127 results on '"Pedersoli, Emanuele"'
Search Results
2. The effect of echoes interference on phonon attenuation in a nanophononic membrane
- Author
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Hadi, Mohammad, Luo, Haoming, Pailhès, Stéphane, Tanguy, Anne, Gravouil, Anthony, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Fainozzi, Danny, Foglia, Laura, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Paltanin, Ettore, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Pelli-Cresi, Jacopo S., Bencivenga, Filippo, and Giordano, Valentina M.
- Published
- 2024
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3. Ultrafast time-evolution of chiral Néel magnetic domain walls probed by circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering
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Léveillé, Cyril, Burgos-Parra, Erick, Sassi, Yanis, Ajejas, Fernando, Chardonnet, Valentin, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Capotondi, Flavio, De Ninno, Giovanni, Maccherozzi, Francesco, Dhesi, Sarnjeet, Burn, David M., van der Laan, Gerrit, Latcham, Oliver S., Shytov, Andrey V., Kruglyak, Volodymyr V., Jal, Emmanuelle, Cros, Vincent, Chauleau, Jean-Yves, Reyren, Nicolas, Viret, Michel, and Jaouen, Nicolas
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- 2022
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4. Separation of kinetic rate orders in extreme ultraviolet transient grating spectroscopy.
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Marroux, Hugo J B, Polishchuk, Serhii, Cannelli, Oliviero, Ingle, Rebecca A, Mancini, Giulia F, Bacellar, Camila, Puppin, Michele, Geneaux, Romain, Knopp, Gregor, Foglia, Laura, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Capotondi, Flavio, Nikolov, Ivaylo Petrov, Bencivenga, Filippo, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Masciovecchio, Claudio, and Chergui, Majed
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SPECTROMETRY ,SPINEL ,ELECTRON-hole recombination ,COBALT oxides - Abstract
We present an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) transient grating (TG) experiment of the spinel Co
3 O4 compound using tuneable incident energies across the Co M2,3 -edge and a 395 nm probe pulse, detecting both the first and the second diffraction orders (SDOs). While the first diffraction order shows a monotonous behavior as a function of time, with a sharp response at t = 0, followed by a weak sub-picosecond component and a nearly constant signal thereafter, the time dependence of SDO varies dramatically with the incident energy as it is tuned across the Co M-edge, with the appearance of a component at t > 1 ps that grows with increasing energy. The results are rationalized in terms of the deviations of the initial grating from sinusoidal to non-sinusoidal, namely a flattening of the grating pattern, that introduces new Fourier components. These deviations are due to higher order, three-body terms in the population relaxation kinetics. The present results highlight the use of the SDO response in EUV TG as a tool to identify higher order terms in the population kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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5. Exploring the Fundamental Spatial Limits of Magnetic All-Optical Switching.
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Steinbach, Felix, Atxitia, Unai, Yao, Kelvin, Borchert, Martin, Engel, Dieter, Bencivenga, Filippo, Foglia, Laura, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, De Angelis, Dario, Pancaldi, Matteo, Fainozzi, Danny, Pelli Cresi, Jacopo Stefano, Paltanin, Ettore, Capotondi, Flavio, Masciovecchio, Claudio, Eisebitt, Stefan, and von Korff Schmising, Clemens
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- 2024
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6. Temperature effects on the nanoscale thermoelastic response of a SiO2 membrane.
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Fainozzi, Danny, Caporaletti, Federico, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Duncan, Ryan A., Foglia, Laura, Martinelli, Alessandro, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Nelson, Keith A., Pedersoli, Emanuele, Zanatta, Marco, Maznev, Alexei A., Monaco, Giulio, Bencivenga, Filippo, and Baldi, Giacomo
- Abstract
We crossed two femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses on a 100 nm thick amorphous membrane of SiO
2 , generating transient gratings (TGs) of light intensity with 84 nm spatial periodicity. The EUV TG excitation gave rise to the efficient generation of Lamb waves (LWs) and of a temperature grating, whose dynamics was studied at two different initial sample temperatures, 50 and 300 K. The short penetration depth of the EUV excitation pulses turned into a strong non-uniformity in the actual temperature as a function of the depth from the sample surface. At the lowest temperature, the LW frequencies presented a sizable shift in time due to the thermal equilibration along the membrane thickness. The analysis of the EUV TG waveforms allowed us to determine the decay time of the thermal grating and the sound attenuation coefficient, both found in reasonable agreement with the literature. The results show how EUV TG can provide information of non-equilibrium thermoelastic dynamics in thin membranes transparent to optical radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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7. A sub-100 nm thickness flat jet for extreme ultraviolet to soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
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De Angelis, Dario, Longetti, Luca, Bonano, Gabriele, Pelli Cresi, Jacopo Stefano, Foglia, Laura, Pancaldi, Matteo, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Bencivenga, Filippo, Krstulovic, Marija, Menk, Ralf Hendrik, D'Addato, Sergio, Orlando, Stefano, de Simone, Monica, Ingle, Rebecca A., Bleiner, Davide, Coreno, Marcello, Principi, Emiliano, Chergui, Majed, and Masciovecchio, Claudio
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X-ray absorption ,SOFT X rays ,X-ray spectroscopy ,FREE electron lasers ,LIGHT elements ,SOLVENTS - Abstract
Experimental characterization of the structural, electronic and dynamic properties of dilute systems in aqueous solvents, such as nanoparticles, molecules and proteins, are nowadays an open challenge. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is probably one of the most established approaches to this aim as it is element-specific. However, typical dilute systems of interest are often composed of light elements that require extreme-ultraviolet to soft X-ray photons. In this spectral regime, water and other solvents are rather opaque, thus demanding radical reduction of the solvent volume and removal of the liquid to minimize background absorption. Here, we present an experimental endstation designed to operate a liquid flat jet of sub-micrometre thickness in a vacuum environment compatible with extreme ultraviolet/soft XAS measurements in transmission geometry. The apparatus developed can be easily connected to synchrotron and free-electron-laser user-facility beamlines dedicated to XAS experiments. The conditions for stable generation and control of the liquid flat jet are analyzed and discussed. Preliminary soft XAS measurements on some test solutions are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Author Correction: Faster chiral versus collinear magnetic order recovery after optical excitation revealed by femtosecond XUV scattering
- Author
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Kerber, Nico, Ksenzov, Dmitriy, Freimuth, Frank, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Lopez-Quintas, Ignacio, Seng, Boris, Cramer, Joel, Litzius, Kai, Lacour, Daniel, Zabel, Hartmut, Mokrousov, Yuriy, Kläui, Mathias, and Gutt, Christian
- Published
- 2021
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9. Effect of Auger recombination on transient optical properties in XUV and soft X-ray irradiated silicon nitride
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Tkachenko, Victor, Lipp, Vladimir, Büscher, Martin, Capotondi, Flavio, Höppner, Hauke, Medvedev, Nikita, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Prandolini, Mark J., Rossi, Giulio M., Tavella, Franz, Toleikis, Sven, Windeler, Matthew, Ziaja, Beata, and Teubner, Ulrich
- Published
- 2021
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10. Symmetry-resolved CO desorption and oxidation dynamics on O/Ru(0001) probed at the C K-edge by ultrafast x-ray spectroscopy.
