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In this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of Papaver somniferum. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, cultivation areas, habitats, pollinators, specimens examined, growing periods, phenology, etymology, vernacular name, and uses. The species can be characterized as a glabrous and glaucous herb with unlobed or pinnately lobed leaves, and an amplexicaul base; variations in color and morphological characteristics of petals; and white filaments, occasionally purple with a white basal part, broadened at the apical part. Two rings of discontinuous and widely spaced collateral vascular bundles are recognized in the transverse section of the stems. The shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial surface is polygonal, while that on the abaxial surface is polygonal or irregular. The anticlinal cell walls of the epidermal cells on the adaxial surface are straight or slightly curved, while those on the abaxial surface are straight, slightly curved, sinuate, or strongly sinuate. The stomata are anomocytic and are confined to the lower epidermis. The stomatal density is 54–199/mm2 (with a mean of 89.29 ± 24.97). The mesophyll is not distinctly differentiated into palisade and spongy regions. Laticifers are found in the phloem areas of the stems and leaves. The pollen grains can be spheroidal or prolate spheroidal in shape, sometimes oblate spheroidal [polar axis (P) diameter/equatorial axis (E) diameter ratio = 0.99–1.12 (with a mean of 1.03 ± 0.03)]. The pollen aperture is tricolpate and the exine sculpturing is microechinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde is a perennial herb with bright yellow flowers, well known as "Hongmao Cao" for its medicinal properties, and is an excellent early spring flower used in urban greening. However, its molecular genomic information remains largely unknown. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the chloroplast genome of D. leptopodum to discover its genome structure, organization, and phylogenomic position within the subfamily Papaveroideae. Results The chloroplast genome size of D. leptopodum was 162,942 bp, and D. leptopodum exhibited a characteristic circular quadripartite structure, with a large single-copy (LSC) region (87,565 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,759 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (28,309 bp). The D. leptopodum chloroplast genome encoded 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The dynamics of the genome structures, genes, IR contraction and expansion, long repeats, and single sequence repeats exhibited similarities, with slight differences observed among the eight Papaveroideae species. In addition, seven interspace regions and three coding genes displayed highly variable divergence, signifying their potential to serve as molecular markers for phylogenetic and species identification studies. Molecular evolution analyses indicated that most of the genes were undergoing purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that D. leptopodum formed a clade with the tribe Chelidonieae. Conclusions Our study provides detailed information on the D. leptopodum chloroplast genome, expanding the available genomic resources that may be used for future evolution and genetic diversity studies.

Background: Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde is a perennial herb with bright yellow flowers, well known as "Hongmao Cao" for its medicinal properties, and is an excellent early spring flower used in urban greening. However, its molecular genomic information remains largely unknown. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the chloroplast genome of D. leptopodum to discover its genome structure, organization, and phylogenomic position within the subfamily Papaveroideae. Results: The chloroplast genome size of D. leptopodum was 162,942 bp, and D. leptopodum exhibited a characteristic circular quadripartite structure, with a large single-copy (LSC) region (87,565 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,759 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (28,309 bp). The D. leptopodum chloroplast genome encoded 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The dynamics of the genome structures, genes, IR contraction and expansion, long repeats, and single sequence repeats exhibited similarities, with slight differences observed among the eight Papaveroideae species. In addition, seven interspace regions and three coding genes displayed highly variable divergence, signifying their potential to serve as molecular markers for phylogenetic and species identification studies. Molecular evolution analyses indicated that most of the genes were undergoing purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that D. leptopodum formed a clade with the tribe Chelidonieae. Conclusions: Our study provides detailed information on the D. leptopodum chloroplast genome, expanding the available genomic resources that may be used for future evolution and genetic diversity studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of Papaver somniferum. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, cultivation areas, habitats, pollinators, specimens examined, growing periods, phenology, etymology, vernacular name, and uses. The species can be characterized as a glabrous and glaucous herb with unlobed or pinnately lobed leaves, and an amplexicaul base; variations in color and morphological characteristics of petals; and white filaments, occasionally purple with a white basal part, broadened at the apical part. Two rings of discontinuous and widely spaced collateral vascular bundles are recognized in the transverse section of the stems. The shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial surface is polygonal, while that on the abaxial surface is polygonal or irregular. The anticlinal cell walls of the epidermal cells on the adaxial surface are straight or slightly curved, while those on the abaxial surface are straight, slightly curved, sinuate, or strongly sinuate. The stomata are anomocytic and are confined to the lower epidermis. The stomatal density is 54–199/mm2 (with a mean of 89.29 ± 24.97). The mesophyll is not distinctly differentiated into palisade and spongy regions. Laticifers are found in the phloem areas of the stems and leaves. The pollen grains can be spheroidal or prolate spheroidal in shape, sometimes oblate spheroidal [polar axis (P) diameter/equatorial axis (E) diameter ratio = 0.99–1.12 (with a mean of 1.03 ± 0.03)]. The pollen aperture is tricolpate and the exine sculpturing is microechinate.

