are among the main types of nonionic surfactants widely used in industry and everyday life. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)—in particular, photocatalytic processes—are capable of effectively removing such impurities from an aqueous medium. However, photocatalytic oxidation of some synthetic surfactants with oxygen until their complete mineralization proceeds slowly. The combined use of a photocatalyst and oxidizing agents that are stronger than oxygen contributes to an increase in the degree of mineralization of organic impurities and a decrease in the reaction time compared to those achieved with separate treatment by both methods, which gives rise to the lower cost of water purification and improves the environmental friendliness of the combined process. The photocatalytic processes of degradation of nonionic surfactant octylphenol ethoxylate (Triton X-100) in an aqueous medium by ozone (O3), by ozone and UV radiation jointly (O3/UV), and by ozone and atmospheric oxygen in a TiO2 Degussa P-25 suspension (O3/TiO2/UV and O2/TiO2/UV) under UV irradiation with a DB-15 low-pressure mercury quartz lamp (λ = 254 nm) have been studied. The parameters of photocatalytic ozonation have been determined to ensure the nearly complete destruction of Triton X-100 (97% according to total organic carbon). The advantages of photocatalytic ozonation of a Triton X-100 solution in comparison with ozonation, O3/UV treatment, and photocatalytic oxidation with air oxygen are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive dyes of three primary colours used for exhaustion dyeing of cotton fabric in conventional water dyeing system and APG-based reverse micelle dyeing system, with D5 and alkane solvents as dyeing medium, were investigated. Calibration curves of both systems were established. Absorbance and dye concentration were found to be directly correlated with each other. The curves exhibited high linearity with R2 above 0.99, validating their suitability for subsequent SERF measurement. The values of substantivity factor (S), exhaustion factor (E), rate of fixation (R) and fixation factor (F) were measured and calculated in percentage. The results revealed that APG reverse micellar dyeing system obtains higher S and E, but lower R and F values than the conventional water dyeing system, verifying excellent final dye exhaustion and good leveling properties of the APG reverse micellar dyeing system when compared with the conventional aqueous dyeing system. The use of D5 and alkane solvents as dyeing medium causes no significant effect on the establishment of SERF profile in APG reverse micellar dyeing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of 5,5′-(arylmethylene)bis(4-hydroxythiazol-2(3H)-one) by a three-component condensation of an aldehyde, monochlroacetic acid and thiourea in the presence of a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 catalyst at room temperature in aqueous medium is accomplished. The advantages are high yield, mild reaction conditions, simple work-up and eco-friendliness. All the newly-synthesized compounds (4a–r) exhibited moderate in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PSF/surfactant membranes were prepared for bioethanol pervaporation dehydration. • Applying Tween 20 and Triton X-100 improved hydrophilicity of the PSF membrane. • For the first time semi antiplasticizing phenomena were observed and defined. • PSF/Tween 20 showed superior dehydration performance than PSF/Triton X-100. This study focuses on developing a novel polysulfone (PSF) dense hybrid membrane modified with nonionic surfactants, Tween 20 (T20) and Triton X-100 (X100), for improved pervaporation (PV) dehydration of bioethanol. The modified membranes were then examined for their ethanol dehydration performance, microscopy and spectroscopy characteristics, surface charge, mechanical and roughness properties, crystallinity structure, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling, and contact angle (CA) analysis. The free volume structure of the membranes was assessed using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS). A significant discovery from this analysis was the semi antiplasticizing effect observed when surfactants were added to the PV membranes. The PV results revealed that incorporating 0.5 wt% T20 into PSF significantly improved the total flux and PSI of PSF/T20 to 226.35 g/m2 h and 46578 g/m2 h, respectively. Similarly, the total flux and PSI of hybrid membranes containing X100 increased to 110.19 g/m2 h and 43680 g/m2 h. Consequently, the developed PSF/T20 membranes demonstrated more significant potential for bioethanol dehydration compared to PSF/X100 membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A (BPA) detection was facilely constructed by coupling conductive carbon black (VXC-72R) with ferricyanide probe. The VXC-72R was decorated with nonionic surfactant Tween to enhance the sensitivity and coated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE), whereas K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] was introduced into electrolyte solution as an internal reference probe to realize dual-signal outputs. The present ratiometric electrochemical sensor achieved a highly sensitive and selective detection of BPA in PBS solution (pH = 7.0), with a linear range of 0.08–40.0 μM and detection limit of 0.05 μM. Moreover, it has been successfully applied to the determination of BPA in real lake water and milk samples with the satisfactory recoveries rates of 94.8–102.3 %. [Display omitted] • Surfactant decorate carbon black coupled with ferricyanide probe was used forratiometric electrochemical sensor for BPA. • Balanced hydrophobic-hydrophilic effect of surfactant highly improved sensor performance. • Detection of BPA was achieved in milk and lake water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the effect of adsorption of nonionic surfactant on the charge and specific adsorption of ions at water/air interface, a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation was applied to equilibrium thickness of foam films stabilized by nonionic surfactant. Equilibrium thickness of foam films stabilized by decyl methyl sulfoxide in the absence of salt was measured as a function of surfactant concentration at constant disjoining pressure. Specific adsorption of anions, responsible for the negative surface charge, is enhanced by the adsorption of decyl methyl sulfoxide at low surfactant concentration. Strong interaction takes place between surfaces in a pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether film at low pH below 3.5. Isoelectric point for the surfactant-loaded water/air interface was found to be 3.05 and smaller than 4.4–4.5 for surfactant-free water/air interface. [Display omitted] • Thickness was measured as a function of concentration at constant disjoining pressure. • The dissociation of water and carbonic acid into ions was considered in the approach. • Adsorption of surfactant at low concentration enhances specific adsorption of anions. • Strong interaction takes place between surfaces in a surfactant film at pH below 3.5. • Isoelectric point is pH 3.05 for the surfactant-loaded water/air interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and fast Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) preconcentration of Acid Blue 29 (AB 29) dye was developed prior to its spectrophotometric determination. The suggested procedure was successfully applied for the determination of AB 29 dye in different water samples with high recoveries. Optimization of experimental conditions such as surfactant type and volume, pH, stirring, and centrifugation conditions were studied. The effect of interfering ions was also studied. The calibration curve was in the range of 0.4-10 µgmL-1 with a limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.35 and 1.1 µgmL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the method is free of the interference of common ions present in water.