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Excessive oxidative stress, dysregulated immune homeostasis, and disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier are crucial features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Traditional treatments focusing solely on inflammation resolution remain unsatisfactory. Herein, a yeast-inspired orally administered nanocomposite was developed. First, the MD@MPDA core was fabricated by integrating manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) nanozymes onto diallyl trisulfide (H 2 S prodrug)-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA). Then, yeast cell wall (YCW) was chosen to encapsulate MD@MPDA, namely, YMD@MPDA. The β-glucan embedded in the YCW shell not only protected the nanocomposite from the harsh gastrointestinal environment but also allowed the targeting enrichment in the inflamed colon. Furthermore, M1 macrophages triggered the intracellular GSH-responsive H 2 S release in the pathological microenvironment. MD@MPDA effectively alleviated inflammatory responses by MnO 2 -mediated ROS-scavenging and H 2 S-participated immunomodulation. The synergistic action contributed to macrophage mitochondrial function restoration and M2 polarization by suppressing NOX4 signaling and p38 MAPK pro-inflammatory signaling. In the mice model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD, the multipronged manner of scavenging oxidative stress, remodeling innate and adaptive immune homeostasis, and reshaping gut microbiota caused by YMD@MPDA effectively ameliorated inflammation and restored intestinal barrier functions. Overall, the YMD@MPDA nanocomposite provides a promising codelivery strategy of antioxidative nanozymes and gas prodrugs for the comprehensive management of IBD.

Granular hydrogel matrices have shown significant advantages in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tissue ingrowth due to their minimally invasive injection capabilities and porous structures. However, creating granular hydrogels that simultaneously mimic the nanofilamentous architecture of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and enhance stem cell retention and in vivo immunoregulation in a diabetic microenvironment remains challenging. In this study, we present a nanoengineered supramolecular granular hydrogel with a nanofibrillar structure designed to improve stem cell retention and regulate immune responses under diabetic conditions. The granular hydrogel matrix is assembled based on multiple hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, exhibiting a range of tunable features, including shear-thinning, injectability, self-healing, and 3D printability. Furthermore, enriched with manganese dioxide (MnO 2 )-amyloid fibril (AF) nanohybrids, the granular hydrogel supports MSC adhesion and stemness maintenance and can modulate the reactive oxygen species microenvironment by converting H 2 O 2 into oxygen, thereby promoting cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs with the sustained release of Mn 2+ . In a two-week diabetic rat model study, the granular hydrogel demonstrates enhanced in vivo cell retention and anti-inflammatory immunomodulation properties, underscoring its potential as a promising matrix for stem cell therapy and immune regulation in diabetic conditions.

A significant proportion of antimicrobial agents, such as different antibiotics discharged into the environment via human and animal waste, poses significant problems for ecological balance and human health. Moreover, widespread overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (superbugs), which is one of the biggest global health problems in the 21st century. Since the utilization of solar energy, which is an abundant and natural resource for the photocatalytic system, we report the design of a photothermal-photocatalytic dual-functional light absorber-based ternary heterostructure using plasmonic gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-anchored WO 3 nanoplatelet (WO 3 NPL)-decorated reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) (AuNP/WO 3 NPL/r-GO), which exhibits strong absorption between 400 and 900 nm regions and has the capability for the sunlight-driven 100% degradation of doxycycline antibiotics. Herein, we show that due to the excellent photothermal performance of AuNP and r-GO in the heterostructure, the local temperature increased under 785 NIR nm light irradiation, which boosted the photocatalytic degradation reaction kinetics for doxycycline antibiotics via enhancing the transfer of "hot carriers" and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, experimental data indicate that by integrating photothermal-photocatalytic materials, sunlight can be used for 100% doxycycline antibiotic degradation after 80 min of light irradiation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the ternary heterostructure can be used for sunlight-based 100% inactivation of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli (CRE E. coli ) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) superbugs by just exposing them to light for 60 min. This study sheds light on the construction of photothermally assisted photocatalytic ternary heterostructures for high-efficiency sunlight-driven degradation of antibiotics and superbugs.

As an emerging therapeutic method, the application of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is hindered by its intrinsic unsatisfactory efficiency, the tumor hypoxia and low tumor specificity. Here, we reported the design of a tumor-targeting multifunctional nanodrug for O 2 -generation/O 2 -economization dually enhanced SDT/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) combination therapy. After the co-encapsulation of sonosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) and oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor metformin (Met) into hollow MnO 2 (H-MnO 2 ) nanoparticles, ICG/Met@H-MnO 2 @MPN-FA (IMMMF) was conveniently prepared through the formation of metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) between Fe 3+ and folic acid (FA) immobilized tannic acid (TA, TA-FA) onto its surface. In vitro experiments indicated its selective uptake by 4T1 cells via the specific folate receptors-FA interactions. Responding to glutathione (GSH) and the acidic environment, the decomposition of IMMMF led to the release of Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ for enhanced CDT, and ICG for SDT. Furthermore, Met was continuously released to reduce O 2 consumption for enhanced SDT. More importantly, IMMMF catalyzed the endogenous H 2 O 2 into O 2 for further enhanced SDT. Expectedly, both in vitro and in vivo antitumor assays confirmed its satisfactory therapeutic efficiency via CDT/SDT synergistic therapy. Hence, this intelligent sonocatalytic nanoagent emerges as a promising candidate for CDT-enhanced SDT, which also provides a novel strategy for dually alleviating tumor hypoxia with better therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Smart nanoplatforms designed for nuclear-targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumor sites are pivotal in advancing tumor treatment and immunotherapy. Herein, we introduced a novel nuclear-targeting double-shell smart nanoplatform (HMCuS/Pt/ICG@MnO 2 @9R-P201 (HMCPIM9P)), which synergistically enhances chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), immunotherapy and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The core of this nanoplatform consists of double-shell multifunctional nanoparticles (HMCuS@MnO 2 ) that enable targeted delivery of the photosensitizer Indocyanine Green (ICG) and the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (Pt). By effectively consuming glutathione (GSH), these nanoparticles boost the chemotherapeutic efficacy of Pt. Additionally, the manganese ion (Mn 2+ ) present activate the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS-STING) pathway, bolstering adaptive immune responses against tumors and elevating the level of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. The incorporation of the hepatoma-targeting peptide (9R-P201 peptide) allows the system to exhibit FOXM1 receptor-mediated nuclear targeting properties specifically in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notably, when combined with near-infrared (NIR) light, HMCPIM9P demonstrated a remarkable tumor inhibition rate of 95.6 %, fostered a robust immune response, and significantly inhibited tumor growth and recurrence. Overall, the smart nanoplatform boasts active nuclear targeting capabilities, enabling the enrichment of chemotherapeutic agents at tumor sites, and holds great potential for synergistic applications in enhancing chemotherapy and immunotherapy for HCC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) exhibits promising potential for the application in food preservation. However, the large-scale production of controlled-release ClO 2 films faces challenges. The sodium chlorite microcapsules (Micro-SC) were successfully prepared in this study using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the wall material through the spray drying method. Furthermore, A large-scale preparation of temperature and humidity dual-responsive ClO 2 controlled-release films (Micro-SC@EVA) was achieved using melt extrusion. The film could release ClO 2 triggered by water vapor for 36 days. The antibacterial effects were significantly enhanced with the increase of microcapsule ratio from 4 % to 8 %. The Micro-SC@EVA film reduced the total viable count and wight loss of strawberries, inhibits ethylene production, and extended the shelf life of by 150 % compared with the control group at 25 °C. The application evaluation results show that the novel approach for the large-scale preparation of ClO 2 controlled-release film holds significant implications for food packaging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dental simulation head model laboratories are crucial for clinical simulation training for stomatological students, yet the maintenance of their dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) has been overlooked. This study investigated water contamination in DUWLs within these laboratories and proposed solutions. Water samples were collected from 12 dental chairs in three laboratories at three time points: the beginning, middle, and end of the semester. At the start of the semester, severe contamination was observed, with colony counts of 11,586[Formula: see text]1715 CFU/ml for high-speed handpieces and 5375[Formula: see text]874 CFU/ml for three ways syringes. As the semester progressed, colony counts gradually decreased but remained above clinical thresholds. Both 20 mg/L organochlorine disinfectant and 20 mg/L chlorine dioxide were effective in reducing bacterial contamination below standard ranges three days post-disinfection. Microbial diversity analysis revealed Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota as the dominant bacterial phyla, with Ascomycota as the dominant fungal phylum. