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Weighted Frequent Itemset (WFI) mining is an important model in data mining. It aims to discover all itemsets whose weighted sum in a transactional database is no less than the user-specified threshold value. Most previous works focused on finding WFIs in a transactional database and did not recognize the spatiotemporal characteristics of an item within the data. This paper proposes a more flexible model of Weighted Frequent Neighborhood Itemsets (WFNI) that may exist in a spatiotemporal database. The recommended patterns may be found very useful in many real-world applications. For instance, an WFNI generated from an air pollution database indicates a geographical region where people have been exposed to high levels of an air pollutant, say PM2.5. The generated WFNIs do not satisfy the anti-monotonic property. Two new measures have been presented to effectively reduce the search space and the computational cost of finding the desired patterns. A pattern-growth algorithm, called Spatial Weighted Frequent Pattern-growth, has also been presented to find all WFNIs in a spatiotemporal database. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is efficient. We also describe a case study in which our model has been used to find useful information in air pollution database.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in young individuals is a serious concern for the society. Literature suggests that the incidence of T2DM is not only increasing, but also there is a shift of age of onset of T2DM toward younger age groups in India and worldwide. However, data about the frequency of T2DM among young subjects below 25 years of age are sparse in the Indian subcontinent. Hence, the current study was undertaken to find out the frequency and clinical profile of young individuals with T2DM in the departments of internal medicine and pediatrics in a tertiary care hospital. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the frequency and clinical profile of T2DM among young individuals with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the Departments of General Medicine and Pediatrics at JSS Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India, over a 2-year period. The subjects with age of onset of diabetes mellitus below 25 years were included in the study. They were categorized according to the C-peptide values as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) was diagnosed with the age of onset of diabetes below 25 years with a strong family history of diabetes for three generations and no insulin requirement for metabolic control for 5 years after diagnosis. The statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Results: Of the 250 patients included in the study, 208 (83.2%) subjects were T1DM, 38 (15.2%) T2DM, and 4 (1.6%) with MODY. The mean age of onset of T1DM was 13.7 ± 6.201 years and T2DM was 23.28 ± 3.68 years. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference of young T2DM patients were more compared to T1DM, which were statistically significant P < 0.0001, and family history showed strong positivity in patients with young T2DM compared to T1DM. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), and total cholesterol (TC) were more in young T2DM patients compared to T1DM which were statistically significant with P = 0.003 (LDL), P = 0.0015 (TG), and P = 0.03 (TC), respectively. Conclusions: T2DM, previously considered a middle-aged or elderly condition, is now commonly occurring in young adults and children, probably due to a growing epidemic of childhood obesity and lifestyle. Obesity and dyslipidemia were more in T2DM compared to T1DM among young diabetics.

This paper presents methods for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) signal. These methods mainly consist of two operations: symbol interferometry (SI) and either μ-law or A-law companding. SI spreads the data of one OTFS symbol onto all symbols and is implemented using a simple inverse fast Fourier transform operation on each OTFS symbol. During the second operation, the PAPR of the OTFS signal is significantly reduced. For our performance analysis, the complementary cumulative distribution function, probability density function, and bit error rate are illustrated through simulations performed in MATLAB. The performance is also analyzed using a solid-state power amplifier at the transmitter and compared with OTFS, μ-law-based OTFS, and SI OTFS systems. The results indicate that the proposed OTFS system achieves a low PAPR.

A smooth torque control of switched reluctance motor (SRM) is essential to avoid speed fluctuations causing stability problems in vehicular applications. This can be accomplished by an appropriate motor design and/or use of direct control of torque in SRM. It is reported that high RMS current is required to minimise the torque ripple in the conventional direct torque and flux control (DTFC), thereby reducing the torque per ampere ratio. To overcome this issue, a new DTFC technique with improved torque per ampere ratio while minimising torque ripple in an SRM traction drive is presented. Results demonstrated that the proposed DTFC technique reduces torque ripple with enhanced torque per ampere. Finally, the performance of the proposed scheme is compared with conventional DTFC of a four‐phase (8/6) SRM to show the improvement in the traction drive.

