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Financial systems and companies have become the most important reasons in the weakness of world economic system. The formation and development process of the financial structure also constitute the infrastructure of the world economic system. The path of the financial system and development has led to discuss with the financial crisis in 2008-2011. One of the solutions in order to reduce problems caused by the conventional banking system is alternative financing systems. In Turkey, the corporations based on profit share system are named participation banks. These banks which settle on different principles in the risk distribution of the portfolio acquired are analyzed more nowadays. Participation based banks are placed in practically every regulation related to banking terms and get their legal infrastructure more steady in the banking legislation of Turkey. This study is a continuation of a series related to the situation of participation banking in Turkey. On the other hand, the literature and the history of participation banking have been given less attention in this study. Literature information on methods in participation banks has been described in previous work of the series. Two analyzes were conducted in this study. One analysis is interpretive analysis that expresses the situation of applications of participation banking against banking risks. The other is an analysis of the figures of participation banks in Turkey as a continuation of the series. This study is a 2007-2015 part of research series. The study tries to explore the place and the importance of participation based banking with the various sub-headings, especially in Turkey. For this reason, we examine the comparative review 2007-2015 data of participation banks which are composed of Total Assets, Equity Net Profit, Collected Funds and Bank Loan Funds. Then we compare the total figures with deposit banks for the same period in Turkey.

A substantial part of households and micro enterprises, particularly in developing countries including Indonesia, did not have access to formal financial institutions which then lead them to borrow money from illegal loan providers. Using an experimental study, we tested whether predatory loan, an illegal short-term loan with high-interest rate, was preferable or not by comparing with pawnshop loan, bank loan and household’s limited saving when households confront with financial distress. We divided the participants into three groups: lower low, low, and upper low income. We found that predatory loan was preferable especially for the lower low and low-income group. Result also confirmed that even if the predatory loan charge was increased, the lower low- and low-income groups still prefer to ease their financial distress through predatory loans. Moreover, the longer the duration of the predatory loan, the higher its probability to be chosen as a funding source in times of household financial distress. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v21i3.1261

The article focuses on the credit risk of cooperative banks in Greece. The main objective is to define which factors are responsible for variations in loan quality during the period 2003-2014. Loan quality is measured by Loan Loss Reserves Ratio (LLR) and dynamic regression techniques are implemented for the econometric estimations. The outlined results suggest that the macroeconomic environment (i.e. public debt, local unemployment, economic activity and inflation) and the accounting ratios (i.e. past loan quality and profitability) seem to be the explanatory variables of problem loans.

We study the determinants of borrowers&rsquo, default in P2P lending with a new data set consisting of 70,673 loan observations from the Lending Club. Previous research identified a number of default determining variables but did not distinguish between different loan risk levels. We define four loan risk classes and test the significance of the default determining variables within each loan risk class. Our findings suggest that the significance of most variables depends on the loan risk class. Only a few variables are consistently significant across all risk classes. The debt-to-income ratio, inquiries in the past six months and a loan intended for a small business are positively correlated with the default rate. Annual income and credit card as loan purpose are negatively correlated.

This paper examines the impact of the recent global financial crisis on the cost of debt capital (syndicated loans) in a leading emerging market, namely China, using difference-in-differences and GARCH approaches. Before the crisis China adopted banking reforms allowing entry of foreign banks and more domestic participation in the syndicated loan market. As a result, during the crisis the volume of syndicated loans grew steadily, in contrast to other countries. In addition, the amount of foreign syndicated loans decreased and average maturity increased compared to the pre-crisis period. Our findings provide useful information to policy makers to devise effective responses to financial crises.

The lending-rate differentials between loans to small and large companies are striking. According to several studies, these disparities of loan rates are primarily a result of a lower informational efficiency at small companies. This study examines to what extent such differences in loan rates are caused not only by informational inefficiencies, but also by operational costs and the borrower’s negotiation power. By using unique, hand-collected data from the credit-pricing models of 15 Swiss regional banks, we provide new empirical evidence that operational costs are a key factor in explaining differences in lending rates between small and large enterprises. Furthermore, we also found that the lack of negotiation power of small enterprises—expressed in the profit margin amount of the bank—has significant explanatory power.