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LaRue, Jerry, Liu, Boyang, Rodrigues, Gabriel L. S., Liu, Chang, Garrido Torres, Jose Antonio, Schreck, Simon, Diesen, Elias, Weston, Matthew, Ogasawara, Hirohito, Perakis, Fivos, Dell'Angela, Martina, Capotondi, Flavio, Ball, Devon, Carnahan, Conner, Zeri, Gary, Giannessi, Luca, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Naumenko, Denys, Amann, Peter, and Nikolov, Ivaylo
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X-ray spectroscopy ,OXIDATION of carbon monoxide ,TIME-resolved spectroscopy ,FEMTOSECOND pulses ,DESORPTION ,FEMTOSECOND lasers ,DIPOLE-dipole interactions ,OXIDATION states - Abstract
We report on carbon monoxide desorption and oxidation induced by 400 nm femtosecond laser excitation on the O/Ru(0001) surface probed by time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) at the carbon K-edge. The experiments were performed under constant background pressures of CO (6 × 10
−8 Torr) and O2 (3 × 10−8 Torr). Under these conditions, we detect two transient CO species with narrow 2π* peaks, suggesting little 2π* interaction with the surface. Based on polarization measurements, we find that these two species have opposing orientations: (1) CO favoring a more perpendicular orientation and (2) CO favoring a more parallel orientation with respect to the surface. We also directly detect gas-phase CO2 using a mass spectrometer and observe weak signatures of bent adsorbed CO2 at slightly higher x-ray energies than the 2π* region. These results are compared to previously reported TR-XAS results at the O K-edge, where the CO background pressure was three times lower (2 × 10−8 Torr) while maintaining the same O2 pressure. At the lower CO pressure, in the CO 2π* region, we observed adsorbed CO and a distribution of OC–O bond lengths close to the CO oxidation transition state, with little indication of gas-like CO. The shift toward "gas-like" CO species may be explained by the higher CO exposure, which blocks O adsorption, decreasing O coverage and increasing CO coverage. These effects decrease the CO desorption barrier through dipole–dipole interaction while simultaneously increasing the CO oxidation barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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11. Faster chiral versus collinear magnetic order recovery after optical excitation revealed by femtosecond XUV scattering
- Author
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Kerber, Nico, Ksenzov, Dmitriy, Freimuth, Frank, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Lopez-Quintas, Ignacio, Seng, Boris, Cramer, Joel, Litzius, Kai, Lacour, Daniel, Zabel, Hartmut, Mokrousov, Yuriy, Kläui, Mathias, and Gutt, Christian
- Published
- 2020
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12. Soft x-ray induced femtosecond solid-to-solid phase transition
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Tavella, Franz, Höppner, Hauke, Tkachenko, Victor, Medvedev, Nikita, Capotondi, Flavio, Golz, Torsten, Kai, Yun, Manfredda, Michele, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Prandolini, Mark J., Stojanovic, Nikola, Tanikawa, Takanori, Teubner, Ulrich, Toleikis, Sven, and Ziaja, Beata
- Published
- 2017
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13. Publisher Correction: Seeded X-ray free-electron laser generating radiation with laser statistical properties
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Gorobtsov, Oleg Yu., Mercurio, Giuseppe, Capotondi, Flavio, Skopintsev, Petr, Lazarev, Sergey, Zaluzhnyy, Ivan A., Danailov, Miltcho B., Dell’Angela, Martina, Manfredda, Michele, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Giannessi, Luca, Kiskinova, Maya, Prince, Kevin C., Wurth, Wilfried, and Vartanyants, Ivan A.
- Published
- 2019
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14. Evidence of extreme domain wall speeds under ultrafast optical excitation
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Jangid, Rahul, Hagström, Nanna Zhou, Madhavi, Meera, Rockwell, Kyle, Shaw, Justin M., Brock, Jeffrey A., Pancaldi, Matteo, De Angelis, Dario, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Nembach, Hans T., Keller, Mark W., Bonetti, Stefano, Fullerton, Eric E., Iacocca, Ezio, Kukreja, Roopali, and Silva, Thomas J.
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,FOS: Physical sciences - Abstract
Time-resolved ultrafast EUV magnetic scattering was used to test a recent prediction of >10 km/s domain wall speeds by optically exciting a magnetic sample with a nanoscale labyrinthine domain pattern. Ultrafast distortion of the diffraction pattern was observed at markedly different timescales compared to the magnetization quenching. The diffraction pattern distortion shows a threshold-dependence with laser fluence, not seen for magnetization quenching, consistent with a picture of domain wall motion with pinning sites. Supported by simulations, we show that a speed of $\approx$ 66 km/s for highly curved domain walls can explain the experimental data. While our data agree with the prediction of extreme, non-equilibrium wall speeds locally, it differs from the details of the theory, suggesting that additional mechanisms are required to fully understand these effects., 5 pages, 4 figures; Supplemental Material: 9 pages, 9 figures
- Published
- 2023
15. Non-linear Harmonics of a Seeded FEL at the Water Window and Beyond
- Author
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Nikolov,Ivaylo, Manfredda,Michele, Stefano,Pelli Cresi, Masciovecchio,Claudio, Perosa,Giovanni, Pedersoli,Emanuele, Bencivenga,Filippo, Allaria,Enrico, Roesner,Benedikt, Dal Zilio,Simone, Vodungbo,Boris, Malvestuto,Marco, Luning,Jan, Giannessi,Luca, Hennes,Marcel, Sottocorona,Filippo, Kurdi,Gabor, Di Mitri,Simone, Spezzani,Carlo, Callegari,Carlo, Roussel,Eléonore, Capotondi,Flavio, Mincigrucci,Riccardo, Demidovich,Alexander, Sacchi,Maurizio, De Ninno,Giovanni, Rebernik Ribic,Primoz, Badano,Laura, Simoncig,Alberto, Zangrando,Marco, David,Christian, Bougiatioti,Panagiota, Penco,Giuseppe, Jal,Emmanuelle, Cinquegrana,Paolo, Spampinati,Simone, Trovo,Mauro, Foglia,Laura, Gaio,Giulio, Caretta,Antonio, Principi,Emiliano, Danailov,Miltcho, Brynes,Alexander, Chardonnet,Valentin, Gessini,Alessandro, and De Angelis,Dario
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seeded-fel - Seeded FEL ,Accelerator Physics - Abstract
The advent of free electron lasers (FELs) in the soft and hard X-ray spectral region has opened the possibility to probe electronic, magnetic and structural dynamics, in both diluted and condensed matter samples, with femtosecond time resolution. In particular, FELs strongly enhanced the capabilities of several analytical techniques, which took advantage of the high degree of transverse coherence provided. FELs based on the harmonic up-conversion of an external seed laser are characterised also by a high degree of longitudinal coherence, since electrons inherit the coherence properties of the seed. At the present state of the art, the shortest wavelength delivered to user experiments by an externally seeded FEL light source is about 4 nm. We show here that pulses with a high longitudinal degree of coherence (first and second order) covering the water window and with photon energy extending up to 790 eV can be generated by exploiting the so-called nonlinear harmonic regime, which allows generation of radiation at harmonics of the resonant FEL wavelength. Moreover, we report the results of two proof-of-principle experiments: one measuring the oxygen K-edge absorption in water ($\sim$ 530 eV), the other analysing the spin dynamics of Fe and Co through magnetic small angle x-ray scattering at their L-edges (707 eV and 780 eV)
- Published
- 2023
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16. SASE-FEL Stochastic Spectroscopy Investigation on XUV Absorption and Emission Dynamics in Silicon
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Capotondi,Flavio, Prince,Kevin, Pedersoli,Emanuele, Foglia,Laura, Mincigrucci,Riccardo, Fausti,Daniele, Klein,Yishay, Principi,Emiliano, Shwartz,Sharon, Svetina,Cristian, Razzoli,Elia, Vartaniants,Ivan, Pelli Cresi,Jacopo Stefano, and De Angelis,Dario
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sase-fel - SASE FEL ,Accelerator Physics - Abstract
High-resolution emission/absorption spectroscopy with picosecond time resolution appears to be strategic in fundamental matter physics investigation as well as in functional materials characterization. Such a method typically requires a pulsed radiation source and high energy resolution, along with a large data statistic. In this work we demonstrate the possibility to retrieve high resolution absorption and emission spectra with picosecond time resolution, by exploiting the stochastic nature of the wide-band self-amplified FEL radiation provided by FERMI. In this work we get advantage of the two spectrometers present on the TIMEX beamline to reconstruct a 2D emission/absorption spectrum of a Si sample. To do so, we applied the singular value decomposition on the single-pulse incoming and outgoing spectra; by applying Tikhonov regularization, we were able to obtain spectra with an energy resolution of few tens of meV. In addition, we performed a time resolved characterization of the Si L23-edge and Si emission line at 99.3 eV by pumping the Si sample with visible laser below damage threshold. The result of this measurement allow us to claim for a bond softening phenomenon on the picosecond time-scale.
