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Resumen. Se registran por primera vez para Chile dos especies de coccinelidos palearticos: Scymnus (Scymnus ) interruptus (Goeze) y Scymnus ( Pullus ) suturalis Thunberg, siendo este el primer registro para America del Sur del subgenero Scymnus ( Scymnus ) Kugelann. Se entregan los registros de recolecta de cada especie, sus caracteristicas principales y diferencias con otras especies de Scymnus presentes en Chile. Se presume que ambas especies ingresaron y se establecieron en el pais casualmente, producto del trafico comercial y/o turistico.

[eng] One of the most fascinating aspects of birds is their capability of migrate from one area to another throughout the year. Unravelling the patterns and processes involved in the evolution of migration is paramount to understand the current biogeography, ecology and evolution of migratory birds. On this basis, the main aim of the present thesis was to extend the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the evolution of bird migration. To achieve that two main sections are presented in this thesis. In the first one, the aims were to disentangle the patterns of evolution of migratory behaviour and the identifying the main factors that could play an important role in it, using Sylvia warblers as case of study. In the second section, we explored the climatic niche and the potential distribution of breeding and wintering ranges in the last glacial maximum (LGM) of trans-Saharan long migratory species, in order to unravel the changes in migratory behaviour. We explored the evolution of migration in Sylvia warblers as both a discrete and continuous character using ancestral state reconstruction methods. We recovered the basal node as migratory in most analyses, suggesting seven independent losses of migratory behaviour in Sylvia warblers. Both analyses performed with migration as discrete or continuous character recovered different probabilities of sedentariness or migratoriness in some conflicting nodes depending of the ASR elements used. This forced as to consider controversial hypotheses of evolution of migration in some clades that could evolved from migratory to sedentary in a very short period of time or going through a partial migratory status instead. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to assess whether the evolutionary patterns of migratory distances are correlated with several biometric, climatic and productivity variables in a phylogenetic context, using Sylvia warblers as a case study. Our results recover net primary productivity (NPP) in the breeding range and during the breeding season as the variable with stronger positive correlation with migratory distances. Several climatic variables show a correlation with the evolution of migration and among morphological variables, migratory lineages tend to have longer wings than sedentary ones. It is not possible to disentangle if NPP was a main driver in the evolution of bird migratory behaviour or a consequence of it, yet migration and NPP seem to be tightly related today and along their evolutionary history. Migratory birds occupy different geographic areas during breeding and wintering periods and are exposed to different factors. One of those factors is the climatic component of the niche. We tested if migratory birds display similar climatic conditions in both breeding and wintering areas, using 355 bird migratory species from Eurasian to Africa flyways. Our results show that there is not climatic niche overlap between both ranges. This suggests that the climatic niche of most Euro-African migratory species is larger than expected. Given these results, both breeding and wintering climatic data need to be considered when performing species distribution models, to incorporate the total width of the climatic niche. During the Plio-Pleistocene, glacial cycles have shaped Northern Hemisphere birds' distributions that could result in changes in their migratory behaviour. In this context, it has been suggested that long-distance North American migratory species could have lost their migratory condition during cold periods regaining it later in warmer periods. We tested this hypothesis in Eurasian-African extant migratory bird species. We modelled present and LGM distribution of 80 trans-Saharan bird migratory species and we revised the available fossil record. Our results show a southwards reduction of the breeding distributions during the LGM compared to the present and similar wintering areas in the present and Pleistocene, with the Saharan belt gap always present through time. These results and the Pleistocene fossils from Africa not support the hypothesis of a loss of migratory condition in these species., [spa] Uno de los aspectos más fascinantes dentro de la ornitología es el estudio de la migración. Saber cuáles son los patrones y procesos implicados en la evolución de la migración, permite descubrir tanto componentes ecológicos, biogeográficos como evolutivos dentro las aves. Por ello, en esta tesis se pretende aumentar el