This article analyses how financial development affects the bank lending channel in developing countries. Our analysis is carried out on a sample of 693 commercial banks from 31 developing countries between 2000 and 2012. We find that the loan supply of banks that operate in countries with less developed financial systems is not affected by monetary policy changes. In countries with more developed financial systems, the bank lending channel is effective, but only after the financial crisis. Moreover, in these countries, the negative effect of monetary policy contractions on bank lending is greater when financial development rises.

In this paper, we perform a case study on a community bank from the aspect of the terms structure of the banks historical loan losses and the loan quality rating matrix used by the bank. The data source is from a small rural community bank located in a Midwestern state of the United States. The basic statistical analysis of the loan losses that is based on the banks internal loan quality rating system is presented.

The study attempts to ascertain the determinants of nonperforming loans in National Bank of Commerce. Data was collected from 152 respondents. Tables, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to analyze data. Data collection methods adopted for the study were interview, questionnaire and documentary evidence. Interest rate, GDP, concentration of lending activities, bank’s loan supervision capacity and economic condition were investigated, and the results suggest that interest rate, GDP, bank’s loan supervision capacity and economic condition influence the level of NPLs. However, the results did not suggest that concentration of lending activities increase the level of NPLs. The study suggests that banks should put in place a vibrant credit process that ensures proper customer selection and risk identification, robust credit analysis, proactive monitoring and clear recovery strategies for bad loans, formulate clear policy framework that addresses issues of ethical standards and check and balance credit process, organizational capacity enhancement of banks, deliberate effort to develop credit culture for managing loans ,and ensure prudent policies that govern bank loans. Since the results for this study were encouraging, the researcher encourages replicating the study for other lending institutions. In order to extend the literature on non-performing loans, the researcher suggested incorporating models of Golem effect, Social loafing, Inverted pyramid effect, Pollyanna effect and High default culture effect. Also, basing on the merits of the study, the researcher suggests determining relationship between non-performing loans and loan size, collateral, credit culture, and credit management information system.

This paper studies loan collateral and relationship banking. A firm has different loans (e.g. short-term and long-term loans) and alternative collateral assets. How does it allocate the collateral assets between the loans? It optimally secures a long-term loan with collateral that incurs high information costs initially and has a strong learning effect during the loan period (e.g. accounts receivables). A short-term loan is secured with collateral that requires low information investment and has a weak learning effect (e.g. government bonds). It is optimal to secure long-term loans with long-term collateral and short-term loans with short-term collateral. If the loan period is short, unsecured lending may be optimal.

International audience; This paper investigates the interplay of abnormal loan growth, credit reporting system and systemic risk in banking. Based on a sample of publicly traded banks in Asia from 1998 to 2012, higher abnormal loan growth leads to higher systemic risk one year ahead. A closer investigation further suggests that better credit information coverage and private credit bureaus can stem the buildup of bank systemic risk one year ahead due to higher abnormal loan growth. Eventually, this paper offers some supports to strengthen macro-prudential regulation to limit abnormal loan growth. This paper also advocates the importance of strengthening credit information coverage and the role of private credit bureaus in Asian countries to mitigate the negative impact of abnormal loan growth on bank systemic stability.

This paper investigates the determinants of loan maturity of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the context of Visegrad countries: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland, and Hungary. The data of instead of for this paper was obtained from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), which is a joint project of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank. By using a binary logistic model, we have found that loan maturity is shorter for older and mature firms, firms owned by female and firms experiencing a shortage of liquidity. At the same time, we have also found that firms having concentrated ownership structure and more tangible assets can borrow for a longer period. In addition to that, we have found evidence that loan maturity is longer for the firms located closer to a bank branch. We also provide empirical support for the assumption that bank low competition is associated with longer maturity. From the obtained results, we may recommend SMEs to borrow from banks that are within their vicinity since this may increase the maturity of loans. Policy makers are recommended to implement policies so that to alleviate gender-related discrimination and take initiatives to moderate the level of competition at this market. © Foundation of International Studies and CSR, 2017.

Microbusiness entrepreneurs training and monitoring programmes are widely recognized as key to loan repayment performance of microfinance institution (MFI) loan clients in developing countries. Empirical evidence is, however, largely lacking and where present, not consistent. The present paper introduces objective data on loan repayments and examines whether loan client training and monitoring improve loan repayment rates. We conducted a two-step longitudinal survey. We collected baseline data on 229 uniCredit Ghana Limited MFI loan client files. One and half years later, after having introduced training and monitoring interventions, follow-up data on the same loan clients were collected. Results showed that training interventions fail to improve loan repayment rates. Strikingly, client monitoring does improve repayment rates, irrespective of the clients’ educational level, business experience or gender. These results suggest that MFI’s may significantly improve repayment rates should they consistently monitor their loan clients.