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- 2023
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17. AC/DC: The FERMI FEL Split and Delay Optical Device for Ultrafast X-Rays Science
- Author
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Pedersoli,Emanuele, Capotondi,Flavio, Pancaldi,Matteo, Manfredda,Michele, Raimondi,Lorenzo, Gaio,Giulio, Menk,Ralf Hendrik, Gerusina,Simone, Gobessi,Riccardo, Fava,Claudio, Simoncig,Alberto, Zangrando,Marco, Abrami,Alessandro, Mahne,Nicola, and De Angelis,Dario
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photon-beamline-instrumentation-undulators - Photon beamline instrumentation & undulators ,Accelerator Physics - Abstract
Free-electron lasers (FELs) are currently the most advanced class of light sources, by virtue of their unique capability to lase high-brightness and ultrashort pulses characterized by wavelengths spanning the Extreme-Ultraviolet (EUV), the Soft (SXR) and Hard (HXR) X-Ray spectral domains, alongside with temporal duration lying in the femtosecond (fs) timescale [1]. Specifically, the advent of FELs light sources has recently allowed to perform, in a time-resolved fashion approach, both established spectroscopies, daily employed at synchrotron light sources, and novel non-linear optical methods, mostly combining FELs and laser pulses. Nonetheless, the next step to push the ultrafast X-Ray science standards is widely recognized to be linked to go beyond the current time-resolved schemes, so performing experiments engaging exclusively EUV, SXR and HXR pulses. Indeed, exciting (and probing) matter at its (or nearby) electronic resonance is largely speculated to be one of the key for discriminating and revealing the microscopic mechanisms hiding behind some of the most exotic phases of physical, chemical, and biological systems. Such a challenge calls the design of optical devices capable to both split and delay (in time) FELs pulses, without impacting on their coherence properties, and fully user-friendly in terms of preserving the perfect overlap of the resulting focal spots, even in the few microns spatial domain, a well-known trademark for focusing EUV, SXR and HXR pulses at FELs light sources [2]. At the seeded FERMI FEL (Trieste, Italy) this goal is committed by the novel optical device known as AC/DC, which stands for the Auto Correlator/Delay Creator. AC/DC is purposely designed to double the incoming FEL photon beam into two exact pulse replicas, splitting it by inserting a grazing incidence flat mirror, and further delaying in time, in a controlled way, one of the two pulses, with an intrinsic temporal resolution of approximately 360 attoseconds. A detailed description of AC/DC is highlighted here. Specifically, strong emphasis is dedicated to the opto-mechanical design and the laser-based feedback system, purposely designed and implemented to compensate in real-time any potential drift and pointing mismatch affecting the FEL optical trajectory, ascribable to both mechanical imperfections and residual paraxial errors appearing during a temporal delay scan [3]. [1] Bostedt C., Boutet S., Fritz D.M., Huang Z., Lee H.J., Lemke H.T., Robert A., Schlotter W.F., Turner J.J., Williams G.J., Linac Coherent Light Source: The first five years. Rev. Mod. Phys.88, 015007 (2016) [2] Manfredda M., Fava C., Gobessi R., Mahne N., Raimondi L., Simoncig A., Zangrando M., The evolution of KAOS, a multipurpose active optics system for EUV/Soft X-rays, Synchrotron Radiation News, 0, 0, (2022) DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2022.2066432 . [3] Simoncig A., Manfredda M., Gaio G., Mahne N., Raimondi M., Fava C., Gerusina S., Gobessi R., Abrami A., Capotondi F., De Angelis D., Menk R., Pancaldi M., Pedersoli E., Zangrando M., AC/DC: The FERMI FEL Split and Delay Optical Device for Ultrafast X-rays Science, Photonics, 9(5), 314, 2022
- Published
- 2023
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18. Seeded X-ray free-electron laser generating radiation with laser statistical properties
- Author
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Gorobtsov, Oleg Yu., Mercurio, Giuseppe, Capotondi, Flavio, Skopintsev, Petr, Lazarev, Sergey, Zaluzhnyy, Ivan A., Danailov, Miltcho B., Dell’Angela, Martina, Manfredda, Michele, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Giannessi, Luca, Kiskinova, Maya, Prince, Kevin C., Wurth, Wilfried, and Vartanyants, Ivan A.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Robust scenario for the generation of non-equilibrium topological fluctuation states
- Author
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Gerlinger, Kathinka, Liefferink, Rein, Schneider, Michael, Kern, Lisa-Marie, Klose, Christopher, Metternich, Daniel, Engel, Dieter, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Pancaldi, Matteo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Büttner, Felix, Eisebitt, Stefan, Mentink, Johan H., and Pfau, Bastian
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,FOS: Physical sciences - Abstract
The recently discovered topological fluctuation state provides a fascinating new perspective on the ultrafast emergence of topology in condensed matter systems. However, rather little is known about the physics of this state and the origin of the topological fluctuations. Using time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering, we observe that topological fluctuation states appear after laser excitation even if the final state does not host stable skyrmions. Simulations support these findings and reveal that the fluctuations originate from the competition between spontaneous nucleation and decay of skyrmions, consistent with Arrhenius-like activation over a potential barrier. Stable skyrmions can freeze out of such fluctuations when the effective temperature of the system relaxes faster than the decay time of the skyrmions. Our results reveal a robust scenario for the generation of topological fluctuation states, potentially enabling their study in a wide variety of magnetic systems.
- Published
- 2022
20. High energy-resolution transient ghost absorption spectroscopy
- Author
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Tripathi, Alok Kumar, Klein, Yishai, Strizhevsky, Edward, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Giannessi, Luca, Pancaldi, Matteo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Prince, Kevin C., Sefi, Or, Kim, Young Yong, Vartanyants, Ivan A., and Shwartz, Sharon
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Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Optics (physics.optics) ,Physics - Optics ,Physics - Atomic Physics - Abstract
We demonstrate the measurement of ultrafast dynamics using ghost spectroscopy and a pump-probe approach with an optical pump and a short-wavelength radiation probe. The ghost spectroscopy approach is used to overcome the challenge of the strong intensity and spectrum fluctuations at free-electron lasers and to provide high -spectral resolution, which enables the measurement of small energy shifts in the absorption spectrum. We exploit the high resolution to explore the dynamics of the charge carrier excitations and relaxations and their impact on the photoinduced structural changes in silicon by measuring the variation of the absorption spectrum of a Si(100) membrane near the silicon L2,3 edge and the accompanying edge shifts in response to the optical illumination.
