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The runoff threshold is the amount of precipitation that exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil and from which water begins to flow over the land surface. Its spatial variation will determine the appearance of a series of processes and risks such as soil erosion, sediment transport, water pollution or flooding, all of which are of great interest in the field of land planning and management. This article provides an update of the runoff threshold in the territorial scope of the Demarcación Hidrográfica de las Cuencas Mediterráneas Andaluzas and evaluates the spatial changes occurred between 1990 and 2018 because of land use dynamics. For this purpose, the methodology described in Regulation 5.2-IC related to surface drainage, of the Instrucción de Carreteras (Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Urbanismo [MOPU], 1990; Ministerio de Fomento, 2016, 2019) was used. The results obtained show very contrasting runoff threshold values, with maximums in the western sector and minimums in the eastern sector. On the other hand, the dynamics of land use changes have led to a significant increase in impermeable surfaces and sclerophyllous vegetation, which has generated a clear reduction in runoff threshold values in different areas, mainly in the eastern region. Specifically, the former forest areas, currently occupied by sclerophyllous vegetation, stand out, with a reduction of 17 mm over an area of approximately 229.1 km2. The conversion of agricultural lands into urban areas is also noteworthy, with a decrease in their retention capacity by up to 14 mm of precipitation, covering a total area of 97.1 km2.

The genus Nuncia has long been the most speciose within the Opiliones family Triaenonychidae, comprising 63 species and subspecies distributed across New Zealand and South America. Recent molecular studies utilizing Sanger sequencing and ultraconserved elements (UCEs) have indicated that this genus is not monophyletic, and true Nuncia are actually confined to New Zealand. Here, the morphology of all South American triaenonychids is re-examined and DNA sequence data compiled from three markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) for a large number of triaenonychid species, including specimens from all areas with species currently and formerly classified in Nuncia to reassess their phylogenetic position. Based on our findings we 1) revalidate the genus Chilenuncia (Muñoz-Cuevas, 1971) nom. rest.; 2) describe five new genera: Fresiax gen. nov., Mistralia gen. nov., Laftrachia gen. nov., Lautaria gen. nov., Nerudiella gen. nov.; 3) redescribe five species: Fresiax spinulosa comb. nov., Mistralia verrucosa comb. nov., Chilenuncia chilensis comb. nov., Chilenuncia rostrata comb. nov., Nerudiella americana comb. nov.; and 4) describe 22 new species of South American triaenonychids: Fresiax conica sp. nov., Fresiax fray sp. nov., Fresiax mauryi sp. nov., Fresiax pichicuy sp. nov., Mistralia ramirezi sp. nov., Laftrachia robin sp. nov., Lautaria ceachei sp. nov., Nerudiella cachai sp. nov., Nerudiella caramavida sp. nov., Nerudiella cautin sp. nov., Nerudiella choapa sp. nov., Nerudiella curi sp. nov., Nerudiella goroi sp. nov., Nerudiella jaimei sp. nov., Nerudiella malleco sp. nov., Nerudiella penco sp. nov., Nerudiella pichi sp. nov., Nerudiella portai sp. nov., Nerudiella quenes sp. nov., Nerudiella vilches sp. nov., Nerudiella wekufe sp. nov., and Nerudiella zapallar sp. nov. Furthermore, we provide detailed illustrations of all the South American species belonging to these lineages formerly classified in Nuncia.

Hunting is one of the main uses associated with land which, in the current context, has a strong economic significance for rural areas. This work generates knowledge that can be useful for designing strategies that favour the economic dynamisation of rural areas, in a context of population loss and scarce economic diversification. In this sense and based on the results of a survey of hunters (N = 1662), the objectives of the work are first to analyse the territorial distribution and abundance of big game species in Spain and secondly, to examine the existence of correlations, between hunters' income, hunters’ gender and preferences for certain big game species. This analysis is based on primary and secondary sources and its characteristics are explained in the methodology section. Univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics were used, specifically the chi-square contingency test, which allows us to determine the relationship of dependence between two variables. We found that female hunters showed greater interest than their male counterparts in hunting big game species, and the same interest was found in hunters with higher income level regardless of their gender. Our results may help to design and develop socio-economic strategies related to supply and demand hunting activities.