International audience; From a sample of Islamic banks around the world from 1997 to 2012, this paper examines whether loan loss provisioning in Islamic banks is procyclical. Our empirical findings highlight that loan loss provisioning in Islamic banks remains procyclical, although the " expected " loan loss model (E-LLM) has been implemented for Islamic banks in several countries. A closer investigation further documents that Islamic banks also use loan loss provisions for discretionary managerial actions, especially related to capital management in which loan loss reserves and provisions are inflated when bank capitalization declines. Eventually, this paper highlights that higher capitalization can mitigate the procyclicality of loan loss provisions in Islamic banks. In other words, loan loss provisioning becomes countercyclical for Islamic banks with higher capitalization. This paper therefore casts doubts on the adoption of the E-LLM for Islamic banks to promote countercyclical effects, because the E-LLM may be influenced by managerial discretion, including opportunistic capital management using loan loss provisions that may undermine the importance of maintaining sufficient bank capitalization.

This academic research explores the availability of loan financing to minority-owned businesses and examines a potential relationship between the size of a loan and the characteristics of a business in the USA. It also investigates the possible impact of different characteristics and quantifiable criteria on credit loan denial across different demographic groups. Probit models are used to evaluate the potential existence of racial or ethnic discrimination in the availability and approval of credit. Regression analysis is used to assess the impact that the race of a small business owner has on the relative size of a denied loan, the size of portioned credit, or the size of the company. When other variables suspected of influencing credit approval and rationing are controlled, black-owned and Asian-owned businesses appear to be less likely to be approved for loans and more likely to experience significantly greater credit rationing than their white counterparts.

According to the current paradigm of relationship lending in small business lending, loan officers produce soft information about their small- and medium-sized enterprises borrowers. We examine this common assumption by directly measuring soft information and testing how can loan officer accumulate this type of information. We used a data-set on Tunisian small businesses via a specially designed questionnaire addressed to loan officers and a data based on lines of credit files. We find that on balance loan officers play an important role in producing soft information. In fact, the specificity of loan officer, direct contact with the manager, and regular visit to the firm contribute to more information production, while frequent loan officer turnover hinders this mission. To further pursue the validity of our empirical methodology, we test whether the production of soft information by loan officers benefits borrowers. Our results confirm that besides soft information, audited financial statements improve loan contract terms while public banks are more devoted to relax financing constraints.

We examine the relation between the presence of U.S. government as a major customer and a supplier firm’s loan contract terms, using major corporate customers as a benchmark. We find that firms with major government customers are associated with fewer covenants and a lower likelihood of having performance pricing provisions in their loan contracts. In contrast, we do not find such associations for firms with major corporate customers. Further, we find no evidence that the existence of major government customers is related to the supplier firm’s loan spread, security, or maturity. We conjecture that lenders benefit from the stricter monitoring of the government as a major customer and thus use fewer covenants and performance pricing provisions when lending to firms with major government customers than when lending to those with major corporate customers. We provide evidence consistent with this conjecture.

As a country which is hard-hit by the crisis, Indonesian banking industry underwents banking reform with changes in its bank ownership structures. The changes may have impacted the loan portfolio compositions of banks. However, there is no study that has empirically tested the impact of the ownership structures on loan portfolio composition and performance in Indonesia, although the facts that credit risk is a major bank risk. The objective of this research is to examine the loan portfolio composition of Indonesian banks in the post crisis period and to determine whether bank ownership plays a role in the composition and performance of the portfolios. This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Banking Directory of the Indonesian Central Bank and all commercial bank annual reports provided by Infobank magazine. The research sample consists of 109 commercial banks in the year 2011. The data is analysed by using multiple regression methods. It is envisaged that the research will give a broad insight on how different bank ownership types select their loan portfolio strategies when composing their loan portfolios.