conocimiento acerca de los mecanismos implicados en la evolución de la migración en algunas aves. Por un lado, se investigó cómo evolucionó la migración y qué factores pueden actuar como motores de su evolución en un contexto filogenético usando el género Sylvia como caso de estudio. Encontramos que los procesos de cambio en el comportamiento migratorio ocurrían siempre de migratorio a sedentario, siendo el antecesor del género también migratorio. Esto supone que probablemente el coste de pasar de migratorio a sedentario es menor que al revés. Además, evaluando si factores como el clima, la morfología o la productividad eran importantes en la evolución de la migración en el género Sylvia, encontramos que la productividad juega un papel muy importante. Esto supone que probablemente las especies comenzaron a migrar aprovechando los picos de productividad que surgen en latitudes medias durante la época de cría. Por otro lado, se investigó la evolución de la migración en un contexto biogeográfico y macrecológico utilizando especies migratorias Euro-Africanas. Primero se evaluó si las especies migratorias están sometidas a las mismas condiciones climáticas tanto en las zonas de cría como en invernada. Si fuera así, las especies migratorias podrían moverse guiándose o en busca de condiciones similares a lo largo de todo el año. Sin embargo, encontramos que no es así y por lo tanto las especies migratorias presentan un nicho climático mayor de lo esperado que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de hacer modelos de distribución. Considerando esto, realizamos modelos de distribución de especies transaharianas tanto en el presente como durante el último glacial máximo. En este caso queríamos descubrir si las especies seguían migrando cuando parte del Paleártico estaba cubierto de nieve, o si se hicieron sedentarias como se ha sugerido para especies migratorias norteamericanas. Nuestros resultados, junto con el registro fósil consultado, no apoyan que las especies dejaran de migrar, sino que probablemente redujeran sus distancias migratorias.

CHAPTER 1: Reconstructing ancient Mediterranean crossroads in Deronectes diving beetles Aim: To reconstruct the evolutionary history of a genus of freshwater beetle with a pan- Mediterranean distribution, to test classic hypotheses which proposed a Miocene origin for groups with high biodiversity in the Iberian and Anatolian peninsulas. Location: Mediterranean basin. Methods: We sequenced four mitochondrial and one nuclear gene from 51 specimens of 30 of the c. 60 extant species of Deronectes (Dytiscidae), all typical of mid-mountain streams from North Africa and Iberia over most of Europe to the Middle East. We used maximum likelihood, Bayesian probabilities with an a priori evolutionary rate and a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model to reconstruct their biogeographical history. Results: Deronectes has two major lineages which originated in the mid Miocene; one including mostly eastern and another mainly western and central Mediterranean species. From these two areas, range expansions, mainly at the end of the Miocene and beginning of the Pliocene, resulted in the many species groups and some of the extant species of the genus. Most of the current diversity and distributions are, however, of Plio-Pleistocene origin, particularly in widespread European species. Main conclusions: In line with traditional hypotheses, we found an ancient division between eastern and western Mediterranean lineages of Deronectes, likely resulting from the isolation of Europe west of the Alps from the Balkans and Anatolia during the early-middle Miocene. The history of the genus was strongly influenced by major geological and climatic events, with successive cycles of fragmentation and subsequent eastward and westward range expansions, resulting in a steady accumulation of species across the basin. Most of these range movements took place through the north side of the Mediterranean, with only local displacements in the south during the Messinian salinity crisis and a recent (Pleistocene) colonization of the Italian Peninsula, which remained largely submerged through most of the genus’ evolutionary history. CHAPTER 2: The origin of widespread species in a poor dispersing lineage (diving beetle genus Deronectes) In most lineages most species have restricted geographic ranges, with only few reaching widespread distributions. How these widespread species reached their current ranges is an intriguing biogeographic and evolutionary question, especially in groups known to be poor dispersers. We reconstructed the biogeographic and temporal origin of the widespread species in a lineage with particularly poor dispersal capabilities, the diving beetle genus Deronectes (Dytiscidae). Most of the ca. 60 described species of Deronectes have narrow ranges in the Mediterranean area, with only four species with widespread European distributions. We sequenced four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of 297 specimens of 109 different populations of the four lineages