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The problems of the history of socialist ideas, their origin and possible role in nowadays became the subject of scholar interest again. The problem of the social arrangement becomes more acute today than ever. Descriptions and even attempts to construct a harmonious society appeared many centuries ago. Two revolutions The Great French Revolution and the industrial revolution annihilated the ideological basis of previous times pushing forward the class structure instead of medieval system of estates. The first ones who found out the signs of order, not complete chaos, were early socialists A. Saint-Simon, S. Fourier, and R. Owen. This research is devoted to the comparison of approaches to the idea of social harmony of Saint-Simonists and Owenists. The main research method used is political-textual analysis. The conclusion of present study confirms that Saint-Simon and Owen being on the same side, followed different ways leading to harmonious state. However, their projects were united by a common radical idea - the complete reorganization of society, first - the system of classes and estates.

Robert Owen, in the first two decades of the 19th century, developed a political project of economic, social, and political regeneration that he applied with considerable success in the microcosm of his factory/village in New Lanark. Despite of the criticisms directed at him by Marx and Engels, Owen’s thought contains several reflections and proposals that have not only proved pragmatic and effective in the decades that followed, but also contain a propulsive and unifying force that could facilitate the reconstitution of those ties, if not community ties, at least social and economic ones, which the outbreak of the Covid 19 pandemic shattered.

Contrasting definitions of organs based either on function or on strictly morphological criteria are the legacy of a tradition starting with Aristotle. This floating characterization of organs in terms of both form and function extends also to organ systems. The first section of this review outlines the notions of organ and body part as defined, explicitly or implicitly, in representative works of nineteenth century’s comparative morphology. The lack of a clear distinction between the two notions led to problems in Owen’s approach to the comparative method (definition of homolog vs. nature of the vertebrate archetype) and to a paradoxical formulation, by Anton Dohrn, of the principle of functional change. Starting from the second half of the twentieth century, with the extensive use of morphological data in phylogenetic analyses, both terms – organ and body part – have been often set aside, to leave room for a comparison between variously characterized attributes (character states) of the taxa to be compared. Throughout the last two centuries, there have been also efforts to characterize organs or body parts in terms of the underlying developmental dynamics, both in the context of classical descriptive embryology and according to models suggested by developmental genetics. Functionally defined organ are occasionally co-extensive with morphologically defined body parts, nevertheless a clear distinction between the former and the latter is a necessary prerequisite to a study of their evolution: this issue is discussed here on the example of the evolution of hermaphroditism and gonad structure and function.

This article examines how Owen's ideas and their application in his factory in New-Lanark were understood and judged by the two leading members of Geneva's liberal élite, J.C.L. Simonde de Sismondi and Marc-Auguste Pictet, who wrote extensively on questions pertaining to the development of industry. While Pictet and Sismondi shared Owen's concerns over the deleterious consequences of industrialisation, and examined with interest his proposals to resolve these problems, they were quick to distance themselves from his solutions, and rejected his ideas on co-operation and shared ownership. The article concludes with an analysis of Sismondi's work and his reflections on the two courses open to industrial civilisation: it could be either liberal, with all that entailed – competition, antagonism, conflict, but also liberty, imaginative and creative development – or 'planned', with the consequences that flowed from that: collective ownership, peace, security, but also an extinguishing of creative impulses, of inventiveness, and of the human spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of Robert Owen's educational ideas in France. It traces how his ideas attracted the attention of French liberals, particularly Charles de Lasteyrie, Alexandre de Laborde and Joseph-Marie de Gérando, and republicans associated with Marc-Antoine Jullien's Revue Encyclopédique. The article focuses in particular on the work of one of Owen's early French followers, the leading radical egalitarian political and social theorist Joseph Rey (1779–1855). The article examines how Owen's reflections on education served as the foundation for Rey's own theoretical and practical contributions to educational philosophy and pedagogical reform. Drawing extensively from unpublished archive material, the article describes and analyses Rey's detailed egalitarian critique of the work of educational theorist Joseph Jacotot, and