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A pilot carbon dioxide (CO2) -miscible flood was initiated in the Lansing-Kansas City C formation in the Hall-Gurney Field, Russell County, Kansas. The reservoir zone is an oomoldic limestone located at a depth of approximately 2,900 ft. The pilot consisted of one CO2 injection well and three production wells. Continuous CO2 injection began in December 2003 and continued through June 2005, at which point 16.19 million lbm of CO2 had been injected into the pilot area. Injection was converted to water in June 2005 to reduce operating costs to a break-even level with the expectation that sufficient CO2 was injected to displace the oil bank to the production wells by water injection. By March 2010, 8,736 bbl of oil had been produced from the pilot. Production from wells to the northwest of the pilot region indicated that oil displaced by CO2 injection was produced from five wells outside of the pilot area, to the northwest. Approximately 19,166 bbl of incremental oil was estimated to have been produced from these wells as of March 2010. There was evidence of a directional permeability trend toward the northwest through the pilot region. The majority of the injected CO2 remained in the pilot region, which was maintained at or above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Although the four-well pilot was uneconomical, the estimated oil recovery attributed to the CO2 flood is 27,902 bbl, which is equivalent to a gross CO2 usage of 4.8 Mcf/bbl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuckle reservoirs in central Kansas produce by natural waterdrive. Although clean oil is usually produced on initial completion of a well, the water cut increases with time. Water cuts of 99% and water production rates of 400 to 3,000 B/D are common. Wells cannot be pumped off. Water production has been reduced selectively by treating wells with a chrome acetate-polyacrylamide gelant. In most cases, incremental oil is produced following the treatment. This paper describes results from a seven-well program in which production wells were treated with chrome acetate-polyacrylamide gelant. Pressure data were obtained before the treatment, during the gel treatment and after gel treatment. Buildup data were interpreted to estimate kh before the treatment, and the extent of permeability reduction to oil and water caused by the treatment. Bottomhole-pressure (BHP) data obtained during the treatment provided were used to monitor gelant placement. Production data following the treatments were analyzed to determine incremental oil production and correlate the treatments to the production response. Water-production rates were reduced in every well, and reductions were persistent during intervals ranging from 7 to 36 months. Incremental oil was produced in four of seven wells treated in the program. The amount of incremental oil increased with volume of gelant injected in wells with openhole completions. Results of this test program suggest how to distinguish wells that are likely to take large treatments from those that can be treated only with small amounts of gelant. These results should improve treatment design and identify wells that are good candidates for successful treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has been sweeping the world for more than a year. As physical health begins to stabilize in the western world, an increasing concern is related to the impact of the virus and its containment measures on people's mental health. This work aimed to explore the effect of demographic factors (age, gender, level of education, and socioeconomic status) and variables such as fear of COVID-19 and social support in predicting the quality of life and mental health of adults during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy. Through an online survey with 1087 Italian adults (M = 39.7, SD = 16.39; 74.4% women), gender and socioeconomic status emerged as crucial factors in determining differences regarding people's responses and reactions to the pandemic. In addition, the results highlighted the importance of perceived social support and a moderate fear of COVID-19 in predicting people's quality of life and mental health. The study suggests important guidelines for the development of interventions to support the population's well-being and mental health.

The main goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the COVID Stress Scales (CSS) in the Palestinian context and the factorial structure of the instrument. The CSS, a newly emerging internationally standardized measure of stress related to being exposed to or contracting COVID-19, was translated and validated for a Palestinian context to ensure that it can be used to measure COVID-19 stress. The sample of the study consisted of 860 Palestinian adults living in the West Bank of Palestine. Participants' age ranged from 20 to 48 years old (M = 34.7, SD =13.46). They were all recruited from online advertisements, e-mail campaigns, blogs, social media, and SMS campaigns . The CSS was found to be valid in the Arabic language within a Palestinian context. The confirmatory factor analysis yielded six factors: (1) Fears about the dangerousness of COVID-19, (2) fears about the personal social, and economic consequences of COVID-19, fears of disruption in the supply chain, fears of looting or rioting, (3) COVID-19-xenophobia, fears that foreigners are sources of COVID-19, (4) fears about sources of COVID-19-related contamination,(5) traumatic stress symptoms related to COVID-19, and (6) COVID-19-related checking which is consisting with the ordinal structure the scale. The CSS demonstrated a high level of validity and reliability in a Palestinian context and therefore can be considered for future studies as the COVID-19 pandemic persists. Further investigations using the Arabic Language of CSS may have far-reaching implications for measuring and combating the stress of COVID-19 at a personal and societal level for uniquely at-risk populations such as in the occupied territories of Palestine., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. No funding was received for this study., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021.)

Background: We tested the association between the stress of COVID-19 and mental distress manifested by anxiety, depression, and stress, and whether well-being and resilience mediate the relationship between the two variables in a population of Palestinian adults. Namely, we hypothesized that stress of COVID-19 will be positively associated with mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress); well-being and resilience will be negatively associated with mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress); and well-being and resilience will mediate the association between the stress of COVID-19 and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress)., Participants and Procedure: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, the Resilience Scale for Adults, the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the COVID-19 Stress Scales were administered to 860 participants via online survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to address the study hypothesis., Results: Participants recorded a mild level of stress of COVID-19 and high scores for resilience and well-being. A conceptual model depicting COVID-19 stress as a predictor, mental distress as an outcome variable, and resilience and subjective well-being as mediators was confirmed., Conclusions: Palestinians are exposed to mental distress in an environment characterized by ongoing stressors. Conversely, the capability of Palestinians to conserve good levels of well-being and resilience protects them from mental distress even in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. On the other hand, COVID-19 can be considered a new critical event demanding and diminishing the people's resiliency recourses in Palestine. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed., (Copyright © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk.)