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ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to present a detailed geomorphological map of the western piedmont of Cumbres Calchaquíes (Tucumán Province, NW Argentina) bounded by the Amaicha River to the south and the administrative border with Salta Province to the north. It contains information about geomorphological units, their relative ages, and morphogenetic processes. The main map shows the presence of seven aggradation stages separated by incision phases. The first three stages (St1, St2, and St3) were modeled on a thick accumulation located in the upper piedmont from the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Intermediate stages (St4 and St5) are alluvial fans and pediments with less thickness and gradient. They cover the Early Pleistocene (St4) and the Late Pleistocene-Middle Holocene (St5). Finally, stages St6 and St7 are from the Upper Holocene.

The aim of this paper is to present a detailed geomorphological map of the western piedmont of Cumbres Calchaquíes (Tucumán Province, NW Argentina) bounded by the Amaicha River to the south and the administrative border with Salta Province to the north. It contains information about geomorphological units, their relative ages, and morphogenetic processes. The main map shows the presence of seven aggradation stages separated by incision phases. The first three stages (St1, St2, and St3) were modeled on a thick accumulation located in the upper piedmont from the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Intermediate stages (St4 and St5) are alluvial fans and pediments with less thickness and gradient. They cover the Early Pleistocene (St4) and the Late Pleistocene-Middle Holocene (St5). Finally, stages St6 and St7 are from the Upper Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the acoustic behaviour of the Palace of Charles V from a room acoustics perspective but also ponders the uniqueness of the space and its ability to engage and enhance the audience experience. The Palace of Charles V is a relevant part of the historical heritage of Granada. It has an architectural but also an acoustic uniqueness that deserves research. A measurement campaign was made to calculate parameters such as T30, IACC, C80 or Gm, and to explain the behaviour of the Palace. The BQI is quite high, but the late part of the impulse response (t > 80 ms) has strong unwanted reflections causing low clarity (C80) and listener envelopment (LEV). Nevertheless, the Palace is a successful concert venue with good feedback from musicians and the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bunicontro, M.P. and Marcomini, S.C., 2021. Geomorphological evolution of the Patagonian coast surrounding the Golfo Nuevo (Chubut, Argentina) during Late Quaternary: Overview and new proposal. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 528–543. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The main contribution of this paper is a new interpretation of the geomorphological evolution of the North Patagonian coast surrounding the Golfo Nuevo from Mid-to-Late Pleistocene until present. The proposed model shows how continental and marine landforms evolved during the Late Quaternary. According to this, the Golfo Nuevo depression formed during the Middle Pleistocene (>130 ka) above previous fluvial terraces, which are attributed to different stages of the Chubut river. Several pediment types and levels were also identified: (1) flanking pediment (level 1) associated with an ancient fluvial valley; (2) convergent pediment related to a previous depression of Golfo Nuevo (level 2), both assigned to Middle Pleistocene; and (3) a littoral pediment (level 3) linked to a Holocene highstand level. The height and position of accretion marine terraces are discussed, in addition to their previous dating. It can be assumed that Golfo San Matías was flooded twice as a consequence of marine transgressions (marine isotopic stage [MIS] 5 and MIS 1). Likewise, Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San José were affected only once, during the maximum Holocene transgression (MIS 1). This paper highlights the importance of reconstructing the geomorphological evolution of a coastal area of the Patagonia as a result of a combination of changes linked to sea-level variations (mainly associated with glacio-eustasy) and climate, paleo-shorelines records, and continental landforms through Late Quaternary. The proposed geomorphological model can be considered a novelty because of the complex integration of continental and marine landforms and the study of their relative relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution and development of the greatest rivers in the Pannonian Basin have been investigated for almost 150 years. At the end of the Late Miocene Sub-Epoch (7.5-5.3 Ma BP) and at the beginning of Pliocene Epoch (5.3-4.5 Ma BP) Lake Pannon shrank dramatically, filled up with sediments and completely dried up as a result of global climate change (Berbaltavarian /Messinian/ Stage). In the basin dominated by dry climate conditions, torrents bordered with riparian forests appeared. During the Lower Pannonian Stage (Eppelsheimium in the Hungarian terminology) the tropic rainforests which previously had covered even regions at higher latitudes contracted to a smaller area around the Equator due to the global climate change. Then under the warm and humid climate of the Middle and Late Pliocene (Csarnotanian and Ruscinian Stages, 4-3 Ma BP) tropic rainforests expanded again and the drainage network development of the Pannonian Basin continuing even today started. During our research, climate-indicating travertine layers covering the terraces, travertine stratigraphy and fauna findings were investigated.