Macleaya cordata (Willd.) is a perennial herb with significant antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. cordata. The total genome size was 163,179 bp in length, containing two inverted repeated (IR) regions of 28,329 bp each, a large single copy (LSC) region of 87,933 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,588 bp. The genome contains 114 genes, including 79 protein genes, 4 rRNA genes, 28 tRNA genes and 3 pseudo genes. The overall GC content of M. cordata is 38.59%, with the highest GC content of 42.79% in IR region. A total of 49 simple sequence repeats are identified in the cp genome of M. cordata. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that M. cordata clustered together with M. microcarpa, further forming a monophyletic group with the genuses Hylomecon and Coreanomecon. This work provides basic genetic resources for developing robust markers and investigating the population genetics diversities for this famous medicinal species.

The complete plastome of Sanguinaria canadensis was sequenced, which is 160,117 bp in length, consisting of 87699 bp large single-copy (LSC), a 19,136 bp small single copy (SSC), and a pair of 26,638 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The S. canadensis plastome encodes 137 annotated genes including 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 89 protein coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported that it is a member of Chelidonieae.

* Background and Aims Fumarioideae (20 genera, 593 species) is a clade of Papaveraceae (Ranunculales) characterized by flowers that are either disymmetric (i.e. two perpendicular planes of bilateral symmetry) or zygomorphic (i.e. one plane of bilateral symmetry). In contrast, the other subfamily of Papaveraceae, Papaveroideae (23 genera, 230 species), has actinomorphic flowers (i.e. more than two planes of symmetry). Understanding of the evolution of floral symmetry in this clade has so far been limited by the lack of a reliable phylogenetic framework. Pteridophyllum (one species) shares similarities with Fumarioideae but has actinomorphic flowers, and the relation ships among Pteridophyllum, Papaveroideae and Fumarioideae have remained unclear. This study reassesses the evolution of floral symmetry in Papaveraceae based on new molecular phylogenetic analyses of the family. * Methods Maximum likelihood, Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses of Papaveraceae were conducted using six plastid markers and one nuclear marker, sampling Pteridophyllum, 18 (90 %) genera and 73 species of Fumarioideae, 11 (48 %) genera and 11 species of Papaveroideae, and a wide selection of outgroup taxa. Floral characters recorded from the literature were then optimized onto phylogenetic trees to reconstruct ancestral states using parsimony, maximum likelihood and reversible-jump Bayesian approaches. * Key Results Pteridophyllum is not nested in Fumarioideae. Fumarioideae are monophyletic and Hypecoum (18 species) is the sister group of the remaining genera. Relationships within the core Fumarioideae are well resolved and supported. Dactylicapnos and all zygomorphic genera form a well-supported clade nested among disymmetric taxa. * Conclusions Disymmetry of the corolla is a synapomorphy of Fumarioideae and is strongly correlated with changes in the androecium and differentiation of middle and inner tepal shape (basal spurs on middle tepals). Zygomorphy subsequently evolved from disymmetry either once (with a reversal in Dactylicapnos) or twice (Capnoides, other zygomorphic Fumarioideae) and appears to be correlated with the loss of one nectar spur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macleaya cordata (Willd.) is a perennial herb with significant antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. cordata. The total genome size was 163,179 bp in length, containing two inverted repeated (IR) regions of 28,329 bp each, a large single copy (LSC) region of 87,933 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,588 bp. The genome contains 114 genes, including 79 protein genes, 4 rRNA genes, 28 tRNA genes and 3 pseudo genes. The overall GC content of M. cordata is 38.59%, with the highest GC content of 42.79% in IR region. A total of 49 simple sequence repeats are identified in the cp genome of M. cordata. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that M. cordata clustered together with M. microcarpa, further forming a monophyletic group with the genuses Hylomecon and Coreanomecon. This work provides basic genetic resources for developing robust markers and investigating the population genetics diversities for this famous medicinal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the present course, population-based meiotic studies were carried out on five species of subfamily Papaveroideae from selected localities of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in the Western Himalayas (India). Varied intraspecific chromosome counts were reported for the first time in Argemone mexicana and Meconopsis latifolia, both existing on 2 n = 2 x = 14. The x = 7, confirmed for the first time from the newly found diploid cytotype, is suggested to be the primary chromosomal basic number for the Meconopsis. Furthermore, meiotic course was noted to be normal in Argemone ochroleuca, it varied from normal to abnormal in the populations of A. mexicana and Papaver dubium whereas it was invariably found to be abnormal in all the populations of Meconopsis aculeata and M. latifolia. These anomalous taxa were marked with meiotic abnormalities in the form of cytomixis, chromosomal stickiness, unoriented bivalents, formation of laggards and bridges resulting in abnormal microsporogenesis, and production of heterogeneous-sized fertile pollen grains along with reduced pollen fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Premise of the study: The correct assessment of homology is an important prerequisite for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships and character evolution. Old World Papaveroideae (Papaver, Meconopsis, Roemeria, Stylomecon) show substantial diversity in gynoecium and capsule morphology. In particular, capsules can have distinct styles (Meconopsis p.p., Stylomecon) or a sessile stigmatic disc (Papaver). Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Old World Papaveroideae had shown that neither taxa with styles nor those with stigmatic discs represent monophyletic lineages. We here investigate whether either styles or stigmatic discs have arisen repeatedly during the diversification of Old World Papaveroideae. * Methods: We investigated gynoecium ontogeny in Papaver rhoeas, P. californicum, Meconopsis cambrica, and Stylomecon heterophylla by scanning electron microscopy for the first time. Our observations were interpreted on the background of a well-resolved molecular phylogeny of the taxa investigated. * Key results: Papaver rhoeas and P. californicum share the presence of a developmentally complex garland-like stage in gynoecium ontogeny. The styles of M. cambrica and S. heterophylla result from growth in a ring-like zone beneath the carpel tips. This zone is also present in Papaver. In M. cambrica, traces of a garland-like stage can be seen. Style formation and stigma formation begin more or less simultaneously in M. cambrica, but style formation clearly precedes stigma formation in S. heterophylla. * Conclusions: The styles present in M. cambrica and S. heterophylla are considered to have arisen in parallel from ancestors with a stigmatic disc. We speculate that style formation may have been a means to reduce selfing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete plastome of Sanguinaria canadensis was sequenced, which is 160,117 bp in length, consisting of 87699 bp large single-copy (LSC), a 19,136 bp small single copy (SSC), and a pair of 26,638 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The S. canadensis plastome encodes 137 annotated genes including 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 89 protein coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported that it is a member of Chelidonieae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary relationships within Argemone (Papaveraceae) were inferred from nucleotide variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA. A complete representation of the genus was achieved by using herbarium material to a large extent (74%). Four distinct clades can be recognized based on the molecular results. The support for the different clades varies greatly due to a very uneven distribution of characters. Although some clades are largely unresolved, some unexpected relationships, for example the sister group relationship of the relict species A. subintegrifolia to the rest of Argemone, were found. The evolution of morphological and alkaloid characters against the background of the obtained phylogeny is discussed. Whereas the morphological characters provide some support for the phylogeny found, the alkaloid characters turned out not to contain much phylogenetic information. Past difficulties in recognizing phylogenetic relationships within Argemone result from largely continuous morphological variation and from parallelisms correlated with and probably caused by polyploidization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete plastome of Sanguinaria canadensis was sequenced, which is 160,117 bp in length, consisting of 87699 bp large single-copy (LSC), a 19,136 bp small single copy (SSC), and a pair of 26,638 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The S. canadensis plastome encodes 137 annotated genes including 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 89 protein coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported that it is a member of Chelidonieae., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)