Abstract Background The gonadotropins lutropin and follitropin stimulate steroid synthesis in the gonads during gonadal maturation by promoting oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Endocrine disruptors such as lindane (γHCH) can alter the reproductive stage so and could alter puberty by interfering with lutropin and follitropin signaling. γHCH was classified by World Health Organization as “moderately restricted”, and in 2009 it is production and agricultural use was prohibited, under the Stockholm Convention, however, its use as a pharmaceutical treatment against lice and scabies is still allowed (and mainly, for use by the health sector). This study aimed to examine the effects of single-dose exposure to γHCH in young mice (Mus musculus) on lutropin and follitropin concentration, and to correlate gonadal maturity status and phenotypic characteristics. Methods Young γHCH-treated mice (16 females and 16 males) received a single dose of 25, 10, 5, or 0 µg/ml γHCH per gram of body weight, ocular route. Once secondary sexual characteristics were observed, the gonads were dissected and examined using histological techniques and the ovarian follicles were classified as dependent and independent of gonadotropins; the testicles were classified as inactive, early and late spermatogenesis; and the blood was processed with the lutropin and follitropin ELISA kit. Results The results indicate significant differences in the concentration of lutropin and follitropin between males and females (Fisher p

Summary: The neural mechanisms of novelty detection, especially in relation to behavior, are currently poorly understood. Here, we present a protocol for recording neuronal activity in macaque auditory cortex during novelty detection tasks. We describe steps for behavioral training, surgical headpost implantation, MRI-based electrode targeting, and electrophysiological recording. These steps allow direct assessment of the correlation between novelty detection behavior and neuronal activity.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gong et al.1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

El estudio de las experiencias en la gestión de salud de ALBA-TCP resulta de utilidad ante la fragilidad de los sistemas de América Latina y el Caribe y la hegemonía del sector farmacéutico transnacional, que se hicieron particularmente visibles en el contexto de la pandemia de la Covid-19. Los programas de la Alianza repercuten favorablemente en los sistemas nacionales, y se nutren de los desarrollos en esa área de sus miembros, en particular Cuba, a través de una cooperación solidaria que incluye transferencia de tecnología, formación y servicios. Las prácticas en la cooperación de ALBA-TCP, distanciadas de las tradicionales emanadas de países desarrollados, condujeron a la conformación gradual de un nuevo esquema de gestión. Mediante el análisis e interpretación de fuentes, es objetivo en el presente estudio argumentar que la gestión de salud en ese esquema integracionista desborda la esfera de su actuación, al alcanzar la geopolítica, en la creación de soberanía en la dimensión sanitaria.

This study aims to quantify the susceptibility of granular materials used in pavements to changes in moisture content and propose a correlation model to incorporate this susceptibility into seasonal analyses. The fines content and the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates were identified as direct indicators of the resilient modulus susceptibility to changes in water content. The results showed that the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates particles (FR) has a more significant impact on the resilient modulus (Er) of crushed granular materials used in pavement construction than the combined indicator of the fines content and sample volumetrics (nf). Crushed granular materials with a higher percentage of fractured coarse aggregates are relatively insensitive to changes in the degree of saturation, but become more sensitive as the fine fraction porosity decreases. An adjusted model was proposed based on the existing formulation, but considers a complex parameter to describe and adjust the sensitivity of base granular materials to variations in moisture content with respect to fabrication characteristics, fines content and volumetric properties. The model shows that the variation of Er values is below ±10% for fully crushed granular materials. However, it reaches approximately ±12% for materials with 75% of crushed coarse aggregates and +40% and −25% for materials with FR ​= ​50%. This model could help select good aggregates characteristics and adjust grain-size distribution for environments where significant moisture content variations can occur in the pavement system, such as in the Province of Quebec (Canada). As it is based on parameters that can be easily determined or estimated, it also represents a valuable tool for detailed design and analysis that can consider material characteristics.

The TERT (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase) gene promoter mutation is one of the most prevalent mutations in urothelial bladder tumors and this mutation is related to bladder tumor progression. Our purpose was to evaluate the presence of this mutation in a population of patients who were first diagnosed at age ≤ 40 years and to examine its relationship with tumor characteristics and progression. A molecular study was performed to detect the two most prevalent mutations in the TERT promoter (C228T and C250T). The study included 29 patients, with a mean follow-up of 152 months. There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical or tumor characteristics according to the presence or absence of the mutation. Although the mutation group showed poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS), there was no statistically significant difference and there was no difference in progression-free survival by group (p > 0.05). The pTERT mutations in bladder tumor cells occurred less frequently in younger patients than in older patients, a finding that could indicate different mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The trend towards lower RFS in patients with mutated pTERT needs to be confirmed by further studies, given the small number of patients included in these studies due to the low incidence of bladder tumors in this age group.