Abstract Crouzon syndrome is a syndromic faciocraniosynostosis that can be associated with severe fronto-facial retrusion leading to major functional impairments: extreme exorbitism may be vision-threatening and severe respiration impairment can be life-threatening. The procedure of choice for the primary correction of this retrusion is fronto-facial monobloc advancement (FFMBA) with internal or external distraction. FFMBA involves pterygomaxillary dysjunction (PMD), using either a superior or an intra-oral approach. This step is at risk of damaging the germs of the decidual and permanent molars. Here we considered a series of 15 patients with Crouzon syndrome who benefited from FFMBA performed by the same surgeon, using a superior approach through the infra-temporal fossa for PMD. Based on pre-operative, early post-operative and late post-operative CT-scans, we recorded missing teeth, morphological dental anomalies and the Nolla stage for the first and second permanent maxillary molars. We showed that early FFMBA has significant dental consequences, and that these dental effects are correlated with an early age at surgery. Although the indications of early FFMBA in Crouzon syndrome with severe functional repercussions are not questionable, our results should be compared to dental outcomes of FFMBA performed with an intra-oral PMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact days on which the Panathenaia was celebrated are not altogether clear, with the exception of Hekatombaion 28 (I 28), the day of the great pµp honouring Athena. In two ancient scholia it is said that Athena's birthday was celebrated on this main day of the festival. This information has often been deemed false, owing to the existence of other, conflicting testimony according to which Athena's birthday was celebrated on the third of each month, a fact seemingly in accord with her epithet of Tritogeneia. The association between I 28 and Athena's birthday has been seen as the result of the confusion generated by I 28 being the third day from the end of the month (τρίτη ἀπιόντος). I argue that the information contained in the scholia is not the result of confusion. Athena's birthday was indeed celebrated on the main day of the Panathenaia. This date was set in stone by Pheidias on the Parthenon's east pediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un análisis morfométrico que considera la pendiente topográfica y la hipsometría, evidencia las diferencias longitudinales y latitudinales en el grado de madurez del relieve de la región andina entre los 27-32°S. Mientras que el rejuvenecimiento del paisaje de la Cordillera de la Costa se produce al sur de los 29,5°S, en la Cordillera Principal ello ocurre al sur de los 28,5°S. La combinación entre un clima más húmedo hacia el sur y la presencia de segmentos con diferentes rasgos tectónicos explicarían estas variaciones. Longitudinalmente, los rasgos geomorfológicos indican la presencia de un Frente de Montaña que separa la Cordillera de la Costa de la Cordillera Principal. Entre los 28,5° y 30,5°S este frente puede ser atribuido a la actividad del Sistema de Fallas Vicuña-San Félix, la que durante el Oligoceno-Mioceno Temprano habría acomodado el alzamiento relativo de la Cordillera Principal. En respuesta a esta actividad tectónica se habrían formado sucesivos escalones de pedimentos que se encajaron uno con respecto al otro. Durante el Mioceno Medio se produjo un nuevo episodio de alzamiento, que involucró a todo el antearco y es en respuesta a este alzamiento que se excavaron los actuales valles que lo cruzan. Entre los 28,5° y 30,5°S, la