The concept of highway has been applied in Spain to a high capacity road that does not meet all the requirements of motorways. The Strategic Plan of Infrastructure and Transport 2005-2020 has tackled as a priority the reform of these infrastructures in the form of public works concessions, remunerating the concessionaire using a shadow toll scheme. As part of the project financing, concession companies had public equity loans to finance initially unforeseen works. Traditional methods of investment valuation do not quantify accurately the extent and effectiveness of such measures. The aim of this study is to provide a methodology based on the real options theory to quantify the real value provided by these loans to concessionaires. The study shows that this type of public loans adds an important value to the contracts. So, an adequate design of this financial support must be considered in order to have a balanced sharing of risks. El concepto de autovía se ha aplicado en España a una vía de alta capacidad, que no reúne todos los requisitos de las autopistas. El Plan Estratégico de Infraestructuras y Transporte 2005-2020 ha abordado con carácter prioritario la reforma de estas infraestructuras en forma de concesión de obra pública, remunerando al concesionario mediante un peaje en sombra. Como parte de la financiación del proyecto, las sociedades concesionales tuvieron préstamos participativos del Estado para financiar las obras no previstas inicialmente. Los métodos tradicionales de valoración de inversiones no permiten valorar de manera precisa este tipo de medidas. El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar una metodología basada en la teoría de opciones reales para cuantificar el valor de estos préstamos. Los resultados muestran que estas ayudas aportan un valor importante al concesionario, por lo que la Administración debe diseñarlas adecuadamente para que haya un reparto equitativo de riesgos.

This paper studies P2P lending and the factors explaining loan default. This is an important issue because in P2P lending individual investors bear the credit risk, instead of financial institutions, which are experts in dealing with this risk. P2P lenders suffer a severe problem of information asymmetry, because they are at a disadvantage facing the borrower. For this reason, P2P lending sites provide potential lenders with information about borrowers and their loan purpose. They also assign a grade to each loan. The empirical study is based on loans'' data collected from Lending Club (N = 24, 449) from 2008 to 2014 that are first analyzed by using univariate means tests and survival analysis. Factors explaining default are loan purpose, annual income, current housing situation, credit history and indebtedness. Secondly, a logistic regression model is developed to predict defaults. The grade assigned by the P2P lending site is the most predictive factor of default, but the accuracy of the model is improved by adding other information, especially the borrower''s debt level.

In this paper, we examine the role of information sharing and borrower legal rights in affecting the procyclical effect of bank loan loss provisions. Based on a sample of Asian banks, our empirical results highlight that higher non-discretionary provisions reduce loan growth and hence, non-discretionary provisions are procyclical. A closer investigation suggests that better information sharing through public credit registries managed by central banks, but not private credit bureaus managed by the private sector, might substitute the role of a dynamic provisioning system in mitigating the procyclicality of non-discretionary provisions. We also document that higher discretionary provisions in countries with stronger legal rights of borrowers may temper the procyclical effect of non-discretionary provisions. However, these findings only hold for small banks. This suggests that the implementation of a dynamic provisioning system to mitigate the procyclicality of non-discretionary provisions is more crucial for large banks, because such procyclicality cannot be offset by strengthening credit market environments through better information sharing and legal rights of borrowers.

This paper is the first to examine whether the loan loss provisioning behavior of Islamic banks is procyclical. From a dynamic panel data methodology, the empirical results show that loan loss provisioning in Islamic banks is indeed procyclical, as higher economic growth leads to a decline in loan loss provisions. A closer investigation is also conducted to examine whether capital management, income smoothing, or signaling behavior can alter the procyclicality of loan loss provisions. Specifically, our results document that only capital management behavior can overcome the procyclicality of loan loss provisions. This paper therefore advocates the importance of strengthening discretionary behavior in Islamic banks in terms of capital management using loan loss provisions, particularly during economic boom.

We investigate whether a borrower's media coverage influences the syndicated loan origination and participation decisions of informationally disadvantaged lenders, loan syndicate structures, and interest spreads. In syndicated loan deals, information asymmetries can exist between lenders that have a relationship with a borrower and less informed, nonrelationship lenders competing to serve as lead arranger on a syndicated loan, and also between lead arrangers and less informed syndicate participants. Theory suggests that the aggressiveness with which less informed lenders compete for a loan deal increases in the sentiment of public information signals about a borrower. We extend this theory to syndicated loans and hypothesize that the likelihood of less informed lenders serving as the lead arranger or joining a loan syndicate is increasing in the sentiment of media‐initiated, borrower‐specific articles published prior to loan origination. We find that as media sentiment increases (1) outside, nonrelationship lenders have a higher probability of originating loans; (2) syndicate participants are less likely to have a previous relationship with the borrower or lead bank; (3) lead banks retain a lower percentage of loans; and (4) loan spreads decrease.