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Ralstonia, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Paenibacillus, Streptomyces, Acinetobacter, and Prevotella, as well as fungi like Fusarium and Penicillium, were detected. Therefore, urgent attention is needed to address DUWL contamination in dental laboratories, and it is recommended to disinfect DUWLs using either 20 mg/L organochlorine disinfectant or 20 mg/L chlorine dioxide every three days., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the biological properties of hDPSCs exposed to Bio MTA+ & ProRoot MTA pulp capping materials on the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from impacted third molars. Extracts of Bio MTA + and ProRoot MTA were prepared at a 1:1 ratio. The effects of the extracts on hDPSCs cytotoxicity and proliferation were assessed via a CCK-8 assay. Annexin V expression was investigated to assess the effects of both materials on the induction of apoptosis. The effects of ProRoot MTA and Bio MTA + extraction media on the stemness properties of hDPSCs were assessed via real-time quantitative PCR, and the expression of odontogenic markers (RUNX2, DMP1 & DSSP) was analyzed via RT‒PCR Alizarin Red staining. Cells exposed to Bio MTA + had the greatest degree of proliferation. The results of Annexin V staining indicated that Bio MTA + caused the least amount of apoptosis. RUNX2, DMP1 and DSSP were highly expressed by Bio MTA + and indicated successful odontogenic differentiation. Compared with ProRoot MTA, Bio MTA + exhibited an exceptional level of cytocompatibility, as well as advantageous bioactivities, including the preservation of stemness and an increase in the proliferation capacity of hDPSCs. In addition, it demonstrated favorable bioactive properties by stimulating odontogenic differentiation. Bio MTA + offers significant advantages in terms of biocompatibility, bioactivity, and regenerative potential, making it an excellent choice for procedures aimed at preserving or regenerating dental pulp tissue. However, additional research is required to address the lack of in vivo validation, as replicating physiological conditions is crucial for accurately assessing clinical outcomes and comparing them with results obtained from in vitro experiments., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics declarations: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All methods were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The experimental protocol was reviewed by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry Ain Shams University and was granted approval (FDASU-Rec ID 052329)., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The crystalline phase of metal oxides is a key determinant of the properties and functions of the nanomaterials. Traditional approaches have focused on replicating bulk-phase structures, with limited exploration of phase diversity due to challenges in controlling the crystal morphology. Here, we introduce a nanoclay-mediated strategy for crystal-phase engineering, using talc to modulate the morphology and phase of manganese oxide (MnOx) nanoparticles. This approach enhances the oxidase activity of the MnOx composite (M/T), optimizing the antimicrobial efficacy while minimizing cytotoxicity. M/T-190 demonstrated 99% bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , coupled with 84% cytocompatibility. Theory calculations suggest that talc modulates the charge distribution and d-band center tuning at the Mn 3 O 4 /MnOOH interface, enhancing oxygen activation. When integrated into gauze, M/T exhibits strong antimicrobial activity, low toxicity, and promotes wound healing in both in vitro and in vivo studies. These findings highlight the potential of natural minerals for crystal-phase engineering in biomedical applications.

The utilization or improvement of tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a breakthrough in emerging oncology therapies. To address the limited therapeutic efficacy of single modality, a multi-functional integrated nanoplatform based on a TME-responsive PtAu/MnO 2 cascade nanoreactor with multi-enzymatic activities was developed for multimodal synergistic tumor therapy. Benefiting from the slightly acidic environment and high-level glutathione (GSH) in TME, PtAu/MnO 2 cascade nanoreactor consumed GSH, followed by the reductive generation of manganese ion (Mn 2+ ) and the release of PtAu nanoparticles (NPs). Then, the multimodal synergistic tumor therapy was activated as follows. First, GSH depletion inhibited the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 and led to the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, thereby inducing tumor cell ferroptosis. Second, PtAu NPs exhibited catalase-like, glucose oxidase-like and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase-like activities, which generated oxygen for the cascade reaction to alleviate hypoxia and further depleted glucose, NADH and adenosine triphosphate, leading to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation via starvation therapy. Third, the production of reactive oxygen species by the oxidase- and peroxidase-like activities of PtAu NPs and the Fenton-like reaction of Mn 2+ simultaneously induced tumor cell apoptosis via chemodynamic therapy. Briefly, the in vitro and in vivo results confirmed that the multi-functional integrated nanoplatform based on a PtAu/MnO 2 cascade nanoreactor with five nanozyme activities demonstrated outstanding biocompatibility and greater inhibition of tumor growth via synergistic ferroptosis/starvation therapy/apoptosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Gastric ulcer (GU), a common digestive system disorder in clinical practice, often arises from excessive alcohol consumption and other factors that irritate the gastric mucosa. Effective treatment of GU remains challenging due to the poor targeting, limited efficacy, and significant side effects associated with current therapeutic approaches. To address these limitations, we developed a microenvironment-responsive hydrogel composed of sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS), incorporating MnO 2 nanoparticles and pachymic acid (PA). This hydrogel was designed to evaluate its therapeutic potential for GU treatment in both in vitro and in vivo models. The SA/CS hydrogel system rapidly formed in response to acidic gastric conditions, leveraging the microenvironment to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Encapsulated MnO 2 nanoparticles could scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitigating oxidative stress, while PA further alleviated oxidative damage. In vitro studies demonstrated that this hydrogel system significantly promoted the migration of gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) and reduced oxidative stress-induced damage under H 2 O 2 stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo evaluations using animal models of ethanol-induced acute GU and acetic acid-induced chronic GU confirmed the hydrogel's pronounced anti-ulcer effects. These results underscore the potential of MnO 2 -and PA-loaded SA/CS hydrogels as a safe, targeted, and effective therapeutic strategy for ethanol-induced gastric injury. This novel approach offers a promising foundation for the development of future gastric ulcer treatments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of electrical heat carrier temperature on bacterial leakage of root canals obturated with the continuous wave of condensation (CWC) technique and a bioceramic sealer., Methods: This ex vivo experimental study was conducted on 92 extracted single-rooted teeth. The teeth were subjected to endodontic treatment and obturated with the Endoseal MTA bioceramic sealer by the CWC technique using two different temperature settings of the electrical heat carrier: 120°C (group G120, n = 41) and 200°C (group G200, n = 41). A positive and a negative control group were also considered (n = 5 each). Bacterial leakage was assessed over a 40-day period using a bacterial leakage model. The incidence of bacterial leakage was compared between the experimental groups using the log-rank test. The significance level was set at 0.05., Results: The median survival rate was 39.0 (25.0) days in the G120 group and 34.0 (25.0) days in the G200 group. Despite a slightly higher survival rate in the G120 group, the difference between the two experimental groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.612)., Conclusion: The tested temperatures of the electrical heat carrier (120°C and 200°C) did not have a significant effect on bacterial leakage of root canals obturated by the CWC technique and the Endoseal MTA bioceramic sealer., (© 2025 The Author(s). Clinical and Experimental Dental Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Herein, bacterial-assisted synthesis of AgCoO 2 is carried out. In the first