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Introduction: The discovery of gene editing techniques has opened a new era within the field of biology and enabled scientists to manipulate nucleic acid molecules. CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering has revolutionized this achievement by successful targeting the DNA molecule and editing its sequence. Since genomic changes are the basis of the birth and growth of many tumors, CRISPR-Cas9 method has been successfully applied to identify and manipulate the genes which are involved in initiating and driving some neoplastic processes. Methods: By review of the existing literature on application of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer, different databases, such as PubMed and Google Scholar, we started data collection for "CRISPR-Cas9", "Genome Editing", "Cancer", "Solid tumors", "Hematologic malignancy" "Immunotherapy", "Diagnosis", "Drug resistance" phrases. Clinicaltrials.gov, a resource that provides access to information on clinical trials, was also searched in this review. Results: We have defined the basics of this technology and then mentioned some clinical and preclinical studies using this technology in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors as well as hematologic neoplasms. Finally, we described the progress made by this technology in boosting immune-mediated cell therapy in oncology, such as CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells, and CAR-M cells. Conclusion: CRISPR-Cas9 system revolutionized the therapeutic strategies in some solid malignant tumors and leukemia through targeting the key genes involved in the pathogenesis of these cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features of the extracellular matrix, along with biochemical factors, have a momentous impress in making genes on and/or off. The interaction of cells and the extracellular matrix is mediated by integrins. Therefore, these molecules have pivotal roles in regulating cell behaviors. Integrins include a group of molecules with a variety of characteristics that can affect different molecular cascades. Considering the importance of these molecules in tissue regeneration after injury, it is necessary to know well the integrins involved in the process of connecting cells to the extracellular matrix in each tissue. With the increase in life expectancy, bone tissue engineering has received more attention from researchers. Integrins are critical components in osteoblast differentiation, survival, and bone mechanotransduction. During osteogenic differentiation in stem cells, specific integrins facilitate multiple signaling pathways through their cytoplasmic domain, leading to the induction of osteogenic differentiation. Also, due to the importance of using biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, efforts have been made to design and use biomaterials with maximum interaction with integrins. Notably, the use of RGD peptide or fibronectin for surface modification is a well-established and commonly employed approach to manipulate integrin activity. This review article looks into integrins' role in bone development and regeneration. It then goes on to explore the complex mechanisms by which integrins contribute to these processes. In addition, this review discusses the use of natural and synthetic biomaterials that target integrins to promote bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy, have been anticipated to be the next generation of cancer treatment. • Stable gold hydrosol were synthesized by amine containing copolymer as reducing and stabilizing agent. • Hyperthermia as adjuvant therapy lead to a reboots decrease in cell viability that require higher concentrations of DOX alone for equal influence. Combined therapeutics dependent on the synergistic effect between photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy have been anticipated to be the next generation of cancer treatment. For this purpose, a novel gold hydrosol was synthesized by a one-pot approach using poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate-co- N-isopropylacrylamide-co- 2-vinylpyridine) P(DMAEMA-co-NIPAAM-co-VP) terpolymers as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized gold hydrosol was recoated by a novel carboxylic acid rich poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-maleic anhydride-graft-citric acid) (PNIPAAm-co-PMA-g-CA) copolymer. Then the gold nanoparticles conjugated with Doxorubicin (DOX) and served as a smart photo synthesizer for chemo/photothermal therapy of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The synthesized nanoparticles had mono-dispersed spherical morphology with a diameter below 30 nm. Our results from cellular uptake indicated that around 100% of the particles were uptake by MCF-7 cells in the first 3 h of exposure time. The temperature of nanocomposites considerably went up to 45 °C with 10 min exposure to near-infrared irradiation. As a striking result, a single round of PTT combined with a sub-therapeutic dose of DOX revealed a synergistic effect with an ability of robust anti-tumor response up to 99.99% (sum of the population of apoptotic and necrotic cells) demonstrated by Annexin-V, cell cycle and DAPI staining techniques. In conclusion, Near-infrared-mediated photothermal conversion exhibited high effectiveness of a combinational chemo-thermotherapy to treat cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]