In this paper we used a panel of Albanian banks for the period 2004-2014 to examine the main determinants of loan loss provisions. In addition, we tested how the latest crisis has affected provisioning behaviour of the banks. We find that loan loss provisions of banks are driven by non-discretionary components and economic fluctuations. Furthermore, we find a positive and significant result between earnings before interest, taxes and provisions and loan loss provisions, thus confirming the income smoothing hypothesis. Our estimated results do not support the capital management and signalling hypotheses. We also find that the global crisis has contributed significantly to the procyclicality of loan loss provisioning in Albania and banks continued to do income smoothing during the crisis.

This study focuses on the relationship between gross loans and the related reserves for impaired loans of the banks listed on the Italian Stock Exchange between 2005 and 2014. In our empirical research, we analysed the trend of those items and we also concentrated on the impact of net loans on total assets. Afterwards we monitored the correlation between loan growth, bank solvency, loan losses and the interest income of each bank in order to analyse the impact on the profitability of the banks and evaluate the effects of a specific loan policy. Finally, we concentrated on the multivariate linear regression whose dependent variable is the variation of the interest income between 2013 and 2014. Our research raises important issues on the necessary policy supervision in terms of risk management because, thanks to our analysis, we underline the strategic role of loan growth and its impact on the economic profitability of Italian listed banks.

Entrepreneurial and business skills are generally considered key to microbusiness success, hence to Microfinance Institution (MFI) clients’ loan repayment as well. However, empirical evidence is largely lacking, and where present, it is inconclusive on the importance of these skills for microfinance success. The present paper uses objective MFI loan repayment data to empirically test whether loan repayment rates positively correlate with self-evaluations on entrepreneurial and business skills of loan clients. A survey was conducted among 235 loan clients of uniCredit — an MFI in Ghana. We establish that MFI clients’ self-evaluation of their entrepreneurial and business skills are not related to their loan repayment rates. However, we observe that women repay their loans better than do male microbusiness entrepreneurs, and loan repayment was also better for those entrepreneurs with more than 15 years of business experience.

How should loan contracts for financing projects in countries with high political risk be designed? We argue that non-recourse project finance loans and the participation of development banks in the loan syndicate help mitigate political risk. We test these arguments by conducting a study with a sample of 4978 loans made to borrowers in 64 countries. Our results show that if political risk is higher, then project finance loans are more likely to be used, and development banks are more likely to participate in the syndicate. We also show that the terms of the loan contract depend not only on the political risk but also on the legal and institutional environment as well.

Under core banking, one is not a customer of a branch but is considered as customer of the bank. All the commercial banks have interconnectivity through a common operating system. The interconnectivity between commercial banks are not utilized properly. If the banks could follow a single Loan Originating system (LOS), the credit worthiness of the consumer can be ascertained before a loan is sanctioned. In India, every bank has its own loan originating system which results in loans being dispersed well above the credit limit. A survey conducted among salaried class is a pointer to this. By making a single window LOS, the problem of NPA among the salaried class can be well addressed. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p24

This paper investigates the determinants of nonperforming loans (NPL), with a special focus on house price fluctuations. Using a panel of U.S. banks, the analysis is carried out across different loan categories and different types of banks. It is found that house price fluctuations significantly affect the dynamics of NPL, while the magnitude of the impact varies across loan categories and bank types.

Home equity release products have been promoted as a potential solution to residential long-term care costs for the elderly. Lower than expected utilisation of home equity release loans has prompted efforts to better model and price the no-negative-equity-guarantee (NNEG) built into the contracts, but loan rates are still widely perceived by homeowners as being unattractive. We propose the introduction of a new adjustable rate loan based on a regional house price index, with the NNEG being borne by a specially created intermediary. The proposed approach allows us to directly address and separately price the basis risk between individual house price returns and index returns. In addition, it offers the opportunity to create securities based on residential real estate that would be attractive to a wider class of investors. The alternative risk-sharing mechanism creates a more transparent and simple pricing structure for the loans. We then use house sales data to demonstrate the approach. We find in our sample that it would be possible to make higher loans than seen in previous literature using standard roll-up contracts. In the most favourable scenario for our simulations, the maximum loan is 89% of the appraised home value if the loan is advanced as a lump sum and 95% if the loan is advanced in instalments.