step, E. coli was separated from soil samples via the "serial dilution method." Ten milliliters of bacterial supernatant was mixed with cobalt chloride and silver nitrate hatched at 38°C for 24 h to get AgCoO 2 nanoparticles (NPs). XRD results confirm the synthesis of AgCoO 2 NPs while EDX results confirm the absence of any other elements than Ag, Co, and O. An average NP size of 12-26 nm was determined by TEM examination, and the surface of the particles was seen rough, irregularly shaped borders. The antibacterial activity of the constructed NPs was checked against S. aureus, E. coli, Bacillus subtilus, and Pseudomanas areguinosa using agar well diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition was 27 mm at 40 mg/mL against Bacillus subtilus. The performance of the synthesized NPs as photocatalysts was also assessed, and several operational parameters that control the photodegradation of the harmful dyes were tried to tune as well, and 85% degrading efficiency was obtained at 60 o C for 240 min for 30 mg of catalyst dose These NPs were also used to produce hydrogen by methanolysis., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Nano-enzymatic catalytic therapy has been widely explored as a promising tumor therapeutic method with specific responsiveness to the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the inherent lower and simplex catalytic efficiency impairs their anti-tumor efficacy. Therefore, developing novel nanozymes with relatively high and multiple catalytic characteristics, simultaneously enhancing the enzyme-like activity of nanozymes using the proper method, photothermal promoted catalytic property, is a reliable way. In this paper, we report a manganese oxide/nitrogen-doped carbon composite nanoparticles (MnO-N/C NPs) with multi-enzyme mimetic activity and photothermal conversional effect. The peroxidase (POD)-like/oxidase (OXD)-like/catalase (CAT)-like activity of MnO-N/C nanozymes was accelerated upon exposure to an 808 nm NIR laser. In vitro and in vivo results proved that the MnO-N/C NPs shown excellent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided synergistic photothermal-enhanced catalytic treatment and photothermal therapy of liver cancer. The photothermal enhanced multi-enzyme activity maximizes the efficacy of catalytic and photothermal therapy while reducing harm to healthy cells, thereby offering valuable insights for the development of next-generation photothermal nanozymes to enhance tumor therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The designability and high reactivity of nanotechnology provide strategies for antitumor therapy by regulating the redox state in tumor cells. Here, we synthesize a kind of vanadium dioxide nanoparticle encapsulated in bovine serum albumin and containing disulfide bonds (VSB NPs) for photothermal-enhanced ferroptosis and pyroptosis effects. Mechanism studies show that disulfide bonds can effectively consume overexpressed glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment, leading to a decrease in glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. Simultaneously, tetravalent vanadium can induce a catalytic reaction of overexpressed H 2 O 2 , producing plenty of toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), leading to tumor cell ferroptosis. In addition, the consumption of disulfide bonds can also lead to the degradation of nanoparticles into high-valent vanadates, activating thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes and causing tumor cell pyroptosis. It is worth mentioning that VSB NPs can not only ablate tumor cells under near-infrared light irradiation but also further disrupt the redox homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing the ferroptosis and pyroptosis of tumor cells induced by biodegradable vanadium-based nanomaterials. This strategy, based on the biological effects of vanadium to regulate the redox state in tumor cells, provides possibilities for cancer treatment.

Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate-based cement that has changed conventional dental therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate physical, chemical and biological properties of novel AGM MTA, in comparison with MTA Angelus., Methods: The samples were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. The initial and final setting times were measured via a Gillmore needle following the ISO 6876:2012 standard. The radiopacity of the materials was evaluated against an aluminium step wedge on the basis of the ISO 6876 and 13,116 standards. The pH changes were measured at intervals of 3, 6, 24, 72, 96 and 144 h postimmersion in Hank's solution and calcium ion release was analysed after 168 h of immersion via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‒OES). Moreover, the cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT assay on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) after 24 and 72 h of exposure to the set/fresh status of various dilutions of MTA extracts, following the ISO 10993-12 standard., Results: No significant difference was found between the initial setting times of the two materials (Angelus: 11.0 ± 1.0 min, AGM: 10.3 ± 1.5 min); however, MTA Angelus demonstrated a significantly shorter final setting time. Both materials met the minimum radiopacity requirements according to the ISO 6876 standard, with MTA Angelus exhibiting greater radiopacity than AGM MTA. Both materials created an alkaline environment without presenting any differences in each time point and AGM MTA released significantly greater amounts of calcium ions. In the cytotoxicity assessment, while the diluted extracts of both materials did not elicit any cytotoxic effects, the nondiluted samples, after 72 h of exposure, as well as the 30-min set AGM MTA after 24 h of exposure, were shown to be cytotoxic., Conclusions: In conclusion, MTA Angelus presented a faster setting time and lower cytotoxicity, while AGM MTA demonstrated greater calcium ion release. However, both materials presented clinically acceptable properties and AGM MTA could be a potential alternative to MTA Angelus. However, further clinical studies are required to confirm its application., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway exhibits great potential in remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and initiating antitumor immunity. However, how to effectively activate STING and avoid undesired toxicity after systemic administration remains challenging. Herein, platinum(IV)-backboned polymer prodrug-coated manganese oxide nanoparticles (DHP/MnO 2 NP) with pH/redox dual responsive properties are developed to precisely release cisplatin and Mn 2+ in the tumor microenvironment and synergistically amplify STING activation. In vitro , we demonstrate that DHP/MnO 2 NP can effectively induce tumor cell DNA damage and leak into the cytoplasm, cooperating with Mn 2+ to promote STING activation and significantly upregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, DHP/MnO 2 NP can selectively release cisplatin and Mn 2+ to mediate tumor killing while reducing toxicity to normal cells. In vivo , DHP/MnO 2 NP exerted increased therapeutic efficacy by inducing STING activation and initiating robust antitumor immunity. Specifically, DHP/MnO 2 NP effectively skewed tumor-associated macrophages toward a proinflammatory phenotype and upregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in tumors by up to 99-fold relative to the control. And the infiltration of CD8 + T cells was also significantly increased. When STING signaling was blocked, the antitumor effects and immunostimulatory efficacy of DHP/MnO 2 NP were significantly inhibited. Moreover, DHP/MnO 2 NP possess the advantage of enhanced tumor homing and retention, resulting in stronger and longer-lasting anticancer effects. Overall, DHP/MnO 2 NP provide a potential platform for potentiating cancer chemoimmunotherapy and hold promise for precision treatment.

Objectives: Good oral hygiene measures are important for successful orthodontic treatment. They involve various types of mouthwashes which have been reported to cause alteration of mechanical properties of archwires. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new kind of chlorine-dioxide-containing mouthwash on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of stainless steel orthodontic archwires against the already prevalent chlorhexidine mouthwash in the market., Method: Group A - Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (study), Group B - Chlorine Dioxide mouthwash (study), and Group C - Artificial Saliva (control). 42 specimens of 5 cm long 19x25 inch SS archwires were immersed in each group equally. Post immersion, the frictional force was analyzed in the universal testing machine for each group using custom-made acrylic jigs for 10 specimens. The remaining 4 specimens from each group were sent for surface morphology evaluation using an atomic force microscope., Results: Friction resistance evaluation for the archwires revealed a mean friction of 0.011 ± 0.0056 in Group A, 0.015 ± 0.0052 in Group B, and 0.010 ± 0.0067 in Group C. Results suggested that the static friction of Group C (control group) was found to be the least when compared with the experimental groups, although not producing statistically significant values. Surface roughness of archwires compared at a 10μm range revealed a mean roughness of 19.38 ± 0.82 in Group A, 25.39 ± 7.01 in Group B, and 16.65 ± 3.07 in Group C which shows there wasn't any statistically significant difference in the mean roughness midst the three sets., Conclusion: Chlorine dioxide and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes caused an increase in the frictional resistance of the archwires when compared to the control group. When measured at a range of 10μm the mean surface roughness did not differ across the control and the experimental groups., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2025 Apte S et al.)

Nanotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the targeted and efficient treatment of melanoma, the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, with minimized systemic toxicity. However, the therapeutic efficacy of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co 3 O 4 NPs) in melanoma treatment remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of Co 3 O 4 NPs in melanoma treatment by evaluating their impact on cell viability, genomic DNA and mitochondrial integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis induction in melanoma A-375 cells. Our findings demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability upon treatment with five Co 3 O 4 NP concentrations (0.2, 2, 20, 200, and 2000 µg/ml), with an IC50 value of 303.80 µg/ml. Treatment with this IC50 concentration significantly increased ROS generation, induced dramatic DNA damage, and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential integrity. Flow cytometric analysis revealed apoptosis and necrosis induction following Co 3 O 4 NP exposure at the IC50 concentration value. Results of qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated remarkable dysregulation of apoptotic and mitochondrial genes, including a significant downregulation of apoptotic p53 and mitochondrial ND3 genes and marked upregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. These findings highlight the novel potential of Co 3 O 4 NPs as potent inducers of melanoma A-375 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner through excessive ROS production, genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of apoptotic and mitochondrial gene expression, ultimately promoting apoptosis in A-375 cells. This study thus underscores the potential of Co 3 O 4 NPs as a promising nanotherapeutic candidate for melanoma treatment, warranting further exploration to elucidate their full biological and clinical applicability., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Precise cell elimination within intricate cellular populations is hampered by issues arising from the multifaceted biological properties of cells and the expansive reactivity of chemical agents. Current chemical platforms are often limited by their complexity, toxicity, and poor physical/chemical properties. Here, we report on the synthesis of a structurally versatile library of chemically tunable bisacylphosphane oxides (BAPOs), which harnesses the spatiotemporal precision of light delivery, thereby establishing a universal strategy for on-demand, precise cellular ablation in vitro and in vivo .

Management of chronic diabetic wounds is challenging due to excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypoxia, persistent inflammation, and bacterial infection within the wound microenvironment. For addressing the aforementioned concern, we have developed a multifunctional hydrogel dressing (PMT-C@PhM) based on chitosan with self-healing, adhesive, antibacterial, and antioxidant capacities for therapeutic diabetic wounds. The hydrogel dressing consisted of quaternary ammonium salt- and catechol- modified chitosan (CQCS), thioctic acid-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), and polydopamine-coated honeycomb manganese dioxide nanoparticles (hMnO 2 @PDA NPs). The nanozyme-modified hydrogel exhibits superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities to scavenge ROS while generating oxygen to alleviate oxidative stress and hypoxic environment in wounds, and to attenuate the inflammatory response through modulating macrophage polarization. The PMT-C@PhM hydrogel is effective in the treatment of diabetic wound infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and relieves oxidative stress, inhibits inflammation, and promotes neovascularization and dermal collagen synthesis thus providing favorable conditions for accelerated wound healing. In conclusion, the aforementioned approach offers a biosafe, straightforward, and efficient strategy for the management of diabetic wounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The demand for breast mesh with antitumor properties is critical in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction to prevent local tumor recurrence. Molybdenum-based oxide (MoO x ) exhibits enzyme-like activities by catalyzing endogenous hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen species for inducing tumor cell apoptosis. However, its catalytic activity is limited by insufficient active sites. Herein, a defect engineering strategy is proposed to create redox nanozymes with multiple enzymatic activities by incorporating Fe into MoO x (Fe-MoO v ). Fe-MoO v is subsequently integrated into polycaprolactone (PCL) to fabricate breast meshes for establishing an enzyme-catalyzed antitumor platform. The doping of Fe into MoO x formed numerous defect sites, including oxygen vacancies (OV) and Fe substitution sites, synergistically boosting the binding capacity and catalytic activity of Fe-MoO v . Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the outstanding peroxidase-like catalytic activity of Fe-MoO v resulted from the synergy between OV and Fe sites. Additionally, OV contributes to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect, enhancing the photothermal capability of the PCL/Fe-MoO v mesh. Upon near-infrared laser exposure, the catalytic activity of the PCL/Fe-MoO v mesh is further improved, leading to increased generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced antitumor efficacy, achieving 86.7% tumor cell mortality, a 264% enhancement compared to the PCL/MoO x mesh., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study investigated the green synthesis of Zn-MnO nanocomposites via the fungus Penicillium rubens. Herein, the synthesized Zn-MnO nanocomposites were confirmed by UV-spectrophotometry with a top peak (370 nm). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed irregular particles with a spherical-like shape ranging from 25.13 to 36.21 nm. Numerous functional groups were detected on the surface of Zn-MnO nanocomposite via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. X-Ray diffraction assay appeared that the synthesized Zn-MnO nanocomposites contained two different components, MnO (JCPDS 81-2261) and ZnO (JCPDS 36-1451), while energy dispersive X-ray spectra confirmed the occurrence of manganese, zinc, oxygen, and carbon in Zn-MnO nanocomposites. Zn-MnO nanocomposites demonstrated excellent suppress effect versus the growth of various bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae via agar well diffusion assays with inhibition areas of 36 ± 0.1, 25 ± 0.1, 27 ± 0.2, and 23 ± 0.2 mm, correspondingly. Alterations in the ultrastructure of the treated K. pneumoniae by Zn-MnO nanocomposite were recorded. Both the values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of Zn-MnO nanocomposite extended from 15.62 to 125 µg/mL employing the examined bacteria. The antibiofilm activity of Zn-MnO nanocomposites was 82.07, 75.43, 43.65, and 41.35% at 25% MIC, and 96.54, 93.0, 94.53, and 91.11% at 75% MIC against S. aureus, MRSA, K. pneumoniae, and S. typhi, respectively. At 25 to 75% MIC, Zn-MnO nanocomposites exhibited antihemolytic activity with the maximum activity of 96.3% at 75% MIC in the presence of MRSA. Extensive molecular docking studies were performed to identify the optimal location for manganese oxide and zinc oxide nanoclusters binding to MRSA. MnO-NPs and ZnO-NPs demonstrated inhibitory activity against the crystal structure of putative minohydrolase (PDB ID: 4EWT), methicillin acyl-penicillin binding protein 2a structure (PDB ID: 1MWU) and K2U bound crystal structure of class II peptide deformylase from MRSA (PDB ID: 6JFQ). The minimum binding energy was utilized to estimate the receptor's binding site with NPs, providing additional understanding of the ways of action. Anti-inflammatory activity of Zn-MnO nanocomposites via cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes inhibition was documented with IC 50 doses of 20.81 ± 0.68 µg/mL and 35.87 ± 1.35 µg/mL, respectively. Based on these outcomes, it was concluded that Zn-MnO nanocomposites could be useful agents for the management of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens and inflammation., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The overuse of antibiotics has caused the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and even superbugs, which makes it imperative to develop promising antibiotic-free alternatives. Herein, a multimodal antibacterial nanoplatform of two dimensional/two dimensional (2D/2D) mesoporous Co 3 O 4 /BiOCl nanocomposite is constructed, which possesses the effect of "kill three birds with one stone": (1) the use of mesoporous Co 3 O 4 can enlarge the surface area of the nanocomposite and promote the adsorption of bacteria; (2) Co 3 O 4 displays remarkable full-spectrum absorption and photo-induced self-heating effect, which can raise the temperature of Co 3 O 4 /BiOCl and help to kill bacteria; (3) the p-type Co 3 O 4 and n-type BiOCl form a p-n heterojunction, which promotes the separation of photoelectrons and holes, thus producing more reactive oxygen species (ROS) for killing bacteria. The synergism of mesoporous structure, photothermal effect and photocatalytic ROS makes the developed Co 3 O 4 /BiOCl a promising antibacterial material, which shows outstanding antibacterial activity with an inhibition rate of nearly 100 % against Escherichia coli (E. coli) within 8 min. This work provides inspiration for designing multimodal synergistic nanoplatform for antibacterial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The current chemotherapy treatments for liver cancer have shown limited effectiveness. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs to combat this disease more effectively. This study reports synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles coated with glucose, and conjugated with Ellagic acid. Physicochemical characterization of Co 3 O 4 @Glu-Ellagic acid nanoparticles was done using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, EDS-mapping, DLS, and zeta potential analyses, and the investigation of their anticancer potential on liver cancer cell lines involved the use of MTT, flow cytometry, and cell cycle analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles were somewhat spherical, arranged in a relatively cluster-shaped form, and were 33-46 nm in diameter. The zeta potential and particle hydrodynamic size were - 5.43 and 169 nm, respectively and had no elemental impurity. Also, the synthesized particles had proper thermal stability at temperatures below 100 °C. Treating cancer cells with the nanoparticles considerably increased ROS levels by 2.6 folds. Compared to normal human cells, Co 3 O 4 @Glu-Ellagic acid nanoparticles showed significantly higher toxicity for liver cancer and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 94 and 187 µg/mL for the cancer and normal cells, respectively. Co 3 O 4 @Glu-Ellagic acid increased cell apoptosis, from 0.87 to 9.24%, and the cells were mainly arrested at the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. Overall, the present work indicated that Co 3 O 4 @Glu-Ellagic acid has antiproliferative effects on liver cancer cells through an increased oxidative stress level, inhibition of cell cycle, and apoptosis induction., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: The authors give the publisher the permission to publish this work. Approval for human experiments: It is not applicable. Consent to participate: It is not applicable., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Graphite oxidation to graphene oxide (GO) is carried out using methods developed by Brodie (GO-B) and Hummers (GO-H). However, a comparison of the antibacterial properties based on the physicochemical properties has not been performed. Therefore, this paper outlines a comparative analysis of GO-H and GO-B on antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures and biofilms in an aqueous environment and discusses which of the properties of these GO nanomaterials have the most significant impact on the antibacterial activity of these materials. Synthesis of GO with Brodie's and modified Hummers' methods was followed by an evaluation of their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties by Raman, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The GO-B surface appeared more oxidized than that of GO-H, which could be crucial for interactions with bacteria. According to our results, GO-B demonstrated notably superior anti-biofilm efficacy. Despite its higher production cost, GO-B exhibits more excellent capabilities in combating bacterial biofilms than GO-H.

This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of graphene, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs), and calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) against various microorganisms in dairy wastewater. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of graphene was determined to be 41.66 mg/L for Escherichia coli and 33.33 mg/L for Staphylococcus aureus, outperforming TiO2NPs and CaONPs. Additionally, graphene sheets embedded with 2.8% TiO2 (GST2.8) demonstrated superior performance in inhibiting bacterial growth compared to unmodified or other modified graphene sheets. The GST2.8 treatment significantly reduced microbial counts for S. aureus, E. coli, and mold/yeast, with the lowest observed counts being 4.85 CFU/mL, 3.00 CFU/mL, and 4.04 CFU/mL, respectively. These results suggest that graphene-based nanocomposites incorporating TiO2NPs and CaONPs hold promise as effective antimicrobial agents for wastewater treatment applications., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus are primarily transmitted through droplets or aerosols from patients. The inactivation effects of existing virus control techniques may vary depending on the environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to establish a suitable evaluation system for assessing virus control techniques against airborne viruses for further real-world implementation. This study aimed to assess the inactivating effects of chemical substances on SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in the air using an established evaluation system. A mixture containing SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in diluted saliva was nebulized into the designed 1 m 3 chamber, and the virucidal effects of hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone in the air samples at 23 ± 1 °C with 50 ± 5% relative humidity were determined using the plaque assay. Both viral infectivity titers decreased depending on chemical substance concentration and exposure time. The concentrations of hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone in the air reached an approximately 2-log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity titer within 10 min at 0.02, 1.0, and 1.0 ppm, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 persisted in the air even under conditions where the influenza A virus was inactivated below the detection limits. These findings demonstrate that hypochlorous acid, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in the air., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the participation of abundant oxygen while the hypoxic tumor microenvironment limits the efficacy of PDT. Here, upconversion luminescent nanocomposites coated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and modified with MnO 2 (named UMMnP) to alleviate hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment. Under 980 nm light irradiation, the upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) achieve upconversion emission to excite porphyrin MOFs, which then transfer energy to oxygen to produce singlet oxygen for PDT. At the same time, the MnO 2 in the UMMnP nanocomposites can catalyze the generation of O 2 from H 2 O 2 , which could increase singlet oxygen production in a hypoxic environment, thus enhancing the PDT effect. The HeLa cell viability assay shows that the UMMnP nanocomposites possess good biocompatibility, while after irradiation with 980 nm light, the cell viability decreases dramatically, demonstrating efficient PDT. Furthermore, the nanocomposites can be successfully applied for upconversion luminescence imaging in vitro . Thus, this work provides a promising application of bioimaging and enhanced photodynamic therapy by alleviating hypoxia in tumor treatment.