cabecera de los valles alcanzaron un rango de altitud suficiente como para generar una erosión fluvio-glacial que ha permitido la incisión de profundos cañones en este segmento de la Cordillera Principal.A morphometric analysis that considers hypsometry and topographic slope reveals longitudinal and latitudinal differences in the degree of maturity of the relief of the Andes between 27-32°S. Whereas landscape rejuvenation of the Coastal Cordillera takes place to the south of 29.5°S, in the Main Cordillera it happens south of 28.5°S. The combination of a wetter climate towards the south and the presence of segments with different tectonic features would explain these variations. Longitudinally, the geomorphological features indicate the presence of a mountain front that separates the Coastal Cordillera and the Main Cordillera. Between 28.5 and 30.5°S this front can be attributed to the activity of the Vicuña-San Félix Fault System, wich during the Oligocene-Early Miocene would have accommodated the relative uplift of the Main Cordillera. In response to this tectonic activity, successive levels of cut-and-fill pediments may have been formed. During the Middle Miocene, there was a new episode of uplift affecting the fore-arc and it is in response to this uplift that the valleys that cross this region were excavated. Between 28.5 and 30.5°S, the valleys head reached a sufficient altitude to generate fluvio-glacial erosion that allowed the incision of deep canyons in this segment of the Main Cordillera.

Pediments of the Sonoran Desert in the United States have intrigued physical geographers and geomorphologists for nearly a century. These gently sloping bedrock landforms are a staple of the desert landscape that millions visit each year. Despite the long-lived scientific curiosity, an understanding of the processes operating on the pediment has remained elusive. In this study we revisit the extensive history of pediment research. We then apply geospatial, field, and laboratory cosmogenic10Be nuclide dating and back-scattered electron microscopy methods to assess the pace and processes of landscape change on pediment systems abutting the Salt River in Arizona. Our study focuses on the Usery pediments linked to base-level fluctuations (river terraces) of the Salt River. Relict pediment surfaces were reconstructed with dGPS data and kriging methodologies utilized in ArcGIS—based on preserved evidence of ancient pediment surfaces.10Be ages of Salt River terraces established a chronology of incision events, where calculating the volume between the reconstructed relict pediment and modern surface topography established minimum erosion rates (∼41 mm/ka to ∼415 mm/ka). Pediment area and length appear to have a positive correlation to erosion rate and development of planar pediment surfaces. Field and laboratory observations reveal that pediment systems adjust and stabilize at each Salt River terrace. Relief reduction across the pediment begins with pediment channel incision via headward erosion. Next, tributary drainage capture begins and collapses interfluves. Lateral stream erosion promotes planation where the porosity of decayed granite along channel banks exceeds the bedrock underneath ephemeral channels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on various aspects related to Assisi hill town in Italy. Topics discussed include the role of Romans in building the pediments, terrains, and structure of the city, the design of the Café La Selva restaurant, and the estimated measurement of the rectangular and horizontal ramp and triangular apron structures in the city.