- Published
- 2022
21. The COMIX polarimeter: a compact device for XUV polarization analysis.
- Author
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Pancaldi, Matteo, Strüber, Christian, Friedrich, Bertram, Pedersoli, Emanuele, De Angelis, Dario, Nikolov, Ivaylo P., Manfredda, Michele, Foglia, Laura, Yulin, Sergiy, Spezzani, Carlo, Sacchi, Maurizio, Eisebitt, Stefan, von Korff Schmising, Clemens, and Capotondi, Flavio
- Subjects
OPTICAL polarization ,MAGNETIC films ,VECTOR fields ,THIN films ,RADIATION ,POLARISCOPE ,TIME-resolved spectroscopy - Abstract
We report on the characterization of a novel extreme-ultraviolet polarimeter based on conical mirrors to simultaneously detect all the components of the electric field vector for extreme-ultraviolet radiation in the 45-90 eV energy range. The device has been characterized using a variable polarization source at the Elettra synchrotron, showing good performance in the ability to determine the radiation polarization. Furthermore, as a possible application of the device, Faraday spectroscopy and time-resolved experiments have been performed at the Fe M2,3-edge on an FeGd ferrimagnetic thin film using the FERMI freeelectron laser source. The instrument is shown to be able to detect the small angular variation induced by an optical external stimulus on the polarization state of the light after interaction with magnetic thin film, making the device an appealing tool for magnetization dynamics research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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22. Chiral versus collinear magnetic order dynamics: faster chiral recovery after optical excitation revealed by femtosecond XUV scattering
- Author
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Kerber, Nico, Ksenzov, Dmitriy, Freimuth, Frank, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Lopez-Quintas, Ignacio, Seng, Boris, Cramer, Joel, Litzius, Kai, Lacour, Daniel, Zabel, Hartmut, Mokrousov, Yuriy, Kläui, Mathias, Gutt, Christian, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Department Physik, Universität Siegen, and Lacour, Daniel
- Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,[PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat] ,[PHYS.COND] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat] ,[PHYS] Physics [physics] - Abstract
While chiral spin structures stabilized by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) are candidates as novel information carriers, their dynamics on the fs-ps timescale is little known. Since with the bulk Heisenberg exchange and the interfacial DMI two distinct exchange mechanisms are at play, the ultra-fast dynamics of the chiral order needs to be ascertained and compared to the dynamics of the conventional collinear order. Using an XUV free-electron laser we determine the fs-ps temporal evolution of the chiral order in domain walls in a magnetic thin film sample by an IR pump-X-ray magnetic scattering probe experiment. Upon demagnetisation we observe that the dichroic (CL-CR) signal from the chiral order in the domain walls recovers significantly faster than the (CL+CR) sum signal from the average collinear domain magnetisation. We explore possible explanations based on spin structure dynamics and reduced transversal magnetisation fluctuations inside the domain walls and find that the latter can explain the experimental data leading to distinctly different dynamics for collinear magnetic order and chiral magnetic order.
- Published
- 2020
23. Element- and enantiomer-selective visualization of ibuprofen dimer vibrations
- Author
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Mincigrucci, R., Rouxel, Jeremy, Rossi, Barbara, Principi, Emiliano, Bottari, Cettina, Catalini, Sara, Fainozzi, Danny, Foglia, Laura, Simoncig, Alberto, Matruglio, Alessia, Kurdi, Gabor, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Perucchi, Andrea, Piccirilli, Federica, Gessini, Alessandro, Giarola, Marco, Mariotto, Gino, Mukamel, Shaul, Bencivenga, Filippo, Chergui, Majed, and Masciovecchio, Claudio
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Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter - Abstract
In chemistry, biology and materials science, the ability to access interatomic interactions and their dynamical evolution has become possible with the advent of femtosecond lasers. In particular, the observation of vibrational wave packets via optical (UV-visible-IR) spectroscopies has been a major achievement as it can track the motion of nuclei within the system. However, optical spectroscopies only detect the effect of the interatomic vibrations on the global electronic surfaces. New tuneable, pulsed and polarized sources of short-wavelength radiation, such as X-Ray Free electron lasers, can overcome this limitation, allowing for chemical and, of primary importance in biochemistry, enantiomeric selectivity. This selectivity may be complemented by taking into account the chemical shifts of atoms belonging to different molecular moieties
- Published
- 2020
24. Light tuning of the image potential state electron-electron interactions
- Author
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Pagliara, Stefania, Ferrini, Gabriele, Galimberti, Gianluca, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Giannetti, Claudio, Rozzi, Carlo A., and Parmigiani, Fulvio
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. All-Optical Switching on the Nanometer Scale Excited and Probed with Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Pulses.
- Author
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Yao, Kelvin, Steinbach, Felix, Borchert, Martin, Schick, Daniel, Engel, Dieter, Bencivenga, Filippo, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Foglia, Laura, Pedersoli, Emanuele, De Angelis, Dario, Pancaldi, Matteo, Wehinger, Björn, Capotondi, Flavio, Masciovecchio, Claudio, Eisebitt, Stefan, and von Korff Schmising, Clemens
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. AC/DC: The FERMI FEL Split and Delay Optical Device for Ultrafast X-ray Science.
- Author
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Simoncig, Alberto, Manfredda, Michele, Gaio, Giulio, Mahne, Nicola, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Fava, Claudio, Gerusina, Simone, Gobessi, Riccardo, Abrami, Alessandro, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Menk, Ralf Hendrik, Pancaldi, Matteo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, and Zangrando, Marco
- Subjects
OPTICAL devices ,DELAY lines ,FREE electron lasers ,X-rays ,GRAZING incidence ,PHYSICAL optics - Abstract
Free-electron lasers (FELs) are the most advanced class of light-sources, by virtue of their unique capability to lase high-brightness pulses characterized by wavelengths spanning the extreme-ultraviolet, the soft and hard X-ray spectral domains, as well as by temporal lengths lying in the femtosecond (fs) timescale. The next step to push the current standards in ultrafast X-ray science is strongly linked to the possibility of engineering and exploiting time-resolved experiments exclusively for FELs pulses, ideally having different colors tunable at specific electronic resonance of the chemical elements. At the seeded FERMI FEL (Trieste, Italy) this goal is committed to the optical device known as AC/DC, which stands for the auto correlator/delay creator. AC/DC is designed to double the incoming FEL pulse splitting the photon beam by inserting a grazing incidence flat mirror, thus preserving the spectral and temporal properties, and further delaying one of these two pulses in time. It can independently tune the FEL pulses fluence on the two optical paths by means of solid-state filters, too. Here, we present a detailed description about this optical device. Strong emphasis is dedicated to the AC/DC opto-mechanical design and to the laser-based feedback systems implemented to compensate for any mismatch affecting the FEL optical trajectory, ascribable to both mechanical imperfections and paraxial errors rising during a temporal delay scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A Library of Fundamental Building Blocks for Experimental Control Software
- Author
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Scarcia, Martin, Borghes, Roberto, Lonza, Marco, Manfredda, Michele, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, and Pedersoli, Emanuele
- Subjects
Experiment Control ,Accelerator Physics - Abstract
In many experimental facilities there is a rising interest by users and beamline scientists to take part in the experiment control software development process. This necessity arises from the flexibility and adaptability of many beamlines, that can run very different experiments, requiring changes in the software even during beamtimes. On the other side, we still need a professional and controlled approach in order to be able to maintain the software efficiently. Our proposed solution is to exploit the object oriented nature of programming languages to create a library that provides a uniform interface both to the different controlled devices (e.g. motors) and to experimental procedures (e.g. scans). Every component and procedure can be represented as an object, a building block for experiment control scripts. We can thus provide the scientists with a powerful tool for implementing highly flexible control software to run experiments. Furthermore, a library makes the development of experiment control scripts easier and quicker for software developers. In any case we are able to protect the most sensitive structures (e.g. control systems) beneath a strong and trusted software layer., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, ICALEPCS2019, New York, NY, USA
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Single‐shot experiments at the soft X‐FEL FERMI using a back‐side‐illuminated scientific CMOS detector.
- Author
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Léveillé, Cyril, Desjardins, Kewin, Popescu, Horia, Vondungbo, Boris, Hennes, Marcel, Delaunay, Renaud, Jal, Emmanuelle, De Angelis, Dario, Pancaldi, Matteo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Capotondi, Flavio, and Jaouen, Nicolas
- Subjects
OPTICAL detectors ,COMPLEMENTARY metal oxide semiconductors ,X-ray scattering ,FREE electron lasers ,SOFT X rays ,HARD X-rays ,DETECTORS - Abstract
The latest Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) 2D sensors now rival the performance of state‐of‐the‐art photon detectors for optical application, combining a high‐frame‐rate speed with a wide dynamic range. While the advent of high‐repetition‐rate hard X‐ray free‐electron lasers (FELs) has boosted the development of complex large‐area fast CCD detectors in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X‐ray domains, scientists lacked such high‐performance 2D detectors, principally due to the very poor efficiency limited by the sensor processing. Recently, a new generation of large back‐side‐illuminated scientific CMOS sensors (CMOS‐BSI) has been developed and commercialized. One of these cost‐efficient and competitive sensors, the GSENSE400BSI, has been implemented and characterized, and the proof of concept has been carried out at a synchrotron or laser‐based X‐ray source. In this article, we explore the feasibility of single‐shot ultra‐fast experiments at FEL sources operating in the EUV/soft X‐ray regime with an AXIS‐SXR camera equipped with the GSENSE400BSI‐TVISB sensor. We illustrate the detector capabilities by performing a soft X‐ray magnetic scattering experiment at the DiProi end‐station of the FERMI FEL. These measurements show the possibility of integrating this camera for collecting single‐shot images at the 50 Hz operation mode of FERMI with a cropped image size of 700 × 700 pixels. The efficiency of the sensor at a working photon energy of 58 eV and the linearity over the large FEL intensity have been verified. Moreover, on‐the‐fly time‐resolved single‐shot X‐ray resonant magnetic scattering imaging from prototype Co/Pt multilayer films has been carried out with a time collection gain of 30 compared to the classical start‐and‐stop acquisition method performed with the conventional CCD‐BSI detector available at the end‐station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
29. Angle resolved photoemission study of image potential states and surface states on Cu(1 1 1)
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Pagliara, Stefania, Ferrini, Gabriele, Galimberti, Gianluca, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Giannetti, Claudio, and Parmigiani, Fulvio
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- 2006
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30. Nanoscale Thermoelasticity in Silicon Nitride Membranes: Implications for Thermal Management.