In this study, a multifunctional Cu-doped CaO 2 nanoreactor loaded with GOx and camouflaged with a folic acid-modified cell membranewas developed for breast cancer treatment. The as-developed composite nanoreactor showed a synergistic effect on calcium overload to damage mitochondria, thus killing tumor cells to achieve ion interference therapy (IIT). The loaded GOx could deplete glucose to "starve" tumor cells. The H 2 O 2 released by CaO 2 decomposition and enzyme catalytic reactions from GOx could not only be highly toxic in the tumor microenvironment but also enhance the efficiency of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) with Cu 2+ . The red blood cell membranes modified by folic acid achieved a combination of active targeting and passive targeting, thereby enhancing the targeting ability of the as-prepared multifunctional composite nanoreactor and prolonging its retention time at the tumor sites for more than 48 h., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The current study describes the biological synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles from Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as their characterization, biological activity, and toxicity. Nanoparticles may be synthesized in multiple ways, but the biogenic process is the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective. The optical, structural, and crystalline properties of the nanoparticles were investigated. A distinctive peak at 246 nm with a band gap of 3.7eV indicates manganese oxide nanoparticle production. A strong peak at 563.09 cm -1 indicates Mn-O stretching in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystalline grain size of manganese oxide nanoparticles was 11.23 nm. The agglomerated spherical shape is seen in the Scanning Electron Microscope and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope investigations. The presence of manganese was verified by the EDAX. Manganese oxide nanoparticles have a significant zeta potential peak of -23.4 mV. This work explored the biological activity of manganese oxide nanoparticles, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and biofilm inhibition studies. To investigate cytotoxicity, Allium cepa root tips are treated with manganese oxide nanoparticles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an acute avian flavivirus that primarily infects poultry, mosquitoes, and some mammals including humans. The viral infection triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory response that are crucial in mediating injury. Crafting multifunctional nanozymes that possess both ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities presents formidable challenges. The study synthesized manganese dioxide cauliflowers (MnO 2 Cfs) endowed with multiple enzyme-like activities (analogous to SOD, CAT, and GPX) that effectively alleviated the injury induced by DTMUV both in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, MnO 2 Cfs efficiently neutralized various ROS, encompassing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion (O 2 ·- ) and hydroxyl radical (·OH). Our in vitro assessments showed that MnO 2 Cfs could alleviate cytopathic effects and modulate the innate immune response during DTMUV infection through their ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. In vivo experiments supported these findings, demonstrating that ducklings therapied by MnO 2 Cfs experienced alleviated injury during DTMUV infection. Importantly, MnO 2 Cfs also effectively inhibited DTMUV replication in both laboratory and field conditions. This study presents a novel strategy for nanozyme design, promising significant therapeutic potential for treating viral inflammatory diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, biocompatible pure tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and zirconium-doped tungsten oxide (Zr-doped WO 3 ) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via a green approach from moringa plants with different doping concentrations (3, 5, and 7 %). The as-synthesized materials were morphologically and optically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra clearly showed that two distinguishing bands at 603 and 674 cm -1 of WO 3 were shifted to a higher wavenumber upon doping with zirconium. EDX analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of pure WO 3 and Zr-doped WO 3 by the green approach. The UV-Vis study exhibited that the bandgap of pure WO 3 is blue-shifted upon Zr doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. The XRD pattern revealed that the crystalline nature of WO 3 is increased by increasing the Zr content. Further, the as-synthesized materials were evaluated for enzymatic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. The enzymatic results showed that 7 % of Zr-doped WO 3 NPs have a higher activity for the α-amylase enzyme. Additionally, 7 % Zr-doped WO 3 also showed better antioxidant activity, up to 85 % for free radical scavenging. The antibacterial performance of 7 % Zr-doped WO 3 is higher as compared to other corresponding samples for different strains of bacteria. These results demonstrated that this facile and novel synthetic route will open a new door for designing an efficient nanomaterial for biomedical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Glioblastoma, the most prevalent malignant brain tumor, is a lethal threat to human health, with aggressive and infiltrative growth characteristics that compromise the clinical treatment. Herein, we developed a vitamin D3-inserted lipid hybrid neutrophil membrane biomimetic multimodal nanoplatform (designated as NED@MnO 2 -DOX) through doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO 2 ) which were coated with a vitamin D 3 -inserted lipid hybrid neutrophil membrane. It was demonstrated that in addition to chemotherapy and chemo-dynamic therapy efficacy, NED@MnO 2 -DOX exhibited great power to activate and amplify immune responses related to the cGAS STING pathway, bolstering the secretion of type I interferon-β and proinflammatory cytokines, promoting the maturation of DC cells and infiltration of CD8 + T cells into the glioma tissue, thereby reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma from a "cold" tumor to a "hot" tumor. The biomimetic multimodal nanoplatform has potential as a multimodal strategy for glioma-targeted treatment, especially holding considerable promise for the development of innate immune therapy for glioma.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic syndromes that is associated with cognitive deficit, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) like pathology due to impaired insulin-signalling in the brain, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nanotechnology is one of the most promising techniques for targeting the brain. However, the toxicity of metal nanoparticles is one of the biggest challenges to be studied. In this study, cobalt oxide nanoparticles are conjugated to a bioflavonoid, hesperidin, a natural antioxidant. The study is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the cobalt oxide conjugated hesperidin in the diabetes-induced cognitive deficit rat model. The neuropharmacological behaviour, in-vivo antioxidant status and level of acetylcholinesterase, nitrite, amyloid β, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined for cobalt oxide conjugated hesperidin and compared with bare cobalt oxide nanoparticles and hesperidin. The cobalt oxide conjugated hesperidin significantly improved learning and memory in the streptozotocin rat model. However, further studies are required to establish a cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the neuroprotective activity of cobalt oxide-conjugated hesperidin., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: All the experimental protocols in this research work were conducted per the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, Odisha, India (IAEC/SPS/SOA/117/2022). - All methods were carried out in accordance with Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, Odisha, India. - The authors confirm that all methods are reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Developing effective and low-cost enzyme-like nanomaterials to kill bacteria is vital for human health. Herein, nanorod-assembled NiCo 2 O 4 microspheres were prepared though a facile hydrothermal method, andshowed highly enhanced peroxidase-like activity compared to pure Co 3 O 4 due to its large surface area and abundant active sites. The NiCo 2 O 4 possess the ability to catalyze H 2 O 2 to generate large amounts of •O 2- , which can be used for bacteriostatic applications. In particular, the antibacterial system combining the spiky NiCo 2 O 4 particles and a low concentration of H 2 O 2 (100 μ M) exhibits an excellent bacteriostatic efficiency against both Escherichia coli (94.44%) and Staphylococcus aureus (93.45%)., (© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.)

Recurrence and metastasis stand as the primary contributors to mortality among patients with triple-negative breast cancer post-surgery, presenting a formidable clinical obstacle. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), leveraging metal-ion-mediated Fenton-like reactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME), emerges as a promising avenue for addressing cancer metastasis. Despite recent progress, challenges such as tumor cell antioxidant defenses and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) impede the efficacy of CDT. Here, we introduce a novel approach using DNA-templated nanosheets (Dz-MnO 2 ) that combine the functions of Mn 2+ -mediated CDT and DNAzyme-mediated gene therapy to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. The Dz-MnO 2 nanosheets respond effectively to the TME, releasing Mn 2+ and DNAzyme. The DNAzyme exhibits mRNA cleavage activity, specifically targeting oncogenic transcripts to reduce tumor progression. Mn 2+ not only facilitates a Fenton-like reaction, enhancing the chemodynamic treatment effect, but also serves as a cofactor for DNAzyme, improving its catalytic efficiency. Concurrently, the nanosheets robustly silence the Twist1 gene, mitigating the EMT process and reinforcing CDT efficacy by suppressing apoptosis resistance. Results indicate that Dz-MnO 2 nanosheets efficiently polarize M2-tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) into M1-TAMs by locally mitigating tumor hypoxia via catalyzing the decomposition of H 2 O 2 into O 2 . This collaborative strategy presents a promising approach to enhance CDT, effectively inhibiting tumor recurrence and metastasis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The synthesis of phosphorous indenoquinolines and their biological evaluation as topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors and antiproliferative agents were performed. First, the preparation of new hybrid 5 H -indeno[2,1- c ]quinolines with a phosphine oxide group was performed by a two-step Povarov-type [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction between the corresponding phosphorated aldimines with indene in the presence of BF 3 ·Et 2 O. Subsequent oxidation of the methylene present in the structure resulted in the corresponding indeno[2,1- c ]quinolin-7-one phosphine oxides 10 . The synthesized derivatives were evaluated as TOP1 inhibitors showing higher inhibition values than CPT at prolonged incubation times (5 min). Inhibition of TOP1 was even observed after 30 min of incubation. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were also studied against different cancer cell lines and a non-cancerous cell line. While some compounds showed cytotoxicity against some cancerous cells, none of the compounds showed any cytotoxicity against the non-cancerous cell line, MRC-5, in contrast to CPT, which exhibits high toxicity against this cell line. These results represent a very interesting advance since the heterocyclic phosphine oxide derivatives have important properties as TOP1 inhibitors and show an interesting cytotoxicity against different cell lines.

The excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after myocardial infarction (MI) disrupts the natural healing process, leading to cardiac fibrosis and compromising patient prognosis. However, the clinical application of many antioxidant drugs for MI treatment is hindered by their poor antioxidant efficacy and inability to specifically target the heart. Here we developed a tannic acid-modified MnO 2 nanozyme (named MnO 2 @TA), which can achieve cardiac targeting to inhibit post-MI fibrosis and enhance cardiac function. Specifically, the MnO 2 @TA nanozyme, endowed with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, effectively scavenges ROS, suppressing fibroblast activation and mitigating cardiac fibrosis without affecting cardiac repair. Notably, the incorporation of TA improves the nanozyme's affinity for the elastin and collagen-rich extracellular matrix in cardiac tissues, significantly increasing its retention and uptake within the heart and thereby enhancing its anti-fibrotic efficacy. In a murine myocardial infarction model, MnO 2 @TA demonstrates remarkable cardiac protection and safety, significantly improving cardiac function while attenuating cardiac fibrosis. This study presents a valuable reference for clinical research aimed at inhibiting cardiac fibrosis and advancing myocardial infarction treatments., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The animal experiments were conducted with the approval of the Animal Care and Use Ethics Committee of Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Consent for publication: All the authors have approved the manuscript to publish. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most common microorganism responsible for post-endodontic infections, which can penetrate deep into dentinal tubules. This study aimed to compare the survival of E. faecalis in dentinal tubules following root canal therapy with AH Plus (AHP), Endoseal MTA (ESM), and cold ceramic (CC) sealers., Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 80 single-canal human teeth were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. The root canals were cleaned and shaped, and auto-clave sterilized after smear layer removal. The roots were then inoculated with E. faecalis, and incubated for 3 weeks. The teeth were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 20) for root canal obturation with AHP, ESM, and CC sealers and 2% gutta-percha with the cold lateral compaction technique. The fourth group served as the control group. After 30 days, dentin chips were collected from the canals, and cultured on blood agar. The colony count was reported and analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (alpha = 0.05)., Results: The mean colony count was 23.73 ± 13.84 in the AHP, 34.78 ± 18.75 in the ESM, and 28.47 ± 13.73 in the CC group after 30 days. The difference in this regard was not significant among the three experimental groups (P = 0.102)., Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results indicated comparable antibacterial activity of AHP, ESM, and CC sealers against E. faecalis in infected dentinal tubules after 30 days., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences due to the use of anonymized extracted teeth. This study did not involve any human subjects directly and no identifiable patient information was used.”. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (IR.SSU.DENTISTRY.REC.1401.073). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication: Identified images or other personal or clinical details of participants are not presented in this manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Arsenic trioxide (ATO III ) has emerged as a potent therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), yet its clinical application is often limited by significant adverse effects. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying ATO III 's impact on cellular detoxification pathways, focusing on the regulation of NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a crucial enzyme in maintaining cellular homeostasis and cancer prevention. We explored ATO III 's effects on NQO1 expression in C57BL/6 mice and Hepa-1c1c7 cells, both independently and in combination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), a known NQO1 inducer. Our findings revealed that ATO III significantly increased NQO1 expression in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, as well as in Hepa-1c1c7 cells, at mRNA, protein, and activity levels. This upregulation occurred both in the presence and absence of TCDD. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that ATO III promotes the nuclear translocation of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) transcription factors. Furthermore, ATO III exposure increased antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven reporter gene activity, indicating a transcriptional mechanism of NQO1 induction. Notably, gene silencing experiments confirmed the critical roles of both NRF2 and AHR in mediating ATO III -induced NQO1 expression. In conclusion, ATO III exposure is found to upregulate the NQO1 enzyme through a transcriptional mechanism via AHR- and NRF2- dependent mechanisms, offering valuable insights into its therapeutic mechanisms.

Bimetallic nanozymes exhibited multi-enzyme activities, but glutathione (GSH) overexpression and weak catalytic capability restricted their catalytic therapeutic performance. Thus, this study developed a smart nanozyme (AuPt@MnO 2 ) with a core-shell structure by coating manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) on the gold-platinum (AuPt) nanozyme (AuPt@MnO 2 ) surface to enhance catalytic therapy. In this nanozyme, AuPt possessed triple-enzyme activities, i.e., catalase, peroxidase, and glucose oxidase, which greatly improved oxygen, hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and hydrogen peroxide generation, due to cyclic reactions. Moreover, GSH consumption degraded the MnO 2 shell, which then enhanced ·OH generation of Mn 2+ . More importantly, the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) photothermal performance of AuPt@MnO 2 with a high conversion efficiency of 38.7 % further promoted multi-enzyme activities and enhanced catalytic therapy. Moreover, combining NIR-II photothermal therapy and enhancing catalytic therapy decreased the cell viability to 10.8 %, and thereby, the tumors were cleared. Thus, the AuPt@MnO 2 smart nanoplatform developed in this study exhibited NIR-II photothermal-promoted multi-enzyme activities and excellent antitumor efficacy, which will be promising for enhancing catalytic therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The inhibitory properties and underlying mechanism of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) fumigation on the pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata (C. fimbriata) and resultant sweetpotato black rot were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results revealed that the ClO 2 fumigation effectively inhibited fungal growth and induced obvious morphological variation of C. fimbriata mycelia. Furthermore, the mycelial membrane suffered damage, as evidenced by a significant increase in malondialdehyde content and the leakage of protein and nucleic acid from mycelia cells, accompanied by a marked decrease in ergosterol content. Additionally, ClO 2 fumigation caused spores cell membrane damage, a notable decrease in spore viability, and induced cell apoptosis as indicated by reductions in spore germination rate, two fluorescence staining observations, and flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, the decay diameter of sweetpotato black rot lesions decreased significantly after ClO 2 fumigation, and the growth of C. fimbriata was also inhibited. These findings present a novel and effective technology for inhibiting the progression of sweetpotato black rot., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Glioma is a prevalent brain malignancy associated with poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy serves as the primary treatment for brain tumors, its effectiveness is hindered by the limited ability of drugs to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the development of drug resistance linked to tumor hypoxia. Herein, we report the creation of hybrid camouflaged multifunctional nanovesicles comprising membranes of tumor C6 cells (mT) and bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and co-loaded with manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO 2 NPs) and doxorubicin (DOX) to synergistically enhance the chemotherapy/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) of glioma. Owing to OMV-mediated BBB penetration and mT-inherited tumor-homing properties, MnO 2 -DOX@mT/OMVs can penetrate the BBB and enhance the tumor cell-specific uptake of DOX via "proton sponge effect"-mediated lysosomal escape. This enhances the apoptotic effect induced by DOX and minimizing DOX-associated cardiotoxicity by facilitating the accumulation of DOX at the tumor site. Furthermore, the MnO 2 NPs in MnO 2 -DOX@mT/OMVs can generate potent CDT by accelerating the Fenton-like reaction with DOX-generated H 2 O 2 and achieving glutathione (GSH)-depletion-induced glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation. These results showed that MnO 2 -DOX@mT/OMVs, designed for brain tumor targeting, significantly inhibited tumor growth and exhibited favorable biological safety. This innovative approach offers the augmentation of anticancer treatment efficacy via a potential combination of chemotherapy and CDT., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Fig. 1 was drawn by Figdraw., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pyroptosis has gained attention for its potential to reinvigorate the immune system within the tumor microenvironment. However, current approaches employing pyroptosis inducers suffer from limitations. They primarily rely on single agents, lack precise targeting, and potentially disrupt the intricate bone formation microenvironment, hindering local repair of tumor-induced bone defects. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy is urgently needed that can effectively trigger pyroptosis while simultaneously promoting bone regeneration. This research introduces an all-in-one construct designed to address these limitations. It combines a cell-camouflaged shell with an autosynergistic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating polymer. This construct incorporates a hollow core of manganese dioxide (HMnO 2 ) embedded with the photosensitizer IR780 and disguised by the cell membrane of an M1 macrophage. The M1 macrophage membrane grants the construct stealth-like properties, enabling it to accumulate selectively at the tumor site. Upon laser irradiation, IR780 acts as an exogenous trigger for ROS generation while simultaneously converting the light energy into heat. Additionally, the hollow structure of HMnO 2 serves as an efficient carrier for IR780. Furthermore, Mn 4+ ions released from HMnO 2 deplete glutathione (GSH) within the tumor, further amplifying ROS production. This synergistic cascade ultimately culminates in pyroptosis induction through caspase-3-mediated cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME) upon laser activation. Meanwhile, the depletion of GSH by HMnO 2 within the tumor microenvironment (TME) leads to the generation of Mn 2+ ions. These Mn 2+ ions establish a supportive milieu, which promotes the transformation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into mature bone cells. This, in turn, promotes the repair of bone defects in rat femurs. Our findings strongly indicate that pyroptosis may be a strategy for osteosarcoma treatment, which presents a robust and versatile approach for targeted therapy and tissue regeneration in this patient population.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD) is crucial in radioimmunotherapy by boosting innate antitumor immunity. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) often impedes ROS production, limiting the efficacy of radiotherapy. To tackle this challenge, a combination therapy involving radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been explored to enhance antitumor effects and reprogram the immunosuppressive TME. Here, we introduce a novel PD-L1 aptamer-functionalized nanoradiosensitizer designed to augment radiotherapy by increasing X-ray deposition specifically at the tumor site. This innovative X-ray-activated nanoradiosensitizer, comprising gold-MnO 2 nanoflowers, efficiently enhances ROS generation under single low-dose radiation and repolarizes M2-like macrophages, thereby boosting antitumor immunity. Additionally, the ICB inhibitor BMS-202 synergizes with the PD-L1 aptamer-assisted nanoradiosensitizer to block the PD-L1 receptor, promoting T cell activation. Furthermore, this nanoradiosensitizer exhibits exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency, amplifying the ICD effect. The PD-L1-targeted nanoradiosensitizer effectively inhibits primary tumor growth and eliminates distant tumors, underscoring the potential of this strategy in optimizing both radioimmunotherapy and photothermal therapy.