Background: Pit-and-fissure sealants, particularly the resin-based type, are widely used as the most efficient technique for preventing caries on the occlusal surfaces of permanent molars. School-based dental sealant (SBDS) program is a system where sealants are applied to the children in their schools with the primary aim to certify and safeguard the permanent molars that are sealed at the earliest after eruption. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention and effectiveness of SBDS Programs in Lucknow, UP. Materials and Methods: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial was conducted among 6-year-old school-going children of Lucknow, UP. The study was carried out by a single trained and calibrated investigator who recorded the dentition status. The investigator interviewed the participants using a pro forma and examined the subjects included in the study. The sealant was applied to one tooth in the pair of fully erupted permanent first molars, and no treatment was done on the other side. Results: The proportion of total retention after 1½ years was significantly higher in mandibular as compared with maxillary molars (Z = 2.04; P = 0.04). The risk of having caries was 3.52 times more among children with no treatment as compared to children with treatment (odds ratio [OR] – 3.52 [1.01, 13.11]; P = 0.04; statistically significant). The association between survival rate of sealant and International Caries Detection and Assessment System codes (0 and 1–2) as well as that between retention of sealant and caries status was statistically significant (P < 0.01 and 0.00001, respectively). The risk of having caries was 1.28 times more among males as compared to females (OR – 1.28 [0.38, 4.24]; P = 0.06), 1.61 times for sugar exposure (OR – 1.61 [0.53, 6.19]; P = 0.53; nonsignificant). Conclusion: Sealant application proved to be an efficient method in preventing dental caries development; hence, SBDS programs, wherein the sealants were placed at school, were highly efficacious and acceptable in the vulnerable populace.

Background To ensure the validity and therapeutic utility of the Neck disability index (NDI) scale, translations, cultural adaptations and psychometric evidence is necessary. This study aimed to address the absence of a suitable and validated Hindi version of the NDI for the rural population. The specific objectives were to translate, adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Hindi version of the NDI. Methods Following guidelines provided by the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons, the original English NDI scale was cross-culturally adapted into Hindi. The adaptation process included translations (forward and backward), expert committee review, pre-testing and cognitive debriefing with 30 individuals experiencing chronic non-specific neck pain. The outcome of this process was the creation of the Hindi version of the NDI, termed NDI-Hi. Subsequently, NDI-Hi was administered to 211 participants with neck pain from multiple centers for psychometric testing. The evaluation involved test-retest reliability over a 48-hour interval, factor analysis, assessment of internal reliability measures, and criterion-related validity by comparing it with the NPAD-Hindi version. Results The NDI-Hi version exhibited favorable psychometric properties, including good test-retest reliability with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87. Internal consistency of the scale was high, indicated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) of 0.96. The standard error of measurement (SEM) was determined to be 2.58, and the minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated to be 7.15. Furthermore, the NDI-Hi showed significant correlation with the NPAD-Hindi version, with a correlation coefficient (rho) of 0.86, and a p-value of less than 0.001. Conclusions The NDI-Hi demonstrated validity and reliability as an outcome tool for assessing neck disability. It can be effectively utilized in clinical practice and research settings involving Hindi-speaking individuals with chronic non-specific neck pain. The adapted scale is particularly well-suited for the rural Northern Indian Hindi-speaking population.

Introduction: Intramuscular hemangiomas (IMH) are rare benign vascular tumors. They can occur anywhere in the body but are more common in the head and neck. Their location in the muscles of the abdominal wall is uncommon. Case presentation: A 14-year-old girl presented with 5 months of progressive swelling on the right side of her abdomen followed by intermittent pain. On examination, a solitary mass with ill-defined borders was noted fixed to the subcutaneous tissue in the right lumbar quadrant. After elevating the right leg, the swelling became more prominent. Doppler ultrasonography revealed a mixed echogenic mass in the subcutaneous plane of the anterior abdominal wall of the right lumbar region. Magnetic resonance imaging of abdomen was suggestive of hemangioma, and the patient underwent surgical excision. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of capillary hemangioma. During follow-up at 3 and 6 months, the patient did not present with recurrence and was healthy. Conclusion: Although IMH is a rare soft-tissue tumor, it should be considered when diagnosing symptomatic intramuscular swelling.