of Deronectes including widespread species, together with their closest narrow range relatives, covering their entire distributions. Using Bayesian probabilities with an a priori evolutionary rate we performed (1) a global phylogeny/phylogeography to estimate the relationships of the main lineages within each group and root them, and (2) demographic analyses of the best population coalescent model for each species group, including a reconstruction of the geographical history estimated from the distribution of the sampled localities. We also selected 56 specimens to test for the presence of Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted parasite that can alter the patterns of mtDNA variability. All species of the four studied groups originated in the southern Mediterranean peninsulas and were estimated to be of Pleistocene origin. In three of the four widespread species the central and northern European populations were nested within those in the northern areas of the Anatolian, Balkan and Iberian peninsulas respectively, suggesting a range expansion at the edge of the southern refugia. In the Mediterranean peninsulas the widespread European species were replaced by vicariant taxa of recent origin. The fourth species (D. moestus) was proven to be a composite of unrecognised lineages with more restricted distributions around the Western and Central Mediterranean. The analysis of Wolbachia showed a high prevalence of infection among Deronectes, especially in the D. aubei group, where all sequenced populations were infected with the only exception of the Cantabrian Mountains, the westernmost area of distribution of the lineage. In this group there is a phylogenetic incongruence between the mitochondrial and the nuclear sequence, although not clear pattern links this discordance to the Wolbachia infection. Our results suggest that in different glacial cycles populations that happened to be at the edge of the newly deglaciated areas took advantage of the optimal ecological conditions to expand their ranges to central and northern Europe. Once this favourable ecological window ended populations become isolated, resulting in the presence of closely related but distinct species in the Mediterranean peninsulas. CHAPTER 3: Pleistocene range expansions in Western Palaearctic aquatic Coleoptera The Quaternary glacial cycles lead to large changes in the size and location of the geographic distribution of many species. During glacial maxima large areas of central and northern Europe become inhospitable to temperate species, which are generally assumed to have been recolonized by range expansions from Mediterranean refugia in the interglacials. An alternative possibility is that the recolonization was from non-Mediterranean sources, from glacial refugia in central Europe or western Asia, but data are still scarce concerning the origin of the central and north European species with very large geographic distributions, especially for insects. In this work we studied some species of three wide distributed lineages of freshwater beetles (Platambus maculatus complex, H. gracilis complex, and the genus Oreodytes), all typical of running waters and including both narrowly distributed southern endemics and widespread European species, some with distributions spanning the whole Palearctic. The main goal was to understand the role of the Pleistocene glaciations in the diversification and current distribution of these species. For this we sequenced four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of 212 specimens of 107 different populations of the different lineages and used Bayesian probabilities and Maximum Likelihood to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships, age and geographical origin of the western Palaearctic species of these three widely distributed lineages. All species of the three studied groups were estimated to be of Pleistocene origin. In the H. gracilis complex, a secondary fast range expansion from northern Anatolian populations to western and northern Europe resulted in the current widespread European H. gracilis. However, in the other two groups we found widespread central and northern European species the origin of which was not the Mediterranean area but central Asia, but with peripheral isolated forms in the southern Mediterranean peninsulas. These peripheral forms could have been confined as remnants of earlier diversification cycles or be result of incipient isolation of the most recent post-glacial expansion. The accumulation of narrow endemics of these lineages in the Mediterranean may thus be the result of successive cycles of range expansions with subsequent speciation (and local extinction in glaciated areas) through the multiple Pleistocene glacial cycles. CHAPTER 4: Range expansion and ancestral niche reconstruction in the Mediterranean diving beetle genus Meladema (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) Species of the genus Meladema (Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae) are some of the largest macroinvertebrates in the western