explores how Rey advanced a far more ambitious philosophy of education that, when translated into practice, eliminated the traditional divide between manual skills and intellectual ability, resulting in a genuinely inclusive and comprehensive educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction examines the intellectual, political, economic, and social context to the reception of Robert Owen's ideas, and Owenism more generally, in Continental Europe. The introduction describes how Owen's ideas attracted significant interest in the years following the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in France, and discusses how the French reception of his ideas served as a filter and medium through which his ideas were disseminated throughout Continental Europe. The article describes the individual contributions to this special issue and traces the story of how Owen's ideas never attracted in Continental Europe the widespread interest they enjoyed in Britain, Ireland, or America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain the family resemblance between the early socialism that emerged in France from the aftermath of the Revolution and Owenite socialism, which emerged out of the very different political and religious circumstances of late Georgian Britain. While the 'sciences' of Henri Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier were conceived to end the crisis produced by the French Revolution, Owen's newfound principle, what he called the 'science of the influence of circumstance', emerged from his A New View of Society and his ideas on formation of character, was directed to the solution of the problems of industrial Britain during the French wars and after. The article shows that, contrary to the arguments of the pathbreaking work of Gregory Claeys, Owen's ideas had less to do with a Republicanism that, for Claeys in following the work of J.G.A. Pocock, had its roots in the Renaissance, and more to do with the emergence of the science of society whose origins lay in the late Enlightenment and the shared concerns of English, Scottish, and French thinkers on trying to understand an emerging and new social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five chapters constitute this essay: 1) In an international context of and transitional (in)justice in post-war and in post-authoritarian regime context, after presenting an overview of the relation between conflict and institutional evolution, firstly I will turn to the interdependence of justice and virtue. Secondly, the Kelsen’s ideas of the demise of sovereignty will be examined, along with these problems: how should citizens react to the fall of a non-democratic regime? How should they initiate reconstruction in a country where conflicts are coming to an end? 2) Even if Western societies today are marked by a broad liberal consensus in favour of toleration, here, starting from the “inegalitarian charge”, I will attack toleration as an egalitarian ideal, concluding by appealing to “right to interference” criterion. 3) How should non-liberal people be treated in liberal societies? To which extent can illiberal views be tolerated? Criticizing Rawls, I reject the use of mere reasonableness, arguing that is bound to fail. 4) Instead of asking whether or not the relevant sort of institutional coercion exists, I question whether this justice requires the supply of various global public goods; I suggest that these cannot be supplied without international coercion; fourthly, I sketch some theory of global distributive (in)justice. 5) Finally, I will distinguish some aspects of political equality, rebutting an objection from legitimacy minimalism or political libertarianism.

The concept that renders morphology a tool for phylogeny reconstruction is homology. The concept of homology is rooted in pre-evolutionary idealistic morphology. The claim that the goal of idealistic morphology was the seriability of form may sound paradoxical given that this discipline proceeded within a framework of strictly delimited types. But the types only demarcate where seriability starts and where it comes to an end. Carl Gegenbaur's (Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1859) was recognized as a milestone in idealistic morphology. A comparison with the second edition of 1870 illustrates Gegenbaur's turn to evolutionary morphology. The methodology remained the same–seriability of form–but the series was no longer merely descriptive or conceptual but now a historical, evolutionary one. Gegenbaur emphasized that seriability of form was possible not only between species of the same type, but also between parts (organs) of organisms of the same type. Pursuing this project, he found that different parts of organisms evolve at different rates, resulting in an incongruence between the series of parts (organs) relative to the series of species under comparison. This incongrence was called chevauchement des spécialisations by Louis Dollo, Spezialisationskreuzungen by Othenio Abel, and heterobathmy of characters by Armen Takhtajan. Willi Hennig, the founder of modern methods in phylogenetic systematics, discovered that the heterobathmy of characters was a precondition for the establishment of the phylogenetic relationships based on shared derived characters. The result was a replacement of the search for ancestors by a search for relative degrees of phylogenetic relationships (sister-group relationships). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution we investigate the conceptual coherence of penal substitution and its moral validity. After assessing two opposing modern contributions (Stevin Porter and Mark Murphy), we turn to Reformed and medieval scholasticism (Owen, Van Mastricht, and Duns Scotus). This scholastic manoeuvre sheds additional light on the analytic questions at issue. Following Owen and Scotus in their use of a relational analysis of guilt and its punishment, we argue that penal substitution is conceptually and morally coherent, albeit not univocally vis-à-vis ordinary punishment. Absent from the case of substitution is personal deservedness; herein we follow Murphy. However, this leaves open the conceptual possibility of representative deservedness (pace Murphy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides examples of pneumatologically robust Reformed Christologies that are founded upon the doctrine of the filioque , as counter-evidence against the charge that the filioque prohibits the possibility of a 'Spirit Christology.' In order to provide this evidence, four Reformed theologians from four centuries (Calvin, Owen, Edwards, and Bavinck) are surveyed, particularly as they articulate the doctrine of the filioque and its significance for the role of the Holy Spirit in their Christologies. The article concludes that, rather than constituting an obstacle to a pneumatologically robust Christology, the filioque can positively contribute to a genuine Spirit Christology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, in this article it is examined the nature of the putative remarks concerning evolution of species that are found in the works that Richard Owen published before 1858; and then it is made the same thing with the few and vague evolutionist conjectures that Owen certainly made after the public presentation of Natural Selection Theory. Regarding the former topic, the goal will be to highlight the ambiguity of those Owen’s remarks, and concerning the latter topic what is looked for is to show that, when he explained his transmutationist thesis, Owen didn’t go beyond a pious theistic evolutionism, without postulating any mechanism of evolutionary change and remaining faithful to Design Theology praised by Paley.

Since their initial formal recognition by Richard Owen in 1842, dinosaurs have always stood out in the collective imagination for their size and unusual appearance. Therefore, these marvellous animals are a source of curiosity and wonder for people of all ages, social and cultural backgrounds. Thanks to improved research techniques, palaeontologists have been able to work reconstructing the most plausible appearance of dinosaurs. Starting with petrified bones, they tried to make a dream come true – to bring the planet’s ancient inhabitants back to life. The new Italian exhibitionDinosaurs in the Flesh: Science and Art bring the Rulers of a Lost World Back to Lifereveals the marriage of science and art that brings back to life animals that lived tens or hundreds of millions of years ago. Palaeontologists and artists collaborate on reconstructing the appearance of organisms from the distant past through study of the fossils, often with the aid of new technologies. The new project, which takes up the idea of Waterhouse Hawkins and Owen and their legacy to restore these ancient vertebrates based on solid scientific foundations, represents to date the only way to reanimate these fascinating lost animals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In Philosophy Between the Lines Arthur Melzer credits Leo Strauss with the rediscovery of esoteric writing. The purpose of esoteric writing, Strauss argued, was originally to defend an author from persecution by the authorities. We point out the extraordinary reversal that has occurred as a result of the application of that rediscovery to Strauss' own writings. Critics feel empowered to deny that Strauss meant what he wrote, especially in defense of liberal democracy. And, as Strauss observed, readings between the lines are impossible to prove—or disprove. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay surveys the current state of work on Lucy Hutchinson and introduces some new perspectives which have emerged in work towards the completion of a new edition of her theological writings. Focussing on an extract from Robert Sanderson in one of her notebooks and on two passages from John Owen’sTheologoumena pantodapa, it shows that she departed from many of the conventional interests of women readers and writers, engaging with the discourse of high Calvinist Latin scholarship, and even, perhaps, adopting the voice of a leading male theologian in a work she translated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wilfred Owen's "Dulce et Decorum Est" is a poem written with a sublime style about a horrible and terrifying event: an exhausted soldier seeing his comrade gassed to death in the battle field. The paper critiques the eloquence with which the events are narrated in the poem. While Owen challenges patriarchy and insinuates that it is responsible for the horror of war, he maintains in the poem, to a great extent, a conventional approach to