Background Persistent neck pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition that affects the quality of life and functional abilities of individuals. Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) is a novel therapeutic approach that involves restricting blood flow to exercising muscles to enhance strength and function. However, limited research has been conducted on the effects of BFRT on pressure pain threshold and hand function in adults with persistent neck pain. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the potential benefits of BFRT as a treatment intervention for this population. Methods This study will be a prospective 1:1 allocation, parallel group active controlled trail conducted at Physiotherapy Department, Galgotias University. The trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry India CTRI/2023/06/053439. Informed consent will be obtained from all the participants who are eligible to be included in the study. A total of 110 patients with persistent neck pain will be randomly allocated into two groups. The BFRT group will receive supervised training sessions three times a week for eight weeks, performing low-load resistance exercises with blood flow restriction applied using personalized cuff pressure. The control group will receive standard care for neck pain, which may include general advice, manual therapy, and/or home exercises without BFRT. The primary outcome measures will be the pressure pain threshold, assessed using a pressure Algometer, and hand function, evaluated using standardized tests such as Hand Grip Strength and Purdue Peg board Test. Results The data obtained will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and the significance level will be set at p

Background: The majority of oral diseases, which are among the most common illnesses worldwide, can be avoided. Adequate oral health depends on establishing significant tooth brushing routines to prevent gingivitis and dental caries and controlling the consumption of sugared foods. Elementary schools are a potential target for these interventions to support children in developing healthy behaviors independently. Large scale school-based programs are effective in reducing preventable diseases through cost-effective interventions. Objectives: To establish and assess a new activity-based approach for teaching schoolchildren regarding tooth brushing, by using egg cartons as models for teeth. Materials and Methods: Two methods of teaching tooth brushing technique to school children of age group of 8–12 years were compared: (i) Conventional method (n = 15): Instructions on study model (ii) egg carton simulation method (n = 15): Hands-on activity on egg cartons as simulated models. The outcome assessed was the plaque index (Silness and Loe, 1964). Gender-wise comparisons were done using a Chi-square test for comparing the categorical variables. Results: Plaque scores compared using an independent t-test showed significant improvement in the egg carton group after the teaching sessions (P < 0.01 for the egg carton method). Conclusion: The egg carton simulation method is an effective method for plaque removal compared to the conventional approach as there is significant plaque score reduction in children after the teaching session.

Background: Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a skin condition affecting the keratinocytes. Although various treatment options are available, the need for a simpler topical treatment approach is unmet. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) acts by forming free radicals and initiates apoptosis in cells. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 30% HP in SK. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on patients attending the Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology at MGM Hospital attached to Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal and Government Medical College Mahabubabad, Telangana, during the period from December 2019 to May 2021. In total, 80 adult patients with SKs were enrolled. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the MGM Hospital attached to Kakatiya Medical College. This is a prospective and interventional study. Eighty patients will be treated with 30% of HP topically. A photographic record of the pre- and post-treatment appearance of lesions was maintained. Physician’s lesion assessment (PLA) score was evaluated on day 15th and 106th day after treatment. Local skin reactions (LSRs) were divided into mild, moderate, and severe categories. LSR was observed immediately after 2 weeks and 106 days of treatment. Results: Most of the patients were of middle to elderly age group. SK lesions were most common seen over the head and trunk. The dermatosis papulosa nigra variant was the most common. PLA 0 was observed by day 15 in some patients after application. Of 30% HP, faster healing rates were observed in lesions over the face, and middle aged. Conclusion: About 30% HP is a promising option for the treatment of SK.

The current research work considers a two-parameter singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problem. Here, we suggest a computational scheme derived by using an exponential spline for the numerical solution of the problem on a uniform mesh. The proposed numerical scheme is analyzed for convergence and an accuracy of O(h4) is achieved. Numerical experiments are considered to validate the efficiency of the spline method, and compared comparison with the existing method to prove the superiority of the proposed scheme.