Palearctic region, being top predators in fishless streams. Two of the three described species, M. imbricata (Wollaston, 1871) and M. lanio (Fabricius, 1775) are Macaronesian endemics from the Canary Islands and Madeira respectively, while the third, M. coriacea Laporte, 1835, is widely distributed from Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula to Turkey, including the Canary Islands. Previous phylogenetic analysis using only mitochondrial markers revealed the existence of two cryptic lineages within M. coriacea, one restricted to Corsica and the other including the rest of sampled populations. We reconstruct here the evolutionary history of the species of Meladema using a more comprehensive sampling covering its whole geographical range, adding nuclear markers and Bayesian molecular dating. Using environmental niche modelling we test for possible differences in climatic preferences among lineages, and reconstruct their ancestral climatic niche. Our results strongly supported the existence of four monophyletic lineages represented by the three recognised species plus a fourth cryptic lineage with populations of M. coriacea from the Tyrrhenian islands (Corsica, Sardinia and Montecristo). This pattern is not likely to be the result of mitochondrial artefacts due to Wolbachia infection, as all 11 tested individuals were negative for this parasite. Dating analysis placed the origin of Meladema in the Middle Miocene although diversification among extant Meladema lineages started in the early Pleistocene and took place in a relatively short time period. Phylogeographic analysis inferred a continental origin of Meladema, with an independent colonization of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean islands. From the southwestern Mediterranean region the continental M. coriacea expanded its range up to Turkey in the northern basin, and to Tunisia in the southern. Results of niche modelling showed that seasonality is the critical factor in shaping the current distribution of Meladema. Island lineages (M. imbricata, M. lanio and the Thyrrenian lineage of M. coriacea) occur in sites with low seasonality, within the range of the reconstructed ancestral climatic niche of the genus. On the contrary, continental M. coriacea expanded its range to localities outside the ancestral climatic range of the genus, with a higher seasonality and aridity., Una pregunta básica sobre los rangos geográficos es comprender por qué unas especies están ampliamente distribuidas mientras otras, estrechamente emparentadas tienen distribuciones restringidas. En este estudio pretendo comprender los factores que llevaron a algunas especies a expandir su rango original y sugerir posibles hipótesis que expliquen las enormes diferencias de rango entre especies emparentadas. Para ello, reconstruyo la historia evolutiva de varios linajes de coleópteros acuáticos del Paleártico Occidental bajo el contexto de la compleja historia geológica y climática de este área, con el fin de aclarar los procesos que han contribuido a la actual distribución de especies en estos grupos. Estos linajes son típicos de aguas corrientes (es decir, con baja capacidad dispersiva) e incluyen tanto endemismos distribuidos en pequeñas áreas, como especies de amplia distribución, mostrando su potencial de expansión de rango. Las reconstrucciones biogeográficas llevadas a cabo sugieren la existencia de varios eventos de expansión de rango entre la zona oriental y occidental de la Cuenca Mediterránea bajo condiciones favorables, seguidos de fragmentación cuando las condiciones empeoraban. Estas expansiones debieron producirse principalmente a lo largo de la costa norte del Mediterráneo, ya que por la sur hay ausencia de especies al este de Túnez. A pesar de que no es posible establecer un origen temporal común para los grupos estudiados, el Mioceno con sus múltiples conexiones entre el Mediterráneo occidental y oriental seguidas de aislamiento, parece estar implicado en el origen y disyunción este-oeste en varios grupos. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de las especies actuales se originaron durante el Pleistoceno, incluyendo aquellas que han alcanzado amplias distribuciones, siendo por tanto la época mas influyente en la distribución actual de especies. Las sucesivas rondas de expansión y fragmentación de rango resultaron principalmente en la acumulación de especies restringidas en el área Mediterránea, especialmente en Anatolia y la Península Ibérica. A pesar de la evidencia en muchos casos de especiación con estabilidad de rango dentro del área Mediterránea, algunas especies lograron expandir su rango original hasta alcanzar amplias distribuciones en áreas mas al norte, probablemente aprovechando una posición geográfica ventajosa cuando las condiciones ambientales fueron ventajosas. No obstante, diferencias en tolerancia fisiológica y/o ecológica también pudieron favorecer las expansiones de rango en unas especies y limitarlo en otras, aunque futuras investigaciones experimentales se requieren para poder testar esta hipótesis.