versification that does not subvert the traditional patriarchal forms of composition. The diction of the poem is deliberately chosen to create aural, visual, and intellectual effects familiar to generations of poets before him. This failure of representation confirms my suspicion that the poet at the moment of composing the text has never lived the agony and the intensity of the experience described by the traumatized soldier. Owen's exaggeration in detailing violence in sequential order and with sublime idiom leads to the desensitization of the readers' feelings, as is the case with the presentation of horror and violence in today's visual media. The sublime language used in the text, subliminally moderates the final images stored in the reader's subconscious about the violence of war and renders the soldier's experience less terrible than what the reality is. Thus, Owen's poem through its sublimated style and idiom, acts subliminally on the reader's subconscious paving the way for the familiarization of the horrors of war, to the extent that these horrors cease to become that terrible [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mark the centennial of WWI, Aleksandra Vrebalov wrote a new string quartet Beyond Zero: 1914-1918 which accompanied a film by Bill Morrison. The paper presents the means with which the musical structure was created to resonate with the subject, especially the technique of using quotations (musical and non-musical) in order to make the music more "pictorial". The film, made from archive material preserved from WWI, with all its elements of devastation, uses moving pictures to the accompaniment of the "sounding pictures" of music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the start of the twenty-first century many poets are turning their focus again to the First World War as a subject, often 'revisiting' poems from the time and composing modern responses to them: an approach best seen in Carol Ann Duffy's edited collection 1914: Poetry Remembers (2013). In some cases the modern poet enacts this 'remembrance' by considering the poem as a space within which alternative versions of events may be explored: a work in which the past may be re-written, with history shown to be changeable. Using Duffy's poem 'Last Post' as a case study, and drawing upon recent scholarship on the challenges of 'narrating' war in textual terms, this essay argues, however, that such a tendency to wish the past 'undone' says more about our view of the Great War in the early twenty-first century than it arguably tells us about the poetry of the conflict itself. The poet of 2013 wishes the Great War undone not only out of a desire to avoid its losses but out of the realization that it did not provide the resolution or peaceful future that poets of the time hoped would emerge from its aftermath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jeremy Bentham invested an important amount of money in New Lanark's cotton mills, which at that time were run by Robert Owen. However, apparently Bentham never took a serious interest in the organisation of such a successful entrepreneurship and new model society, although it seemed to fit in with Bentham's ideas of the entrepreneur (‘projector’) and also with Bentham's ideas on social reform, seeking thegreatest happiness of the greatest number. This article explains how Bentham's share in New Lanark came about. It tries to ascertain whether the New Lanark experiment and Owen's ideas fit Bentham's managerial theory and ideas on social reform so as to understand why Bentham did not pay more attention to Robert Owen's practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Darwin’s extensive reading of literature was a crucial starting point for Gillian Beer’s insights into the interchange between science and culture which have shaped scholarship in the field for the last three decades. However, while the impact of Darwin’s reading on the imaginative development of his theories has continued to be an extremely productive area of study, there has been hardly any consideration of the broader context of nineteenth-century scientists’ reading practices in relation to literature, giving the impression that Darwin’s thought was especially, perhaps uniquely, amenable to the impact of his immersion in fiction and poetry. This paper examines the extensive but relatively little-known literary reading of the comparative anatomist Richard Owen, suggesting that important aspects of other, and even explicitly non-Darwinian, areas of Victorian science were just as likely to be influenced by their practitioners’ enthusiasm for fiction and poetry. That Darwin and Owen frequently read the same literary works, and often in the same or similar locations (whether in metropolitan clubs or out in the field), also permits direct comparisons of their reading practices, which, intriguingly, suggest that, far from being uniquely amenable to it, Darwin’s scientific thought might in fact have been shaped much less by his literary reading than that of contemporaneous naturalists like Owen. In particular, the paper focuses on Owen’s reading of serial fiction, and considers the close parallels between his practices of reading serial novels and his use of comparative anatomy in his renowned reconstructions of the skeletons of prehistoric creatures.