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Milloch, Alessandra, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Foglia, Laura, Kurdi, Gabor, Naumenko, Denys, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Pelli-Cresi, Jacopo S., Simoncig, Alberto, Wehinger, Björn, Masciovecchio, Claudio, and Bencivenga, Filippo
- Abstract
The characterization of thermal and elastic properties at the nanometer length scale is fundamental for the implementation of materials in nanotechnology. Here, we show how four-wave mixing of extreme ultraviolet ultrashort pulses allows for high-precision measurements of nanoscale elasticity in thin suspended silicon nitride membranes through the generation and detection of Lamb waves at 10's of nm wavelengths. Our approach is contact-free and nondestructive, and it provides an estimate of both shear and longitudinal elastic moduli, without the need of nanopatterning. The data provide important information on nanoscale thermal transport and reveal a heat carrier behavior compatible with the diffusive regime. By controlling the fluence of the free-electron laser excitation pulses, we study the dependence of elastic moduli and the thermal relaxation rate on the sample temperature, which increases by hundreds of kelvins due to radiation absorption. At the same time, the experimental data allow us to estimate the characteristic time of phonon attenuation. The capability of determining this parameter, as well as the elastic moduli, at nanoscale wavelengths is a key aspect for the fundamental understanding of solids without translational invariance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
31. Ultrafast Magnetisation Dynamics at the Low-Fluence Limit Supported by External Magnetic Fields
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Riepp, Matthias, Bagschik, Kai, Capotondi, Flavio, Frömter, Robert, Golz, Torsten, Grübel, Gerhard, Kiskinova, Maya, Müller, Leonard, Naumenko, Denys, Oepen, Hans Peter, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Philippi-Kobs, André, Roseker, Wojciech, Rysov, Rustam, Stojanovic, Nikola, and Walther, Michael
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Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,FEL Applications ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Physics::Optics ,Accelerator Physics - Abstract
We report on ultrafast magnetisation dynamics in ferro-magnetic cobalt/platinum multilayers upon pumping by near and mid to far infrared radiation, utilizing sub-100 femtosecond free-electron laser pulses. The evolution of the excited magnetic state is studied on femtosecond timescales with nanometre spatial resolution and element selectivity, employing time-resolved magnetic small-angle X-ray scattering. The obtained results contribute to the ongoing discussion to what extent either coupling of the electromagnetic field or rather quasi-instantaneous heating of the electron-system is the driving force for phenomena like ultrafast demagnetization or all-optical helicity-dependent switching., Proceedings of the 39th Free Electron Laser Conference, FEL2019, Hamburg, Germany
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- 2019
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32. Time-Resolved XUV Absorption Spectroscopy and Magnetic Circular Dichroism at the Ni M 2,3 -Edges.
- Author
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Hennes, Marcel, Rösner, Benedikt, Chardonnet, Valentin, Chiuzbaian, Gheorghe S., Delaunay, Renaud, Döring, Florian, Guzenko, Vitaliy A., Hehn, Michel, Jarrier, Romain, Kleibert, Armin, Lebugle, Maxime, Lüning, Jan, Malinowski, Gregory, Merhe, Aladine, Naumenko, Denys, Nikolov, Ivaylo P., Lopez-Quintas, Ignacio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Savchenko, Tatiana, and Watts, Benjamin
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MAGNETIC circular dichroism ,TIME-resolved spectroscopy ,MAGNETIC films ,ELECTRON spin ,DEGREES of freedom ,SPECTRUM analysis ,EDGE detection (Image processing) - Abstract
Ultrashort optical pulses can trigger a variety of non-equilibrium processes in magnetic thin films affecting electrons and spins on femtosecond timescales. In order to probe the charge and magnetic degrees of freedom simultaneously, we developed an X-ray streaking technique that has the advantage of providing a jitter-free picture of absorption cross-section changes. In this paper, we present an experiment based on this approach, which we performed using five photon probing energies at the Ni M 2 , 3 -edges. This allowed us to retrieve the absorption and magnetic circular dichroism time traces, yielding detailed information on transient modifications of electron and spin populations close to the Fermi level. Our findings suggest that the observed absorption and magnetic circular dichroism dynamics both depend on the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) probing wavelength, and can be described, at least qualitatively, by assuming ultrafast energy shifts of the electronic and magnetic elemental absorption resonances, as reported in recent work. However, our analysis also hints at more complex changes, highlighting the need for further experimental and theoretical studies in order to gain a thorough understanding of the interplay of electronic and spin degrees of freedom in optically excited magnetic thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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33. Simultaneous two-color snapshot view on ultrafast charge and spin dynamics in a Fe-Cu-Ni tri-layer.
- Author
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Rösner, Benedikt, Vodungbo, Boris, Chardonnet, Valentin, Döring, Florian, Guzenko, Vitaliy A., Hennes, Marcel, Kleibert, Armin, Lebugle, Maxime, Lüning, Jan, Mahne, Nicola, Merhe, Aladine, Naumenko, Denys, Nikolov, Ivaylo P., Lopez-Quintas, Ignacio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Ribič, Primož R., Savchenko, Tatiana, Watts, Benjamin, Zangrando, Marco, and Capotondi, Flavio
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PICOSECOND pulses ,FREE electron lasers ,OPTICAL elements ,INFRARED lasers ,ELECTRONIC excitation ,DEGREES of freedom - Abstract
Ultrafast phenomena on a femtosecond timescale are commonly examined by pump-probe experiments. This implies multiple measurements, where the sample under investigation is pumped with a short light pulse and then probed with a second pulse at various time delays to follow its dynamics. Recently, the principle of streaking extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses in the temporal domain has enabled recording the dynamics of a system within a single pulse. However, separate pump-probe experiments at different absorption edges still lack a unified timing, when comparing the dynamics in complex systems. Here, we report on an experiment using a dedicated optical element and the two-color emission of the FERMI XUV free-electron laser to follow the charge and spin dynamics in composite materials at two distinct absorption edges, simultaneously. The sample, consisting of ferromagnetic Fe and Ni layers, separated by a Cu layer, is pumped by an infrared laser and probed by a two-color XUV pulse with photon energies tuned to the M-shell resonances of these two transition metals. The experimental geometry intrinsically avoids any timing uncertainty between the two elements and unambiguously reveals an approximately 100 fs delay of the magnetic response with respect to the electronic excitation for both Fe and Ni. This delay shows that the electronic and spin degrees of freedom are decoupled during the demagnetization process. We furthermore observe that the electronic dynamics of Ni and Fe show pronounced differences when probed at their resonance, while the demagnetization dynamics are similar. These observations underline the importance of simultaneous investigation of the temporal response of both charge and spin in multi-component materials. In a more general scenario, the experimental approach can be extended to continuous energy ranges, promising the development of jitter-free transient absorption spectroscopy in the XUV and soft X-ray regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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34. Pulse‐to‐pulse wavefront sensing at free‐electron lasers using ptychography.