The difference of financial institutions from other firms is the wide range of risks that these institutions meet with and must be able to manage. The macroeconomic environment undoubtedly has the impact on banks‘ performance results. This research analyzes the impact of the country‘s economic downturn on banks‘ loan portfolio profitability. The Lithuanian economic downturn in 2009 – 2010 negatively affected the banks‘ debtors abilities to repay their debts increasing the proportion of non-performing loans (NPLs) and reducing the banks‘ loan portfolio. Also the changes in the interbank interest rates and credit margins had the impact on the banks‘ interest income and expenses. The statistical analysis techniques allowed to characterize the dependence between macroeconomic indicators and the bank‘s loan portfolio profitability. Afterwards the factorial regression model was developed to predict the Lithuanian commercial banks‘ loan portfolio to GDP ratio according to the country‘s macroeconomic indicators. To assess the consistent patterns of loan portfolio profitability that are typical for the banking systems, the macroeconomic and banks‘ data of other EU countries was analyzed. Because the proportion of non-performing loans in banks is one of the main factors of their loan portfolio profitability, the association rules network was developed to visualize the dependence between NPLs and macroeconomic indicators. The analysis results affirmed the high sensitivity of NPLs ratio to the economic downturn in the EU countries with the imperfect macroeconomic indicators. It follows that banks in these countries assessing the credit risk of loan applicants must consider the possible changes in the macroeconomy, because they have the significant impact on banks‘ loan portfolio profitability in future periods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.26.1.6486

This study examines the impact of loan officer characteristics on repayment rates of microfinance borrowers in Mexico applying multilevel analyses, with special attention to the impact of the gender of the loan officer on default rates. The results strongly suggest that loan officers play a crucial role in improving repayment rates in microfinance and that male loan officers are better able to induce borrowers to repay than female loan officers. This may be because men exert authority over women and face fewer problems working late, travelling through unsafe places, and combining a position as counsellor with enforcing repayment.

One of local revenue source is obtained from local loan. UU No. 33/2004 about Financial Balancing of Central dan Local Goverment makes enable for local government to get public loan by issuing financial bond. Since this is something new in Indonesia, a regulation and law protection for investor should be set up. The two existing regulations, stock exchange regulation and UU No. 33/2004 are likely have some disputed things concerning term of loan the type and purpose of loan and collateral.

We study the effect of bank loans on Chinese publicly listed firms' investment decisions based on the underinvestment and overinvestment theories of leverage. Evidence from China is of particular importance because China is the world's largest emerging and transitional economy. At first we show that there is a negative relationship between bank loan ratios and investment for Chinese publicly listed firms. And this negative relationship is much stronger for firms with low growth than firms with high growth. Secondly, we find that both short-term and long-term loan ratios are negatively correlated with investment. However, the higher the long-term loan ratios are, the weaker the negative relationship between long-term loan ratios and investment is. Thirdly, firm ownership only matters to the effect of short-term bank loans on investment in our sample. That is, the negative relationship between short-term loan ratios and investment is weaker for SOEs than for non-SOEs. Lastly, we show that the reform of China's banking system in 2003 has not strengthened the negative relationship between bank loans and investment. Our findings suggest that although Chinese state-owned banks are severely intervened by government policies, they still have a disciplining role on firms' investment, especially in firms with low growth.

Banks play a special role as providers of informative signals about the quality and value of their borrowers. Such signals, however, may have a quality of their own as the banks' selection and monitoring abilities may differ. Using an event study methodology, we study the importance of the geographical origin and organization of the banks for the investors' assessments of firms' credit quality and economic worth following loan announcements. Our sample comprises 986 announcements of bank loans to U.S. firms over the period of 1980- 2003. We find that investors react positively to such announcements if the loans are made by foreign or local banks, but not if the loans are made by banks that are located outside the firm's headquarters state. Investor reaction is, in fact, the largest when the bank is foreign. Our evidence suggest that investors value relationships with more competitive and skilled banks rather than banks that have easier access to private information about the firms. These results are applicable also to the European markets where regulatory and economic borders do not coincide and bank identities and reputation seem to matter a great deal. JEL Classification: G21, G32, H11, D80

We find that monetary policy influenced Turkish bank lending between 1991 and 2007 through the money and bank lending channels. While capital and GDP growth have positive and significant long-run effects on bank loan growth, inflation, bank size and efficiency are not significant determinants. The latter is despite our finding that all Turkish banks’ efficiency improved over the period. Domestic banks are unexpectedly found to be more efficient than foreign banks. With no evident dynamics or fixed-effects in loan growth we prefer the pooled-OLS estimator. We caution against assuming fixed-effects and dynamics are present as this may adversely affect inference.