This essay reads Our Mutual Friend as Dickens’s rejoinder to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, and sees it as a novel that is profoundly shaped by the imaginative impact of Darwin’s work. However, the direct influence of On the Origin of Species is not the essay’s major concern. Instead, the essay sees this novel as a response to some of the questions posed by Darwin’s work about how a natural world driven by chance and contigency, death, waste and hunger might be redeemed. I focus on the figure of Mr Venus, the taxidermist who, I argue, is an affectionate portrait of Dickens’s friend Richard Owen. By tracing Owen’s involvement in debates over evolution and the origins of life, I show that these contemporary debates had a considerable backwash in a novel saturated with the metaphors of evolution, and centrally concerned with the nature of, and the relationship betweeen, life and death. I suggest that Mr Venus’s shop is a comic version of the Hunterian Museum, over which Owen presided, and that its portrayal encapuslates the novel’s concerns with evolution, life and death. I argue that Dickens’s response to the challenge of Darwinism is to see love as the world’s redemption, and that he uses transmuted versions of Mr Venus’s shop as a vivid metaphor for the idea that love is the redeeming spark of life. I suggest, though, that in the post-Darwinian imaginative landscape, love could not redeem all, and that Dickens’s redeeming vision of love is finally inadequate to save all his characters. ‘What the alligator knew, ages deep in the slime’ was that love was powerless against nature -and what it didn’t know, and Dickens tried to show in this, his last completed novel, is that in spite of the ruthless rapacity of both nature and human society, love makes the world go round.

This article examines how concerns about American interventions in Cuba and the Philippines in 1898 are figured through the White male body in Owen Wister's novels. Lin McLean and The Virginian are contextualized within a contemporary discourse employed by Theodore Roosevelt that connected a corporeal construction of masculinity with strong nationhood. However, Wister's fiction demonstrates problems in defining the White male body at the frontier and suggests that the desire for conquest stems from fears of bodily weakness, rather than the virile male form. The evasion of violence against the male body throughout both novels suggests that Wister was troubled by the effects of imperial activity on the male body politic and the bodies of individual men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that the experience of the Western Front in W.W.1 disturbed the received categories of friendship and enmity. Revisits some classic poetry and prose of the war by Owen, Graves, Sassoon, Sorley, Remarque, Blunden and others to note the centrality there of ideas of friendship and enmity. Considers this work from a literary-critical standpoint, and also with reference to new historicism and psycho-analysis. Discusses a range of tropes in which the boundaries become confused between the two terms. Suggests that some of the best writing from the war was alert to the war's transformations of the politics of friendship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Homology’ or the logic of ‘sameness’ will be examined in non‐Darwinian and Darwinian perspectives. It is argued that Darwinian ‘homology’ is both imprisoned in a non‐explanatory logic, and that the line from Owen’s pre‐Darwinian definition to complexity theory’s concept of weak signals and ‘attractors’ better serves the need of organizational studies to establish a concept of ‘sameness’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simon Swift Kant, Herder, and the question of philosophical anthropology This paper responds to a recent resurgence of interest in Kant's anthropological thinking, which challenges the view of his indifferentism or ethical disinterest in some postmodern readings of him. Kant's theory of reflective judgement is, contra readings of its formalism, bound up with his anthropological speculations and philosophy of history. I challenge in particular Gayatri Spivak's deconstruction of Kant, which assumes that the ‘native informant’ is foreclosed as a condition of possibility of his theory of an autonomous reflective judgement. Reading Kant's anthropological openness against the grain of Spivak's, and also J.G. Herder's defences of anthropological particularity from an aggressive Enlightenment universalism further reveals unexpected dimensions in Kant's treatment of rhetorical figures, anthropomorphism in particular. I aim finally to recover an account of the ways in which rhetorical figures might aid in the articulation of philosophical truth claims, in place of the assumption in postmodernism that truth and figure are antagonistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]