In addition to tumor cells, M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) also promote tumor progression. Accordingly, the strategy of targeted depletion or repolarization of M2-like TAMs becomes attractive. Here, we report a dual-targeting nanoagent SAMMH to tumor cells and M2-like TAMs for combinatorial tumor treatment. After co-loading the sonosensitizer spafloxacin (SPX) and oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor atavaquone (ATO) into hollow MnO 2 , the addition of Fe 3+ and tannic acid-immobilized hyaluronic acid (HA) caused the formation of SAMMH through generating metal-polyphenol networks (MPNs) coatings outside. In vitro endocytosis assays demonstrated the efficient internalization of SAMMH by both tumor cells and M2-like TAMs through the specific CD44-HA interactions. The GSH-sensitive degradation of SAMMH results in the continuous release of SPX and ATO. Meanwhile, SAMMH could catalyze the endogenous H 2 O 2 to extra O 2 , thus improving the therapeutic effect via the combination of Mn 2+ -induced CDT and O 2 -generation/O 2 -economy dual-enhanced sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Interestingly, SAMMH had a good targeted M2-like TAMs depleting capacity and could promote M2-to-M1 TAMs transformation by CDT-enhanced SDT, leading to a combinational anti-tumor effect. This dual-targeting nanoagent is a promising candidate to achieve CDT-enhanced SDT against both tumor cells and M2-like TAMs, thus providing new insights for the development of highly effective antitumor therapeutics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Radiotherapy (RT)-mediated immune activation is insufficient for effective therapy of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we developed an oxygen self-supplying nanoradiosensitizer to activate immunogenic cell death (ICD) and the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, elevating the anti-tumor immune response and improving radioimmunotherapy for TNBC. The nanoradiosensitizer was fabricated using astragaloside liposome-encapsulated FePt alloy and MnO nanocrystals (ALFM). The ALFM targeted the glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) receptor in TNBC and effectively entered tumor cells. Subsequently, the ALFM responded to the weakly acidic tumor microenvironment and degraded, releasing FePt and Mn 2+ ions. The released Mn 2+ ions not only elevated cellular ROS levels via a Fenton-like reaction but also activated the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which stimulated the anti-tumor immune response. In addition, the FePt alloy catalyzed a cascade reaction, producing ROS and O 2 in tumor cells, alleviating tumor hypoxia, and enhancing the RT effect. Besides, ROS-mediated cell damage induced the ICD effect in TNBC, promoted dendritic cell maturation and the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, ultimately eliciting cancer immunotherapy. In vivo experimental results demonstrated that ALFM effectively activated the antitumor immune response and improved the radioimmunotherapy effect for TNBC. Overall, this work presents an effective strategy for enhanced radioimmunotherapy of TNBC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: The established effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2 viral titers is unclear. No clinical trial has examined the impact of on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2 viral titer., Methods: In this multicenter, 3-armed, randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients, we randomly assigned them to receive 20 mL of 0.05% CPC, 10 mL of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide, or 20 mL of purified water as a placebo mouthwash in a 1:1:1 ratio. The primary measurement was the SARS-CoV-2 viral titer in saliva, evaluated by a mixed-effects linear regression model., Results: 49 patients received CPC mouthwash (n=16), on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash (n=16), and placebo (n=17) between January 14, 2024, and February 20, 2024. 0.05% CPC mouthwash significantly reduced salivary viral titer at 10 minutes postuse (-0.97 log 10 PFU/mL; 95% CI, -1.64 to -0.30; P = .004), while no such effect was observed at 30 minutes (difference vs placebo, -0.26 log 10 PFU/mL; 95% CI, -0.92 to 0.40; P = .435) or 60 minutes (difference vs. placebo, -0.05 log 10 PFU/mL; 95% CI, -0.68 to 0.58; P = .877). 0.01% on-demand chlorine dioxide mouthwash did not reduce salivary viral titer at 10 minutes, 30 minutes, or 60 minutes compared to placebo., Conclusions: 10 minutes after using a 0.05% CPC mouthwash, the salivary viral titer of SARS-CoV-2 decreased compared to placebo. 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash and placebo had no significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 viral titers., Trial Registration: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT): jRCTs031230566., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) as an emerging method for cancer therapy has encountered difficulty in insufficient production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in tumor microenvironment (TME) with elevated antioxidants and hypoxic conditions. In this work, the authors have fabricated heterostructured manganese dioxide (MnO 2 )-coated BaTiO 3 nanoparticles (BTO@M NPs) as a piezoelectric sonosensitizer, which exhibits the capacity of remodeling TME and multienzyme-like catalysis for boosting SDT. Benefitting from the piezotronic effect, the formation of a p-n junction between MnO 2 and piezoelectric BTO with a built-in electric field and band bending efficiently promotes the separation of charge carriers, facilitating the generation of superoxide anion (•O 2 - ) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) under ultrasound (US) stimulation. Moreover, BTO@M NPs can catalyze the overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in TME to produce oxygen for replenishing the gas source in SDT, and also deplete antioxidant glutathione (GSH), realizing TME remodeling. During this process, the reduced Mn(II) can convert H 2 O 2 into •OH, further amplifying cellular oxidative damage. With these combination effects, the versatile BTO@M NPs exhibit prominent cytotoxicity and tumor growth inhibition against 4T1 breast cancer. This work provides a feasible strategy for constructing high-efficiency sonosensitizers for cancer SDT., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)