The evolution and development of the greatest rivers in the Pannonian Basin have been investigated for almost 150 years. At the end of the Late Miocene Sub-Epoch (7.5-5.3 Ma BP) and at the beginning of Pliocene Epoch (5.3-4.5 Ma BP) Lake Pannon shrank dramatically, filled up with sediments and completely dried up as a result of global climate change (Bérbaltavárian /Messinian/ Stage). In the basin dominated by dry climate conditions, torrents bordered with riparian forests appeared. During the Lower Pannonian Stage (Eppelsheimium in the Hungarian terminology) the tropic rainforests which previously had covered even regions at higher latitudes contracted to a smaller area around the Equator due to the global climate change. Then under the warm and humid climate of the Middle and Late Pliocene (Csarnotanian and Ruscinian Stages, 4-3 Ma BP) tropic rainforests expanded again and the drainage network development of the Pannonian Basin continuing even today started. During our research, climate-indicating travertine layers covering the terraces, travertine stratigraphy and fauna findings were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An indoor/outdoor monitoring programme of PM was carried out in two sports venues (a fronton and a gymnasium). Levels always below 50 μg m were obtained in the fronton and outdoor air. Due to the climbing chalk and the constant process of resuspension, concentrations above 150 μg m were registered in the gymnasium. The chalk dust contributed to CO concentrations of 32 ± 9.4 μg m in this sports facility, which represented, on average, 18 % of the PM mass. Here, the carbonate levels were 128 times higher than those registered outdoors. Much lower concentrations, around 1 μg m, were measured in the fronton. The chalk dust is also responsible for the high Mg concentrations in the gym (4.7 ± 0.89 μg m), unfolding a PM mass fraction of 2.7 %. Total carbon accounted for almost 30 % of PM in both indoor spaces. Aerosol size distributions were bimodal and revealed a clear dependence on physical activities and characteristics of the sports facilities. The use of climbing chalk in the gymnasium contributed significantly to the coarse mode. The average geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation and total number of coarse particles were 0.77 μm, 2.79 cm and 28 cm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sonoran Desert portion of the Basin and Range physiographic province contains a number of streams that now flow across once-closed basins. We explore here the research questions of if and how granitic rock pediments respond to the transition from rimming endorheic basins to bordering through-flowing streams. Granitic rock pediments of the northern Usery and eastern McDowell Mountains once graded to the closed Miocene-Pliocene Pemberton basin that occupied the present-day location of the confluence of the Salt and Verde Rivers. The process of lake overflow, which integrated these rivers, first aggraded fill terraces that, in turn, caused aggradation of a mantle of transported gms on bedrock pediments. Subsequent episodic incision of the Salt and Verde rivers lowered the base level; this led to the development of erosional features such as rolling topography of a degrading pediment mantle; exposure of the former piedmont angle and its associated zones of enhanced bedrock decay and regolith carbonate; and exposure of spheroidally weathered bedrock and emerging tors, some of which experienced 20th century erosion. The granitic pediments of the former Pemberton Basin, which now transport grus to the Salt and Verde rivers, have actively adjusted to aggradational and degradational events associated with drainage integration and do not appear to be inherited from an ancient wet climatic interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regolith-hosted rare earth element deposits (RH-REE) are well-known in Asia, especially China, and are becoming increasingly important with the growing global demand for such metals. Ore formation controls of these deposits in Asia, which include sub-tropical to temperate climate, and mainly calc-alkaline granites with variable HREE and LREE bearing-minerals, are used to search for compatible exploration targets. However, the poor understanding of parameters controlling the formation of RH-REE mineralization outside China, e.g., Chile, might be hindering exploration efforts world-wide. This work addresses RH-REE mineralization in the Nahuelbuta Range, the local name of the Chilean Coastal Range between the Biobío and Araucanía regions. The studied prospect is associated with late Carboniferous–early Permian I-type biotite tonalite and amphibole-biotite tonalite. Mineralogical analysis (TIMA-X) indicates that allanite and monazite are the main REE-bearing minerals in the host rocks. The regolith in the study area is up to 60 m deep and contains an exchangeable-REE concentration up to 2000 ppm, as determined by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and ICP-MS. The mineralization is divided into two types: 1) Preserved regoliths (e.g. drillhole RLS-09) where mineralization is HREE-dominant (56% of total REE, (La/Yb) N ~2) and is covered by a leached upper pedolith; and 2) partially eroded regoliths (e.g. drillhole RLS-07) where mineralization is LREE-dominant (58% of total REE, (La/Yb) N ~4) and exposed. A morphometric