Ceramius hispanicus Dusmet appears to be restricted to an area of ca. 21x104 km2 basically in central and north-eastern Spain. The species has been recorded from 32 localities. The altitudinal distribution ranges from 150 to 1300 m above sea level. C. hispanicus seems to be restricted to the meso- and supramediterranean story of vegetation. It has been recorded from 13 different vegetation series. The proportion of basophilic vegetation series of the localities is 65%. Climatic conditions at most of the localities can be characterised as moderately hot, with a cold period in winter and an annual mean precipitation of between 300 and 500 mm. The flight period of the imagines correlates with altitude, lasting from the beginning of May to the end of July.Ceramius hispanicus Dusmet tiene aparentemente un área de distribución de unos 21x104 km2, restringida básicamente al centro y noreste de España. En el presente trabajo se cita la especie de 32 localidades. Su distribución altitudinal está comprendida entre los 150 y los 1300 metros. C. hispanicus parece estar restringido a los pisos bioclimáticos meso- y supramediterráneo. Se ha registrado su presencia en 13 series de vegetación diferentes. El porcentaje de localidades con serie de vegetacíon basófila es del 65%. Las condiciones climáticas de la mayor parte de las localidades se pueden caracterizar como moderadamente cálidas, con un periodo frío en invierno y una precipitación media anual de entre 300 y 500 mm. El periodo de vuelo de los imagos está en relación con la altitud, y va desde principios de Mayo a finales de Julio.

On the base of morphological as well as male’s and female’s genitalia peculiarities of four subspecies of the Iberian tiger beetle Cicindela lagunensis Gautier, 1872 (according to Gebert, 1995) their taxonomic status is discussed. There are three separate species which habitat in the Iberian Peninsula: C. lagunensis, C. iberica Mandl, 1935, stat. nov. and C. lusitanica Mandl, 1935, bona spec., stat. nov. C. lusitanica includes two subspecies: C. l. lusitanica Mandl, 1935 and C. l. silvaticoides W. Horn, 1937 comb. nov. The lectotypus and paralectotypus of Cicindela (s. str.) hybrida silvaticoides W. Horn, 1937 were designated. Morphological characters and genitalia of both sexes are described. The geographic distribution is given. The results of phylogenetic analysis are discussed. The Iberian species of “lagunensis”-complex make a monophyletic group with C. hybrida Linnaeus, 1758, and this group has a sister group which was made up by C. sahlbergii Fischer von Waldheim, 1824 and other related species. A key for identify the Iberian species of “lagunensis”-complex is given.Se discute el estatus taxonómico de cuatro subespecies de Cicindela lagunensis Gautier, 1872 (sensu Gebert, 1995) sobre la base tanto de la morfología externa como de las características de las genitalias masculina y femenina. En la Península Ibérica viven tres especies de Cicindela: C. lagunensis, C. iberica Mandl, 1935, stat. nov. y C. lusitanica Mandl, 1935, bona spec., stat. nov. Cidindela lusitanica incluye dos subespecies: C. l. lusitanica Mandl, 1935 y C. l. silvaticoides W. Horn, 1937 comb. nov. Se designan lectotipo y paralectotipos de Cicindela (s. str.) hybrida silvaticoides W. Horn, 1937; se describen los caracteres morfológicos y la genitalia de ambos sexos y se proporciona la distribución geográfica de la subespecie. El análisis filogenético muestra que las especies ibéricas del complejo “lagunensis” constituyen un grupo monofilético junto a C. hybrida Linnaeus, 1758, y este grupo es un grupo hermano del integrado por C. sahlbergii Fischer von Waldheim, 1824 y otras especies próximas. Por último, se proporciona una clave para identificar a las especies ibéricas del complejo “lagunensis”.

Fil: Marvaldi, Adriana E.. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Lanteri, Analía Alicia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina Fil: del Río, María Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina Fil: Oberprieler, Rolf G.. CSIRO Entomology. Canberra; Australia