- Author
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Sala, Simone, Daurer, Benedikt J., Odstrcil, Michal, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Hantke, Max F., Manfredda, Michele, Loh, N. Duane, Thibault, Pierre, and Maia, Filipe R. N. C.
- Subjects
FOCUS (Optics) ,LASERS ,FREE electron lasers ,X-ray lasers ,WAVEFRONT sensors - Abstract
The pressing need for knowledge of the detailed wavefront properties of ultra‐bright and ultra‐short pulses produced by free‐electron lasers has spurred the development of several complementary characterization approaches. Here a method based on ptychography is presented that can retrieve high‐resolution complex‐valued wavefunctions of individual pulses without strong constraints on the illumination or sample object used. The technique is demonstrated within experimental conditions suited for diffraction experiments and exploiting Kirkpatrick–Baez focusing optics. This lensless technique, applicable to many other short‐pulse instruments, can achieve diffraction‐limited resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
35. Time-resolved observation of transient precursor state of CO on Ru(0001) using carbon K-edge spectroscopy.
- Author
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Wang, Hsin-Yi, Schreck, Simon, Weston, Matthew, Liu, Chang, Ogasawara, Hirohito, LaRue, Jerry, Perakis, Fivos, Dell'Angela, Martina, Capotondi, Flavio, Giannessi, Luca, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Naumenko, Denys, Nikolov, Ivaylo, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Spezzani, Carlo, Beye, Martin, Cavalca, Filippo, Liu, Boyang, Gladh, Jörgen, and Koroidov, Sergey
- Abstract
The transient dynamics of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules on a Ru(0001) surface following femtosecond optical laser pump excitation has been studied by monitoring changes in the unoccupied electronic structure using an ultrafast X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) probe. The particular symmetry of perpendicularly chemisorbed CO on the surface is exploited to investigate how the molecular orientation changes with time by varying the polarization of the FEL pulses. The time evolution of spectral features corresponding to the desorption precursor state was well distinguished due to the narrow line-width of the C K-edge in the X-ray absorption (XA) spectrum, illustrating that CO molecules in the precursor state rotated freely and resided on the surface for several picoseconds. Most of the CO molecules trapped in the precursor state ultimately cooled back down to the chemisorbed state, while we estimate that ∼14.5 ± 4.9% of the molecules in the precursor state desorbed into the gas phase. It was also observed that chemisorbed CO molecules diffused over the metal surface from on-top sites toward highly coordinated sites. In addition, a new "vibrationally hot precursor" state was identified in the polarization-dependent XA spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
36. Splitting and delaying fully coherent FELs pulses for advancing ultrafast x-ray science: the AC/DC optical device at the FERMI FEL.
- Author
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Simoncig, Alberto, Manfredda, Michele, Gaio, Giulio, Mahne, Nicola, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Fava, Claudio, Gerusina, Simone, Gobessi, Riccardo, Abrami, Alessandro, Capotondi, Flavio, De Angelis, Dario, Menk, Ralf Hendrik, Pancaldi, Matteo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, and Zangrando, Marco
- Published
- 2023
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37. Widely tunable two-colour seeded free-electron laser source for resonant-pump resonant-probe magnetic scattering
- Author
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Ferrari, Eugenio, Spezzani, Carlo, Fortuna, Franck, Delaunay, Renaud, Vidal, Franck, Nikolov, Ivaylo, Cinquegrana, Paolo, Diviacco, Bruno, Gauthier, David, Penco, Giuseppe, Ribic, Primoz Rebernik, Roussel, Eleonore, Trovo, Marco, Moussy, Jean Baptiste, Pincelli, Tommaso, Lounis, Lounès, Manfredda, Michele, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Capotondi, Flavio, Svetina, Cristian, Mahne, Nicola, Zangrando, Marco, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Demidovich, Alexander, Giannessi, Luca, De Ninno, Giovanni, Danailov, Miltcho Boyanov, Allaria, Enrico, Sacchi, Maurizio, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, ELETTRA Sincrotrone Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica ( DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA ), Università degli studi di Trieste, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides ( LPS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement ( LCPMR ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Croissance et propriétés de systèmes hybrides en couches minces ( INSP-E8 ), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris ( INSP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Service de physique de l'état condensé ( SPEC - UMR3680 ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dipartimento di Fisica (Milano), Università degli studi di Milano [Milano], École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Graduate School of Nanotechnology, CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali ( IOM ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] ( ENEA ), Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Synchrotron SOLEIL ( SSOLEIL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSNSM PS2, Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Croissance et propriétés de systèmes hybrides en couches minces (INSP-E8), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Nano-Magnétisme et Oxydes (LNO), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, PSL Research University (PSL), CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica [Trieste], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph] ,Science ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physics::Optics ,02 engineering and technology ,Electron ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,law.invention ,Optics ,Optical physics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,[PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat] ,010306 general physics ,Physics ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Range (particle radiation) ,Multidisciplinary ,[ PHYS ] Physics [physics] ,business.industry ,Scattering ,Free-electron laser ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laser ,Physical sciences ,Applied physics ,Wavelength ,Extreme ultraviolet ,[PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] ,Optoelectronics ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The advent of free-electron laser (FEL) sources delivering two synchronized pulses of different wavelengths (or colours) has made available a whole range of novel pump–probe experiments. This communication describes a major step forward using a new configuration of the FERMI FEL-seeded source to deliver two pulses with different wavelengths, each tunable independently over a broad spectral range with adjustable time delay. The FEL scheme makes use of two seed laser beams of different wavelengths and of a split radiator section to generate two extreme ultraviolet pulses from distinct portions of the same electron bunch. The tunability range of this new two-colour source meets the requirements of double-resonant FEL pump/FEL probe time-resolved studies. We demonstrate its performance in a proof-of-principle magnetic scattering experiment in Fe–Ni compounds, by tuning the FEL wavelengths to the Fe and Ni 3p resonances., Two-colour X-ray free electron laser is a powerful tool for pump–probe measurements, but currently constrained by limited tunability. Here, Ferrari et al. develop a configuration that allows tuning both the pump and the probe to specific electronic excitations, providing element selectivity.
- Published
- 2016
38. Direct Phasing of Finite Crystals Illuminated with a Free-Electron Laser
- Author
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Kirian, Richard A., Bean, Richard, Beyerlein, Kenneth, Barthelmess, Miriam, Yoon, Chun Hong, Wang, Fenglin, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Barty, Anton, and Chapman, Henry N.
- Subjects
Physics ,QC1-999 ,ddc:530 - Abstract
It has been suggested that the extended intensity profiles surrounding Bragg reflections that arise when a series of finite crystals of varying size and shape are illuminated by the intense, coherent illumination of an x-ray free-electron laser may enable the crystal’s unit-cell electron density to be obtained ab initio via well-established iterative phasing algorithms. Such a technique could have a significant impact on the field of biological structure determination since it avoids the need for a priori information from similar known structures, multiple measurements near resonant atomic absorption energies, isomorphic derivative crystals, or atomic-resolution data. Here, we demonstrate this phasing technique on diffraction patterns recorded from artificial two-dimensional microcrystals using the seeded soft x-ray free-electron laser FERMI. We show that the technique is effective when the illuminating wavefront has nonuniform phase and amplitude, and when the diffraction intensities cannot be measured uniformly throughout reciprocal space because of a limited signal-to-noise ratio.