This paper considers whether information asymmetries affect the willingness of foreign banks to participate in syndicated loans to corporate borrowers in China. We analyze how ownership concentration, which influences information asymmetries in the relationship between the borrower and the lender, exerts an impact on the participation of foreign banks in syndicated loans granted to Chinese borrowers in the period 2004–2009. We observe that greater ownership concentration of the borrowing firm does not positively influence participation of foreign banks in the loan syndicate. We conclude that information asymmetries are not exacerbated for foreign banks relative to local banks in China.

The main aim of bank sector is to stimulate the development of national economy. During the economic growth period in Latvia the quantity of loans has been increased substantially because of finance organizations, that gave loans to the majority of groups of people and organizations without any justification. As a result in the beginning of year 2008, when economic recession started to widen, state and finance sector faced huge problems with timely loan repayment. Due to learning from economic crisis, the participants of market started to take into account and to examine the quality of loan briefcase, which influences the results of operational activities of every credit organization. Because of credit policy changes the effect of quality of loan briefcase on working processes of finance sector has been reduced. As a result the new methods and concepts have been evolved, providing assistance in effective management and control of the loan briefcase quality of bank sector.

Concerns that small firms encounter credit constraints are well entrenched in the literature, despite widespread empirical evidence that a relatively small proportion of small firms have their loan applications rejected. However, many firms may be discouraged from applying for fear of rejection. These businesses are the focus of this paper. Based on responses to a large-scale postal survey of UK small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we find that twice as many businesses were discouraged from applying for a bank loan than had their loan request denied. More particularly, we observe a number of distinguishing characteristics of “discouraged borrowers” (relative to applicants). These include: strategy, sector, prior entrepreneurial experience and banking relationships. The implications of our findings for policy and future research are briefly discussed.

International audience; Using a stylized real options model, we show that discretion over the timing of charging off a non-performing loan could be economically justified when collateral values are uncertain and there is a chance of loan recovery. The implied hypothesis of an "uncertainty dependence" aspect in loan charge-offs is empirically tested and validated using a panel of European banks. A welfare-maximizing regulator might want to let banks pursue such discretionary loan charge-off behavior, with the problem of distinguishing it from alternative capital management and income smoothing objectives, while transparency-seeking accounting standards setters would presumably not. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent and in what forms loan applications from small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in a risk averse banking environment can be assessed defensively by lending officers (LOs). The paper also identifies triggering mechanisms behind defensive SME loan assessment behaviour and its' possible effects on the bank and the LOs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relies on a case study of a major Swedish commercial bank undergoing strategy and control system change during the recent financial crisis. The empirical evidence was collected through interviews with 76 LOs in three branch offices and a focus group interview session.FindingsIn a risk averse banking environment, LOs can be prone to assessing SME loan applications defensively to a noteworthy extent. Such defensiveness comes in different forms: denial of loan applications, granting of loans with collateral or high interest rates, or granting of loans only to clients with most of their financial affairs in the bank. External and internal mechanisms jointly trigger defensive loan assessment behaviour. The possible effects include fewer Type II errors and more Type I errors for the bank, while LOs avoid change and blame.Originality/valueOverall, this study contributes to the literature by revealing triggering mechanisms, forms and effects related to the multifaceted construct of defensive loan assessment behaviour among LOs in a commercial bank, who handle applications from SMEs.

International audience; This paper develops a partial equilibrium model of a banking …rm to analyze how provisioning rules inuence loan market uctuations. We show that a backward-looking provisioning system ampli…es the pro-cyclicality of loan market uctuations. We demonstrate that, in a forward-looking provisioning system where statistical provisions are used to smooth the evolution of total loan loss provisions, the issue of pro-cyclicality of loan market uctuations does not exist. Our results support the recent call of the Basel Committee for the implementation of a forward-looking provisioning system to address procyclicality. JEL classi…cation: G21 anonymous referees for their helpful comments. The usual disclaimer applies.