analysis (SCM and swath profiles) and two 3D models (geomorphic and geochemical) indicate the current preservation of pediments and ore. Analyses of the exchangeable REE-fraction show that pedogenesis, leading to the deposit, is associated with REE-fractionation processes, most notably: a positive cerium anomaly (Ce/Ce*) in the upper pedolith and preferential adsorption of LREE at shallower depths, revealed by decreasing (La/Yb) N ratio with depth. We propose a mineralization model where the advance of the pedolith/saprolith horizon during progressive weathering and the breakdown of allanite and monazite was responsible for the neoformation of RH-REE clays at the base of the pedolith. Additionally, the landscape evolution of the Nahuelbuta Range controlled the preservation of ore bodies, which are either cropping out or hidden underneath the upper pedolith. A good understanding of the interplay between tonalite regolith development controls and regolith preservation during landscape evolution provide a strategy for REE exploration in the region. Moreover, the search for pediplains on suitable lithologies, mapping of regolith profiles, and their analysis via pXRF in the field by quantifying yttrium, appears to be a suitable strategy for early exploration of RH-REE deposits in the Chilean Coastal Range. • Regolith-hosted rare earth deposits occur in soils of the Chilean Coastal Range. • Deposits are linked to preserved or partially eroded regoliths. • Surface Classification Maps and swath profiles indicate pediment-related regoliths. • Landscape evolution of the Coastal Range controlled the preservation of ore bodies. • Geochemistry of soil profiles enables the use of proxies for early exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the reader into the history of St. Isaac's cathedral in St. Petersburg. It describes the subjects of the high reliefs on the pediments of its four porticoes and three main doors, the ones related to the life of St. Isaac of Dalmatia, Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary. These subjects as well as the statues of the apostles on the pediments' corners and saints on the door folds are discussed in the context of significance of these personages for the Orthodox tradition in Russia. The article also discusses the ruling dynasty's vision of the relationship between secular and clerical powers. The article deals with the builders of the cathedral of which the leading role belongs to the architect and artist Auguste Monferrand and the sculptor Ivan Vitali. The author discusses their contribution to the construction of the cathedral which is an example of late Classicism. St. Isaac's cathedral is represented in the article as an embodiment of Russia's union with the traditions of European culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the images of afterlife in the society of Classical Athens, Greece, focusing on the sculptures and monuments of Hades and Elysion. It depicts the sculpted decoration of the pediment of a grave stele in the Archaeological Collection in Zurich, Switzerland, which was designed around 410 BC. It also demonstrates the sculpture of two women standing with a style of a figure closely related to that of Athena on a decree stele of 410/401 BC.

During the ancient period, coins were used as a means of remembering, propaganda and advertisement, as well as their commercial uses like the coins of our time. Therefore, it is possible to find some symbols on the coins that call attention to the facts that are impressed upon the history of a state or a city, such as legends about their establishments and religious beliefs. Temple models are symbols that were often used on the reverse of coins from the Roman Empire period, most of which were related to the imperial cult. In this regard, the study that we have carried out about the thousands of coins in the Izmir Museum1 from the Roman period helped us determine the coins with temple models that date back to the 1st and 3rd centuries A.D., and examine these coins under a new title. The detected coins are autonomous and pseudo-autonomous emissions introduced by several Western Anatolian cities, such as Pergamon, Hypaipa, Magnesia ad Sipylum, Smyrna, Erythrai, Metropolis, Sardis, Perge, Ephesos, Samos, Attaleia and Philadelphia. We attempted to make some evaluations and conclusions on the architectural features of the temples from the Roman Empire period following the examination of the temple models on these coins. The fact that the coins minted locally in Anatolia display the names of the cities is of great importance for defining the ownership of the structures represented by the temple models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the roughly thirty spolia discovered at the Dvorine site in Nin, particular interest was sparked by four cornice elements which in terms of decoration and style were part of a pediment on the same Roman early imperial building. One is from the top of the pediment, another is from the diagonal eaves, while two are from the horizontal component of the cornice. Due to the absence of more reliable dating criteria, the cornice and the accompanying structure have been dated from the late Augustan to Flavian periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The present study used a modified category induction task to examine the brain activation that occurs when