- Published
- 2015
39. The Fermi Seeded FEL Facility: Operational Experience and Future Perspectives
- Author
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Giannessi, Luca, Allaria, Enrico, Badano, Laura, Bencivenga, Filippo, Callegari, Carlo, Capotondi, Flavio, Castronovo, Davide, Cinquegrana, Paolo, Coreno, Marcello, Cucini, Riccardo, Cudin, Ivan, D'Auria, Gerardo, Danailov, Miltcho, De Monte, Raffaele, De Ninno, Giovanni, Delgiusto, Paolo, Demidovich, Alexander, Di Mitri, Simone, Diviacco, Bruno, Fabris, Alessandro, Fabris, Riccardo, Fawley, William, Ferianis, Mario, Ferrari, Eugenio, Finetti, Paola, Furlan Radivo, Paolo, Gaio, Giulio, Gauthier, David, Gelmetti, Federico, Iazzourene, Fatma, Kiskinova, Maya, Krecic, Stefano, Lonza, Marco, Mahne, Nicola, Manfredda, Michele, Masciovecchio, Claudio, Milloch, Massimo, Parmigiani, Fulvio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Penco, Giuseppe, Pivetta, Lorenzo, Plekan, Oksana, Predonzani, Mauro, Prince, Kevin, Principi, Emiliano, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Rebernik Ribič, Primoz, Rossi, Fabio, Roussel, Eléonore, Rumiz, Luca, Scafuri, Claudio, Serpico, Claudio, Sigalotti, Paolo, Svandrlik, Michele, Svetina, Cristian, Trovò, Mauro, Vascotto, Alessandro, Veronese, Marco, Visintini, Roberto, Zangrando, Dino, and Zangrando, Marco
- Subjects
Status of Projects and Facilities ,Accelerator Physics - Abstract
FERMI is the seeded FEL user facility in Trieste, Italy, producing photons from the VUV to the soft X-rays with a high degree of coherence and spectral stability. Both FEL lines, FEL-1 and FEL-2, are available for users, down to the shortest wavelength of 4 nm. We report on the completion of the commissioning of the high energy FEL line, FEL-2, on the most recent progress obtained on FEL-1 and on the operational experience for users, in particular those requiring specific FEL configurations, such as two-colour experiments. We will also give a perspective on the improvements and upgrades which have been triggered based on our experience, aiming to maintain as well as to constantly improve the performance of the facility for our user community., Proceedings of the 37th International Free Electron Laser Conference, FEL2015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Kirkpatrick–Baez active optics system at FERMI: system performance analysis.
- Author
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Raimondi, Lorenzo, Manfredda, Michele, Mahne, Nicola, Cocco, Daniele, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Kiskinova, Maya, and Zangrando, Marco
- Subjects
OPTICS ,FOCAL planes ,SYSTEM analysis ,FOCUS (Optics) ,WAVEFRONT sensors ,FREE electron lasers ,AUTOPSY - Abstract
FERMI is the first and only seeded EUV‐SXR free‐electron laser (FEL) facility available to users; it operates at Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy) and it presents five operating endstations. Three of them, namely LDM (Low Density Matter), DiProI (Diffraction and Projection Imaging) and MagneDyn (Magneto‐Dynamical studies), use a Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) active X‐ray optics system to focus the FEL pulses into the experimental chambers. The present work reports on the final results of the upgraded KB Active Optics Systems (KAOS), which have been mechanically modified in order to improve stability and repeatability with respect to the original design. The results have been obtained on both the FERMI FEL lines, FEL1 and FEL2, and are particularly relevant for the latter as it is the low‐wavelength line recently opened to users. After a thorough description of the new mechanical layout of the system and the aspects that have been improved after the refurbishment, a set of simulations of the optical performances are presented. The code used to simulate the behavior of KAOS is WISEr, a physical‐optics‐based tool, which is freely accessible, and integrated into the Oasys platform, that takes into account the specific surface metrology characterization of the beamline mirrors, including figure errors and microroughness power spectral density. The results of WISEr are then used as a reference for the actual optimization of the optical system. This procedure relies heavily on a wavefront sensor (WFS) mounted out of focus to optimize the refocusing mirrors alignment as well as their curvature bending (by minimization of the coefficients of the Zernike wavefront expansion). Moreover, the WFS data are used to reconstruct the focal spot parameters by means of a back‐propagation of the electric field. Finally, these results are compared with those obtained after the FEL ablation of a PMMA layer positioned on the focal plane, and analyzed ex situ in a post‐mortem fashion. The mechanically refurbished optical system and the multi‐technique alignment approach, aimed at optimizing the mirrors' curvature, pitch and roll angles, allowed a focal spot of 1.8 µm × 2.4 µm at 4.14 nm wavelength (FEL2) to be inferred, confirmed by the PMMA ablation imprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Time-resolved ionization measurements with intense ultrashort XUV and X-ray free-electron laser pulses.
- Author
-
Tkachenko, Victor, Büscher, Martin, Höppner, Hauke, Medvedev, Nikita, Lipp, Vladimir, Rossi, Giulio Maria, Capotondi, Flavio, Finetti, Paola, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Nikolov, Ivaylo, Danailov, Mitcho, Giannessi, Luca, Prandolini, Mark J., Toleikis, Sven, Mecseki, Katalin, Windeler, Matthew, Ziaja, Beata, Tavella, Franz, and Teubner, Ulrich
- Abstract
Modern free-electron lasers (FEL) operating in XUV (extreme ultraviolet) or X-ray range allow an access to novel research areas. An example is the ultrafast ionization of a solid by an intense femtosecond FEL pulse in XUV which consequently leads to a change of the complex index of refraction on an ultrashort timescale. The photoionization and subsequent impact ionization resulting in electronic and atomic dynamics are modeled with our hybrid code XTANT(X-ray thermal and non-thermal transitions) and a Monte Carlo code XCASCADE(X-ray-induced electron cascades). The simulations predict the temporal kinetics of FEL-induced electron cascades and thus yield temporally and spatially resolved information on the induced changes of the optical properties. In a series of experiments at FERMI and LCLS, single shot measurements with spatio-temporal encoding of the ionization process have been performed by a correlation of the FEL pump pulse with an optical femtosecond probe pulse. An excellent agreement between the experiment and the simulation has been found. We also show that such kind of experiments forms the basis for pulse duration and arrival time jitter monitoring as currently under development for XUV-FELs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Four-wave-mixing experiments and beyond: The TIMER/mini-TIMER setups at FERMI.
- Author
-
Foglia, Laura, Bencivenga, Filippo, Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Simoncig, Alberto, Calvi, Andrea, Cucini, Riccardo, Principi, Emiliano, Zangrando, Marco, Mahne, Nicola, Manfredda, Michele, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Capotondi, Flavio, Kiskinova, Maya, and Masciovecchio, Claudio
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. In situ single-shot diffractive fluence mapping for X-ray free-electron laser pulses.
- Author
-
Schneider, Michael, Pfau, Bastian, Günther, Christian M., Eisebitt, Stefan, Capotondi, Flavio, Manfredda, Michele, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Naumenko, Denys, Zangrando, Marco, and Mahne, Nicola
- Subjects
DIFFRACTIVE scattering ,X-ray lasers ,FREE electron lasers ,LASER pulses ,ULTRAVIOLET radiation - Abstract
Free-electron lasers (FELs) in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray regime opened up the possibility for experiments at high power densities, in particular allowing for fluencedependent absorption and scattering experiments to reveal non-linear light-matter interactions at ever shorter wavelengths. Findings of such non-linear effects are met with tremendous interest, but prove difficult to understand and model due to the inherent shot-toshot fluctuations in photon intensity and the often structured, non-Gaussian spatial intensity profile of a focused FEL beam. Presently, the focused beam is characterized and optimized separately from the actual experiment. Here, we present the simultaneous measurement of XUV diffraction signals from solid samples in tandem with the corresponding single-shot spatial fluence distribution on the actual sample. Our in situ characterization scheme enables direct monitoring of the sample illumination, providing a basis to optimize and quantitatively understand FEL experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Timing methodologies and studies at the FERMI free-electron laser.