The variability in climate affects the agricultural production especially in drylands. It is necessary to understand and quantify the impacts of resilient technologies as well as effects of extreme events. Keeping these in view, the primary data on household characteristics and the farm income was collected from a sample of 60 farmers each from National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) program adopted village and a comparable control village in the district. The sample was also post classified into small, medium and large farmer to bring out the economic impact across land classes. The impact was estimated following the difference-in-differences (DiD) model as the data allows us to use effectively the data across time and regions. The results show us that the average income of a farm household in the NICRA village is more than 40 percent than non-adopted village and during a drought situation the farmers under NICRA intervention where better off by 19.5 percent. The income from crops and livestock production in adopted village was significantly higher than the control village. The DiD model output showed the farm income of adopted village was 40 percent higher showing that better climate smart interventions improved the farm incomes. The estimate showed that the treated farm household had higher income of Rs. 54,717 than the control during a drought year. Better knowledge and quantification of impact of technology adoption on farm income specially during drought will help to effectively design technological and policy interventions for better drought management in drylands.

Study region: Northern Metropolitan France. Study focus: Assessing long-term changes in groundwater is crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on aquifers and for managing water resources.However, long-term groundwater level (GWL) records are often scarce, limiting the understanding of historical trends and variability. In this paper, we present a deep learning approach to reconstruct GWLs up to several decades back in time using recurrent-based neural networks with wavelet pre-processing and climate reanalysis data as inputs. GWLs are reconstructed using two different reanalysis datasets with distinct spatial resolutions (ERA5: 0.25° x 0.25° & ERA20C: 1° x 1°) and monthly time resolution, and the performance of the simulations were evaluated. New insights: Long term GWL timeseries are now available for northern France, corresponding to extended versions of observational timeseries back to early 20th century. All three types of piezometric behaviours could be reconstructed reliably and consistently capture the multi-decadal variability even at coarser resolutions, which is crucial for understanding long-term hydroclimatic trends and cycles. GWLs'multidecadal variability was consistent with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. From a synthetic experiment involving a modified long-term observational time series, we highlighted the need for longer training datasets for some low-frequency signals. Nevertheless, our study demonstrated the potential of using DL models together with reanalysis data to extend GWL observations and improve our understanding of groundwater variability and climate interactions.

BackgroundLow back pain stands as a prevalent contributor to pain-related disability on a global scale. In addressing chronic low back pain (CLBP), there is a growing emphasis on incorporating psychological strategies into the management process. Among these, pain education interventions strive to reshape pain beliefs and mitigate the perceived threat of pain. This randomized controlled trial sought to assess the effects of pain education on various aspects, including pain levels, disability, quality of life, self-efficacy, and prognostic characteristics in individuals grappling with CLBP.MethodsThe clinical trial, retrospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2021/08/035963), employed a two-arm parallel randomized design. Ninety-two participants with CLBP were randomly assigned to either the standard physiotherapy care with a pain education program or the control group. Both groups underwent a 6-week intervention. Assessment of pain intensity (using NPRS), disability (using RMDQ), self-efficacy (using the general self-efficacy scale), and well-being (using WHO 5I) occurred both before and after the 6-week study intervention.FindingsPost-intervention score comparisons between the groups revealed that the pain education intervention led to a significant reduction in disability compared to the usual standard care at 6 weeks (mean difference 8.2, p < 0.001, effect size Cohen d = 0.75), a decrease in pain intensity (mean difference 3.5, p < 0.001, effect size Cohen d = 0.82), and an improvement in the well-being index (mean difference 13.7, p < 0.001, effect size Cohen d = 0.58).ConclusionThe findings suggest that integrating a pain education program enhances the therapeutic benefits of standard physiotherapy care for individuals dealing with chronic LBP. In conclusion, the clinical benefits of pain education become apparent when delivered in conjunction with standard care physiotherapy during the management of chronic low back pain.