a person receives the result of hypothesis testing (HT). Participants were provided with a number of different batteries and were asked to learn what kinds of batteries were charged. Within each trial, two batteries were sequentially displayed, and a preliminary hypothesis could be formed based on the perceptual comparison. A third battery was then displayed that served to strengthen, reject or maintain the preliminary hypothesis. Finally, a probe appeared for three seconds or terminated with a response. The behavioral results revealed that the highest accuracies and the quickest responses occurred for the Strengthen condition compared with the two other conditions. The electrophysiological results, which were time-locked to the third batteries, showed that (1) the posterior sites were selectively activated in response to the critical property of a hypothesis; (2) during the time window of P300, the central areas were activated, reflecting the process of matching the test stimulus to the representation of a hypothesis; and (3) during the late time window, an enhanced hypothesis-rejection-related potential was found over the fronto-central sites, which suggested that the preliminary hypothesis had been evaluated and the cognitive context had been updated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Several functional imaging studies have demonstrated the importance of fronto-parietal network in dual-task management. However, neural correlates underlying the difference in intensity of dual-task interference between the same and different response modalities remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between brain activity associated with dual-task management and the combinations of response modalities. We used the dual-task requiring bilateral finger responses (DT-same condition) and that requiring finger and oral responses (DT-different condition) to visual and auditory stimuli. The right premotor cortex, precuneus and right posterior parietal cortex were significantly activated in the DT-same condition. The neural activities in the right premotor cortex significantly correlated to the delayed responses in the DT-same condition relative to the single-task conditions, indicating that the right premotor cortex is partly associated with dual-task management (i.e., the regulation of information flow). In addition, neural activity in this brain region was significantly higher in the DT-same condition than in the DT-different condition, suggesting that the difference in intensity between the same and different response modalities is partly associated with difference in the load on the premotor cortex between the DT-same and DT-different conditions. The significant activation of the parietal cortex also differed between the DT-same and DT-different conditions. These results demonstrate that brain activity associated with dual-task management differs depending on the combination of response modalities and that such a difference in brain activity, particularly in the right premotor cortex, might be partly associated with the difference in intensity of dual-task interference between the DT-same and DT-different conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dozens of references recognizing pediment landforms in widely varying lithologic, climatic, and tectonic settings suggest a ubiquity in pediment forming processes on mountain piedmonts worldwide. Previous modeling work illustrates the development of a unique range in arid/semiarid piedmont slope (<0.2 or 11.3°) and regolith thickness (2–4 m) that defines pediments, despite varying the initial conditions and domain characteristics (initial regolith thickness, slope, distance from basin to crest, topographic perturbations, and boundary conditions) and process rates (fluvial sediment transport efficiency and weathering rates). This paper expands upon the sensitivity analysis through numerical simulation of pediment development in the presence of spatially varying rock type, various base level histories, various styles of sediment transport, and various rainfall rates to determine how pediment development might be restricted in certain environments. This work suggests that in landscapes characterized by soil and vegetation types that favor incisive fluvial sediment transport styles coupled with incisive base level conditions, pediment development will be disrupted by the roughening of sediment mantled surfaces, thereby creating spatial variability in topography, regolith thickness, and bedrock weathering rates. Base level incision rates that exceed the integrated sediment flux along a hillslope derived from upslope weathering and sediment transport on the order of 10−3 m y−1 restrict pediment development by fostering piedmont incision and/or wholesale removal (stripping) of regolith mantles prior to footslope pediment development. Simulations illustrate an insensitivity to alternating layers of sandstone and shale 3–15 m thick oriented in various geometric configurations (vertical, horizontal, and dip-slope) and generating different regolith hydrologic properties and exhibiting weathering rate variations up to 3-fold. Higher fluxes and residence times of subsurface groundwater in more humid environments, as well as dissolution-type weathering, lead to a thickening of regolith mantles on erosional piedmonts on the order of 101 m and an elimination of