- Author
-
Mincigrucci, Riccardo, Bencivenga, Filippo, Principi, Emiliano, Capotondi, Flavio, Foglia, Laura, Naumenko, Denys, Simoncig, Alberto, Dal Zilio, Simone, Gessini, Alessandro, Kurdi, Gabor, Mahne, Nicola, Manfredda, Michele, Matruglio, Alessia, Nikolov, Ivaylo, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Sergo, Rudi, Zangrando, Marco, and Masciovecchio, Claudio
- Subjects
FREE electron lasers ,LIGHT absorption ,FEMTOSECOND lasers ,LASER pulses ,CONDUCTION electrons ,CHEMICAL reactions ,POLAR effects (Chemistry) - Abstract
Time-resolved investigations have begun a new era of chemistry and physics, enabling the monitoring in real time of the dynamics of chemical reactions and matter. Induced transient optical absorption is a basic ultrafast electronic effect, originated by a partial depletion of the valence band, that can be triggered by exposing insulators and semiconductors to sub-picosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses. Besides its scientific and fundamental implications, this process is very important as it is routinely applied in free-electron laser (FEL) facilities to achieve the temporal superposition between FEL and optical laser pulses with tens of femtoseconds accuracy. Here, a set of methodologies developed at the FERMI facility based on ultrafast effects in condensed materials and employed to effectively determine the FEL/laser cross correlation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Surface and bulk contribution to Cu(111) quantum efficiency
- Author
-
Pedersoli, Emanuele
- Subjects
Physics ,Surface Bulk Copper Quantum Efficiency Photocathodes - Abstract
The quantum efficiency (QE) of Cu(111) is measured for different impinging light angles with photon energies just above the work function. We observe that the vectorial photoelectric effect, an enhancement of the QE due to illumination with light with an electric vector perpendicular to the sample surface, is stronger in the more surface sensitive regime. This can be explained by a contribution to photoemission due to the variation in the electromagnetic potential at the surface. The contributions of bulk and surface electrons can then be determined.
- Published
- 2008
46. Dynamics of the MnAs α/β-Striped Microstructure and of the Fe Magnetization Reversal in Fe/MnAs/GaAs(001): An Optical-Laser Pump--Free-Electron-Laser Probe Scattering Experiment.
- Author
-
Vidal, Franck, Lounis, Lounès, Spezzani, Carlo, Ferrari, Eugenio, Delaunay, Renaud, Ciavardini, Alessandra, Popescu, Horia, Eddrief, Mahmoud, Yunlin Zheng, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Svetina, Cristian, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Zangrando, Marco, Ivanov, Rosen, Nikolov, Ivaylo, Demidovich, Alexander, Danailov, Miltcho B., De Ninno, Giovanni, and Allaria, Enrico
- Subjects
IRON ,MAGNETIC properties of metals ,MAGNETIZATION ,GALLIUM arsenide ,MANGANESE ,ULTRASHORT laser pulses - Abstract
It was shown recently that the Fe magnetization reversal in the Fe/MnAs/GaAs(001) epitaxial system, attained by temperature control of the regular stripe pattern of the MnAs α-and β-phases, can also be driven by an ultrashort optical laser pulse. In the present time-resolved scattering experiment, we address the dynamics of the MnAs α-β self-organized stripe pattern induced by a 100 fs optical laser pulse, using as a probe the XUV radiation from the FERMI free-electron laser. We observe a loss in the diffraction intensity from the ordered α-β stripes that occurs at two characteristic timescales in the range of ~10
-12 and ~10-10 . We associate the first intensity drop with ultrafast electron-lattice energy exchange processes within the laser-MnAs interaction volume and the second with thermal diffusion towards the MnAs/GaAs interface. With the support of model calculations, the observed dynamics are interpreted in terms of the formation of a laterally homogeneous MnAs overlayer, the thickness of which evolves in time, correlating the MnAs microstructure dynamics with the Fe magnetization response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Multi-color imaging of magnetic Co/Pt heterostructures.
- Author
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Willems, Felix, von Korff Schmising, Clemens, Weder, David, Günther, Christian M., Schneider, Michael, Pfau, Bastian, Meise, Sven, Guehrs, Erik, Geilhufe, Jan, El Din Merhe, Alaa, Jal, Emmanuelle, Vodungbo, Boris, Lüning, Jan, Mahieu, Benoit, Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Gauthier, David, Manfredda, Michele, and Eisebitt, Stefan
- Subjects
MAGNETIC domain ,HETEROSTRUCTURES ,FERROMAGNETIC materials - Abstract
We present an element specific and spatially resolved view of magnetic domains in Co/Pt heterostructures in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. Resonant small-angle scattering and coherent imaging with Fourier-transform holography reveal nanoscale magnetic domain networks via magnetic dichroism of Co at the M
2,3 edges as well as via strong dichroic signals at the O2,3 and N6,7 edges of Pt. We demonstrate for the first time simultaneous, two-color coherent imaging at a free-electron laser facility paving the way for a direct real space access to ultrafast magnetization dynamics in complex multicomponent material systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Multipurpose end-station for coherent diffraction imaging and scattering at FERMI@Elettra free-electron laser facility.
- Author
-
Capotondi, Flavio, Pedersoli, Emanuele, Bencivenga, Filippo, Manfredda, Michele, Mahne, Nicola, Raimondi, Lorenzo, Svetina, Cristian, Zangrando, Marco, Demidovich, Alexander, Nikolov, Ivaylo, Danailov, Miltcho, Masciovecchio, Claudio, and Kiskinova, Maya
- Subjects
- *
DIFFRACTION patterns , *GRAPHICAL projection , *COHERENT radiation , *FERMI energy , *SOFT X rays - Abstract
The Diffraction and Projection Imaging (DiProI) beamline at FERMI, the Elettra free-electron laser (FEL), hosts a multi-purpose station that has been opened to users since the end of 2012. This paper describes the core capabilities of the station, designed to make use of the unique features of the FERMI-FEL for performing a wide range of static and dynamic scattering experiments. The various schemes for time-resolved experiments, employing both soft X-ray FEL and seed laser IR radiation are presented by using selected recent results. The ongoing upgrade is adding a reflection geometry setup for scattering experiments, expanding the application fields by providing both high lateral and depth resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Multi-colour pulses from seeded free-electron-lasers: towards the development of non-linear core-level coherent spectroscopies.
- Author
-
Bencivenga, Filippo, Capotondi, Flavio, Casolari, Francesco, Dallari, Francesco, Danailov, Miltcho B., De Ninno, Giovanni, Fausti, Daniele, Kiskinova, Maya, Manfredda, Michele, Masciovecchio, Claudio, and Pedersoli, Emanuele
- Abstract
We report on new opportunities for ultrafast science thanks to the use of two-colour extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses at the FERMI free electron laser (FEL) facility. The two pulses have been employed to carry out a pioneering FEL-pump/FEL-probe diffraction experiment using a Ti target and tuning the FEL pulses to the M
2/3 -edge in order to explore the dependence of the dielectric constant on the excitation fluence. The future impact that the use of such a two-colour FEL emission will have on the development of ultrafast wave-mixing methods in the XUV/soft X-ray range is addressed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Multipurpose modular experimental station for the DiProI beamline of Fermi@Elettra free electron laser.
- Author
-
Pedersoli, Emanuele, Capotondi, Flavio, Cocco, Daniele, Zangrando, Marco, Kaulich, Burkhard, Menk, Ralf H., Locatelli, Andrea, Mentes, Tevfik O., Spezzani, Carlo, Sandrin, Gilio, Bacescu, Daniel M., Kiskinova, Maya, Bajt, Sasˇa, Barthelmess, Miriam, Barty, Anton, Schulz, Joachim, Gumprecht, Lars, Chapman, Henry N., Nelson, A. J., and Frank, Matthias
- Subjects
- *
FREE electron lasers , *MODULAR functions , *PHYSICS experiments , *LASER beams , *TIME-resolved spectroscopy , *IMAGING systems , *COHERENCE (Optics) , *OPTICAL polarization , *EXPERIMENTAL design - Abstract
We present a compact modular apparatus with a flexible design that will be operated at the DiProI beamline of the Fermi@Elettra free electron laser (FEL) for performing static and time-resolved coherent diffraction imaging experiments, taking advantage of the full coherence and variable polarization of the short seeded FEL pulses. The apparatus has been assembled and the potential of the experimental setup is demonstrated by commissioning tests with coherent synchrotron radiation. This multipurpose experimental station will be open to general users after installation at the Fermi@Elettra free electron laser in 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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