Background In 2020, 203 million people experienced neck pain, with a higher prevalence in women. By 2050, it is predicted that neck pain will affect 269 million people, representing a 32.5% increase. Physical rehabilitation is often employed for the treatment of chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP) and the associated functional loss. Taping is frequently used as an adjunct treatment alongside primary physical rehabilitation. Unlike kinesio tape (KT), the therapeutic benefits of dynamic tape (DT) have not been thoroughly explored and documented in non-athletic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this trial was to determine the effects of DT on pain, disability, and overall well-being in individuals experiencing CNSNP. Methods A prospective parallel-group active controlled trial was conducted at a single center, involving 136 patients with CNSNP, randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio. The sham taping group (STC) received standard physiotherapy care (n = 67) alongside DT without tension, while the dynamic taping group (DTC) (n = 69) underwent standard cervical offloading technique with appropriate tension in addition to standard physiotherapy care. Demographic information and three patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), namely the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the World Health Organization—Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), were collected for each participant at three time points (baseline, four weeks post-taping, and four weeks follow-up). Results At baseline, no significant differences were observed between the STC and DTC for any outcome measure. Notably, all three PROMs exhibited a significant improvement from baseline to four weeks post-intervention, with moderate to small effect sizes (NDI ηp2 = 0.21, VAS ηp2 = 0.23, and WHO-55 ηp2 = 0.05). The WHO-5 scores for both groups demonstrated improvement from baseline through follow-up (p

Background and Purpose: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) presenting as vision loss is uncommon. Raised intracranial tension in CVT is proposed as one of the mechanisms (13.2%). There are still unknown underlying mechanisms to explain vision loss in CVT. The safety and outcome of the surgery (optic nerve sheath fenestration [ONSF] or theco-peritoneal shunt [TPS]) to reduce intracranial hypertension and prevent vision loss has not been studied. Methods: A retrospective case record review of CVT patients with impending vision loss who underwent ONSF/TPS from 2007 to 2019 was performed from the stroke registry. All patients had formal neuro-ophthalmological evaluation and documentation of visual acuity, supplemented by visual field assessments by perimetry in a subset of patients. Safety and outcomes were assessed based on vision improvement and adverse effects after the surgery. Results: Among approximately 1400 patients with CVT admitted in the stroke ward over 12 years, surgery for rescuing vision was done in 18. Among these, the males were 6, and the females were 12. The mean age of presentation was 24 (range 18–52 years). All of them had headaches and progressive blurring of vision with papilledema. The number of patients who underwent TPS was 13, ONSF was 1, and both were 4. In the TPS group (26 eyes), vision improved in 15 eyes (57.7%), remained status-quo in 8 eyes (30.7%), and worsened in 3 eyes (11.5%). Four patients underwent both surgeries; three eyes improved, two remained status quo, and three worsened. One patient underwent ONSF, and his vision remained status quo (no perception of light). Three patients (17.6%) of the TPS group had minor complications (low-pressure headache, subdural hygroma), and five (29.4%) had major complications like subdural hemorrhage, abdominal wound infection, and meningitis. Conclusion and Implications: In patients with CVT, adequate vision monitoring is mandatory. Shunt surgeries (especially TPS) may help in stabilizing/improving vision in CVT patients with impending vision loss, despite adequate anti-edema measures (53.8% improved). Early diagnosis and precise decisions in referring for surgery are crucial.

Agriculture forms a major occupation in countries like India. More than 75% people rely on farming for their daily wages. Food security on a global scale is mostly dependent on agriculture. Hence, achieving good yield in the crops grown by farmers is the major concern. Various environmental factors have a significant impact on the crop yield. One such component that contributes majorly to the crop yield is soil. Due to urbanization and enhanced industrialization, the agricultural soil is getting contaminated, losing fertility, and hindering the crop yield. One exciting new way to maximise crop yields while decreasing input costs is precision farming, which makes use of machine learning (ML) and the IoT. Machine Learning (ML) is employed for agricultural data analysis. The goal of this research is to optimise agricultural practices by presenting an integrated crop and fertiliser recommendation system. The proposed ML based model “Precision Agriculture” aims at predicting the suitable crops that can be grown based on the class which the soil sample belongs to and suggests the fertilizers that can be used to further enhance the fertility of soil. Using proposed model, farmers can make decisions on which crop to grow based on the soil classification and decide upon the nitrogen–phosphorous– potassium (NPK) fertilizers ratio that can be used. Comparison of the SVM algorithm with Naive Bayes, and LSTM has shown that SVM performed with a higher accuracy. Decision support tools that integrate AI and domain knowledge are provided by the study, which is a substantial contribution to precision agriculture.