pediment morphology. An initial test of the model sensitivity analysis in arid/semiarid environments, for which field reconnaissance and detailed geomorphic mapping indicate the presence of pediments controlled by climatic conditions (soil hydrologic properties, vegetation characteristics, and bedrock weathering style) that are known and constant, supports our modeling results that pediments are more prevalent in hydrologically-open basins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sediment erosion laws form the basis for most landscape evolution models and guide geomorphologists in the pursuit of understanding how landscapes evolve. This focus on the alluvial surface, however, ignores the role of intrinsic feedbacks between sediment transport and bedrock weathering in shaping Earth's landforms. Here, we present a new, parsimonious explanation for the origin and maintenance of pediments, piedmont junctions, and tors, which emerge spontaneously in a numerical model coupling bedrock weathering and sediment transport. The spatial uniformity of the thin regolith mantle that often characterizes pediments is a manifestation of a negative feedback between bedrock weathering and regolith thickness: if regolith thins (thickens) by sediment transport, the regolith production rate will increase (decrease), maintaining an equilibrium regolith thickness on the piedmont. We propose that high infiltration capacities and the instability of ephemeral channel banks in arid and semiarid environments suppress fluvial incision and promote the smoothness of pediments. A positive feedback between bedrock weathering and regolith thickness causes tor growth: if regolith thins locally below a critical value, regolith production slows while surrounding areas continue to weather and erode more rapidly. We suggest that many pedimented and tor-studded landscapes may therefore be a consequence of intrinsic sediment transport-weathering feedbacks mediated by climatic and tectonic conditions, not by lithologic templates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two pediments and twelve metopes adorning the Temple of Zeus at Olympia of ca. 470–456 B.C. have been the subject of scholarly inquiry since their discovery in the 19th century. These inquiries tend to treat the sculptural elements separately from each other, or largely detached from their Olympic context, and to interpret the sculptures as negative admonitions about hubris and consequent justice, or about dike and arete, or as political allegories. The present study examines the sculptures as a programmatic unity intimately connected with Olympia and the activities that occurred there and argues that, contrary to previous interpretations, the sculptures were created to serve as positive models to inspire and exhort Olympic athletes to deeds of honor and glory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the kosmos in Greece and the imagery of the archaic Greek temple. A Greek word, kosmos refers to the unmistakable idea of order, both in the material and moral sense. The term also signifies form, government, decoration, and honor. Words such as ornament and splendor and everything that describes the beauty of the architectural form are also attached to kosmos. The components of Greek temple decoration include acroteria, pediments, and friezes. The archaic temple decoration has an interaction with the ritual dimension.

The article offers information on William Salomon's architectural marbles in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts in Michigan. The overdoor pediments are executed in the same mixed marble technique. The pediments were placed at the height of the friezes, each dominated by a round cartouche and spanned by an ornament-encrusted omega arch. Following the death of Salomon, his house and many of its contents were sold at an auction. The installation of the reliefs in his entry hall represented a personal decorative statement.

The role of President John Quincy Adams (1825-29) as a patron of the arts and as the person responsible for the sculptural program of the United States Capitol has largely gone unnoticed. Adams had studied more works of art than any other president before him, and his knowledge of the arts was at least equal to that of Jefferson. In 1825, when a competition for the design of the main pediment of the Capitol yielded no acceptable proposal, Adams--at first involuntarily--got involved in the design process and eventually determined the features of a pediment celebrating the American Constitution. No ancient or modem models existed on which Adams and his advisors could have drawn. While classical forms prevail, their iconography is uniquely American, emphasizing a relationship between the individual figures that is allegorical and literal--and consequently difficult to read and easily misunderstood. Adams was aware of that fact and suggested an explanatory inscription that was never carried out. Crawford's pediment for the Senate wing of the Capitol overcame the problems facing Adams by discarding allegories and concentrating on "telling a story." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the sculptural program of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia in Greece. Central theme of the program; Description of the subject of the east pediment; Interpretation of the sculpture of the 'Old Seer.'