Introduction: In recent years, there has been an increase of studies dedicated to cognitive rehabilitation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, few of these analyze the impact on such variables as cognitive reserve. The study aims to explore the effects of a cognitive rehabilitation program comprising a combination of cognitive and physical exercises, as well as group sessions to improve cognitive performance, emotional state, and cognitive reserve index. Method: Fifty patients with MS were subdivided into 2 groups: the control group, which performed aerobic exercise (n = 25), and the experimental group (n = 25), which participated in the integrated cognitive rehabilitation program (ICRP). All participants were evaluated 3 times (baseline, post-treatment, and long-term) with the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Reserve Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and a scale evaluating trait and state anxiety. Results: Compared with the control group, patients in the experimental group showed improvements in cognitive function, with significant changes in measures of information processing speed, attention, memory, cognitive reserve index, and long-term mood. Conclusions: The ICRP was effective in improving cognitive and emotional function in MS, and increased the cognitive reserve index. Resumen: Introducción: En los últimos años se ha observado un interés creciente por la rehabilitación cognitiva en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han analizado su impacto en variables como la reserva cognitiva. Analizamos el efecto de un programa de rehabilitación cognitiva que incluye ejercicios físicos y cognitivos, así como sesiones en grupo enfocadas a mejorar el rendimiento cognitivo, el estado emocional y el índice de reserva cognitiva. Métodos: Nuestro estudio incluyó a 50 pacientes con esclerosis múltiple, divididos en 2 grupos: un grupo control (n = 25), en el que los pacientes realizaban ejercicio aeróbico, y un grupo experimental (n = 25), al que se administró un programa integral de rehabilitación cognitiva. Evaluamos a todos los pacientes en 3 momentos diferentes (al inicio, tras el tratamiento, y a largo plazo) con la Batería Neuropsicológica Breve, la Escala de Reserva Cognitiva, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck y una escala para medir la ansiedad rasgo y la ansiedad estado. Resultados: Los pacientes del grupo experimental mostraron un mejor rendimiento cognitivo que los controles, con cambios significativos en medidas de velocidad de procesamiento de la información, atención, memoria, índice de reserva cognitiva y estado de ánimo a largo plazo. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados demuestran la eficacia del programa de rehabilitación cognitiva para mejorar las funciones cognitiva y emocional de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple y aumentar el índice de reserva cognitiva.

This article presents a study that analyses the types of activity used to teach the curriculum in primary education, and the use made accordingly of digital and analogue resources. The research's purpose was to discover whether there are any differentiated patterns of activity in the teaching of these subjects, and whether they are linked to the use of ICT/non-ICT resources. A multiple case study was conducted with 10 primary teachers, with three schooldays being recorded over the 2018--2019 school year, which provided 132 hours of recordings. The research design involved the use of mixed methods. The results reveal a differentiated use of patterns of activity linked to the subjects that make up the curriculum in primary education, as well as a differentiated use of ICT and non-ICT resources when teaching these subjects. The study includes the need to investigate the process of transforming/transposing the academic content into effective classroom teaching practices.

Summary: Single-cell microcultures (SCMs) form a monosynaptic circuit that allows stimulation and recording of postsynaptic responses using a single electrode. Here, we present a protocol to establish autaptic cultures from rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. We describe the steps for preparing SCMs, recording synaptic currents, and identifying and processing the recorded neurons for electron microscopy. We then detail procedures for visualizing synapses. This protocol is illustrated by correlating evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release with the ultrastructural features of synapses recorded.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Velasco et al.1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

The article presents a methodology to analyze the greek amphora epigraphy produced during the Roman Empire in its eastern part. The detailed information that appears as an abbreviated form in thousands of inscriptions distributed throughout the Roman territory is an essential element to understand the imperial socio-economic dynamics. Here we present a guide to using the Roman Open Data exploratory interface in its Greek text search section, and how, based on cases, we can determine for the first time the possible existence of a complex system of productions whose contracts would even be monthly. The relational search system makes this interface the only one that allows the user to singularize their searches, granulating them based on their experience.

Abstract During tumor progression, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) accumulate in tumors and produce an excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), forming a capsule that enwraps cancer cells. This capsule acts as a barrier that restricts tumor growth leading to the buildup of intratumoral pressure. Combining genetic and physical manipulations in vivo with microfabrication and force measurements in vitro, we found that the CAFs capsule is not a passive barrier but instead actively compresses cancer cells using actomyosin contractility. Abrogation of CAFs contractility in vivo leads to the dissipation of compressive forces and impairment of capsule formation. By mapping CAF force patterns in 3D, we show that compression is a CAF-intrinsic property independent of cancer cell growth. Supracellular coordination of CAFs is achieved through fibronectin cables that serve as scaffolds allowing force transmission. Cancer cells mechanosense CAF compression, resulting in an altered localization of the transcriptional regulator YAP and a decrease in proliferation. Our study unveils that the contractile capsule actively compresses cancer cells, modulates their mechanical signaling, and reorganizes tumor morphology.