This paper documents the characteristics of public recapitalizations of banks undertaken since 2008 and examines their relationship with bank lending. The analysis covers the 15 OECD countries whose banking sectors were most severely hit by the crisis and that provided the largest public bailouts relative to their national gross domestic product (GDP). We show that the design of the interventions varied considerably across banks and countries. Larger and higher loss-absorbing capital injections were targeted at weaker banks and at banks of ‘systemically relevant’ size, when the state of public finances allowed. Our results encourage theoretical research with respect to non-linear and potentially adverse effects of bailouts, as well as further investigation into the link between the loss absorbing properties of bank capital and loan growth. With respect to bank lending, we find that only large recapitalizations and infusions of common equity are associated with higher total regulatory capital ratios and sustained loan growth. We find no significant relationship between public capital provisions and interbank lending and challenge the view that local banks increase loan growth relatively more in response to a recapitalization. — Mike Mariathasan and Ouarda Merrouche

The study examined the activities of NACRBD with a view to determine the amount of loan disbursed compared to amount of loan applied for, the nature of loan repayment performance of beneficiaries of NACRDB credit loan, lapses associated with loan to disbursement and repayment schedules and impact of proper supervision on loan recovery. Data for the study were collected through questionnaires, a total number of fifty (50) beneficiaries of NACRDB credit scheme were selected randomly from the study areas . Data collected were analysed using simple descriptive statistical tools, such as mean, percentage and frequency table in order to achieve the stated objectives. From the evaluation of loan schemes, it was found that there were short fall when comparing the amount of loan applied for, to the actual amount disbursed to beneficiaries, loan were not timely granted some sincere seekers were unable to benefit from credit scheme partially due to lack of adequate financing of NACRDB by the apex bank; the efficiency of methods employed by the bank as regard to loan supervision was scored low as a result of low rate of loan recovery, which will not augur well, if the bank’s contribution to the development agricultural sector of the economy was to be sustained. It was recommended that loans should be disbursed on time to farmers as at when due so that they can make use of it for agricultural production, NACRBD should employ better strategy to recover outstanding debts and reduce interest charge on loans.

International audience; We investigated the relation between the survival of new small businesses and bank loans. This was done using a model that included other loan sources, human capital variables, and company and industry descriptors. We found there is a negative correlation between having a bank loan and business survival, and a positive correlation between having a non-bank loan and survival. However, having a bank loan was a ceteris paribus positive predictor of the survival of start-up companies. Our findings enabled some inferences about the process of loan source selection by start-up business owners, and about the banks' loan granting process.

This paper attempts to determine the factors affecting repayment performance in microfinance programs in Malaysia by using a multinomial logit regression model. The data used in this study is gathered through a survey on 309 respondents of TEKUN Nasional clients in Peninsular Malaysia. Results of the study indicate that gender, formal religious education, distance to the lender office, business formality, total sales per month, total loan received, loan monitoring and loan disbursement lag have significantly affected borrower's repayment performance. The result also shows that no pressure from Microfinance Institutions to pay the loan may cause the clients delayed their payment or just pay at a minimum amount. Besides, 11 percent of responden ts also admitted that they not fully utilised the loan given for business that makes them finally default. The study suggests rebate should be given to the good borrowers to encourage them to repay their loan on schedule without delay and the establishment o f a formal specialized microfinance banking institution to cater for the financial needs of micro and small entrepreneurs, especially in Malaysia.

This paper studies the effects of business cycles on the performance of commercial bank loan portfolios across major developing economies in the period 1996–2008. We measure loan performance via loan loss provisions (that is, recognized expenses related to expected losses in bank income statements). Our results indicate that while economic growth is the main driver of loan portfolio performance, interest rates have second-order effects. Furthermore, we find the relationship between loan loss provisions and economic growth to be highly non-linear only under extreme economic stress: GDP growth needs to decline by more than 6 percentage points (pp, in absolute terms) in order to generate an increase in loan loss provisions equivalent to median emerging market bank profits; while a decline of more than 10 pp in growth implies significant capital losses, of at least 20 percent, for the median emerging market bank. In addition, we find higher loan loss provisions are associated with private sector leverage, poor loan portfolio quality, and lack of banking system penetration and capitalization.