Discusses the identity and composition of the central figures of the Gigantomachy pediment of the Old Athena Temple on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Background on the Gigantomachy myth; Fragmentary horses shown on the frontal chariot team; Klaus Stahler's suggestion of Zeus' presence in the chariot; Icongraphy established for the myth; Suggestion of Herakles' presence in the chariot.

The article discusses the composition of the west pediment of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. This pediment is to be read on two levels because it is divided into Athenians side and Eleusinians side. Each level of the pediment reflects various meanings. The primary levels represents the struggle between Athena and Poseidon for Attica, the secondary level suggests the battle of Athenians and Eleusinians for the same prize, while the third level implies the victory of Athenians over Eleusinians.

Acquisition of high-resolution geophysical spatial data at the Serra Branca canyon, in the Serra da Capivara National park, in the semiarid of the Northeastern Brazil, enables depicting deposits and relict landforms that have never been reported before for the area. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and GPS real-time kinematics (RTK) enable uncovering wide cut-and-fill structures, a relict perched river channel, relatively well-stratified alluvial deposits and two relict pediment surfaces that border the current canyon's thalweg. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) geochronology shows that the stratigraphic archive tends to fit important global climatic markers of the last glacial cycle. The relict river channel was active at least from marine isotopic stage (MIS) 5a to MIS 2, showing low sedimentation rates during about 60,000 years. Between the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene, the paleochannel was abandoned. The canyon's floor was incised, and the current thalweg was carved out, probably following a local baselevel drop. Well-structured alluvial deposits have accumulated near the outlet of the canyon since at least the Early Holocene. During the Middle Holocene, colluvial and alluvial deposits accumulated in sites near the cliffs that border the canyon. The study's geochronology coincides with the pace of independent paleoclimatic proxies from Northeastern Brazil, suggesting that a humid millennial drift was associated with the incision of local bedrocks and accumulation of alluvial and colluvial deposits during the Early and the Middle Holocene. Abandonment of the Pleistocene river channel, incision of the local baselevel, and creation of the canyon's current thalweg were probably caused by a Late Glacial humid spell that may coincide with Heinrich event 1 (H1), about 16,000 years ago. However, complementary geochronologic and sedimentologic data are crucial for improving knowledge about this major drainage system change at the study site. • The Serra da Capivara National Park is a study case of choice for geomorphology. • High-resolution GPR and RTK data integrate stratigraphic archives and landforms. • Quaternary alluvial sediments at the Serra Branca canyon are well structured. • A relict Pleistocene river channel sits perched above the canyon current thalweg. • Climate-driven stepped pediments remain at the bottom of the Serra Branca canyon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Decision making involves dynamic interplay between internal judgements and external perception, which has been investigated in delayed match-to-category (DMC) experiments. Our analysis of neural recordings shows that, during DMC tasks, LIP and PFC neurons demonstrate mixed, time-varying, and heterogeneous selectivity, but previous theoretical work has not established the link between these neural characteristics and population-level computations. We trained a recurrent network model to perform DMC tasks and found that the model can remarkably reproduce key features of neuronal selectivity at the single-neuron and population levels. Analysis of the trained networks elucidates that robust transient trajectories of the neural population are the key driver of sequential categorical decisions. The directions of trajectories are governed by network self-organized connectivity, defining a “neural landscape” consisting of a task-tailored arrangement of slow states and dynamical tunnels. With this model, we can identify functionally relevant circuit motifs and generalize the framework to solve other categorization tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of a paper discussed during the 1993 Archaeological Institute of America's annual meeting. Reconstructions of the pediments of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.