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In this study, the cytotoxicity and toxic mechanism of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) to E. coli were evaluated in vitro. The synthetic CQDs were extremely small in size (~2.08 nm) and displayed strong fluorescence. The results demonstrated that CQDs showed good biocompatibility with E. coli within a short culture time. However, when the exposure time exceeded 24 h, the toxicity of CQDs became apparent, and the contents of reactive oxygen species, lactate dehydrogenase, and the crystal violet absorption rate increased significantly. To further explore the cytotoxic mechanism, approaches including confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and biological transmission electron microscopy combined with zeta potential tests, osmotic pressure measurement, and comet assays were performed. On the one hand, the CQDs altered the surface charges of cells and induced lipid peroxidation by adhesion on the surface of E. coli, leading to an increase in the permeability of the cell wall. On the other hand, when the concentration of CQDs reached 200 µg/mL, the osmotic pressure of the extracellular environment was significantly reduced. These are the main factors that lead to cell edema and death. Finally, the comet assays confirmed that CQDs could induce DNA damage, which could inhibit the proliferation of E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of Th(IV) and the structural transformation of phlogopite were explored using batch, extraction, and spectroscopic approaches in this study. The batch experiments showed that ion exchange, surface complexation, and precipitation were predominant for Th(IV) adsorption on phlogopite under the observed pH ranges. XRD patterns showed that phlogopite was indeed transforming into the vermiculite- and/or montmorillonite-like minerals during Th(IV) adsorption, which indicated that the adsorption of Th(IV) could enhance the weathering process of phlogopite. Such weathering process could be attributed to the intercalation of hydrated Th(IV) ions instead of K + ions locating at the interlayer sites, and then induced the expansion of the interlayer with a d-spacing of ~ 14 Å. Higher temperature and initial Th(IV) concentration were benefit for the structural transformation, but the presence of alkaline cations inhibited the expansion process following the order of Rb + > K + > Na + ≈ Li + , which is strictly consistent with their hydrated radii and energy. Fulvic acid (FA) affected the distribution of Th(IV) on phlogopite to a large extent, which induced different adsorption mechanisms for Th(IV) and the alteration process of phlogopite structure. The results clearly showed a positively relationship between the immobilization ability for Th(IV) and alteration degree of phlogopite structure, which is very important to understand the mutual interaction of radionuclides and micaceous minerals in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A fast reduction of U6+ to U4+ occurs on semiconductors during XPS measurement. • Slower breakage of uranyl occurs on non-semiconductors under X-ray irradiation. • XPS measurement could change the elements state even if far from the center of beam. • Measures are proposed to reduce the beam induced effects in XPS measurement. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an efficient technique for recognizing the state of elements. However, the effects of X-ray irradiation on change in the chemical state are sometimes ignored, which may impair the understanding of the environmental behavior of these elements. This study determined the change in the U 4f spectra induced by X-ray irradiation during XPS detection. For U(VI) on non-semiconductors, X-ray irradiation led to a negative shift of U 4f 7/2 to ∼ 380.8 eV due to the break of the uranyl molecules, but not resulting in U(IV) species. However, owing to the photocatalytic reduction of U(VI), the irradiation of U(VI) loaded semiconductors rapidly induced the negative shift of U 4f 7/2 peak to ∼ 379.8 eV, which is the characteristic of U(IV). Moreover, apparent photo-reduction occurred even if the samples were far from the center of the X-ray beam (>3971 μm). Based on these findings, methods for reducing potential error due to X-ray irradiation are suggested, including using the minimum scan time, measuring uranium-containing samples first or independent of other samples, and using X-ray of lower intensity. The results indicated that X-ray induced alteration to the chemical states must be considered when using X-ray techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological and environmental toxicity of graphene and graphene derivatives have attracted great research interest due to their increasing applications. However, the cytotoxic mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of graphene oxide nanoribbons (GORs) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) in an in vitro method. The fabricated GORs formed long ribbons, 200 nm wide. Based on the results of the MTT assay and plate-culture experiments, GORs significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner. We found that GORs stimulated E. coli to secrete reactive oxygen species, which then oxidized and damaged the bacterial cell membrane. Moreover, interaction between GORs and E. coli cytomembrane resulted in polysaccharide adsorption by GORs and the release of lactic dehydrogenase. Furthermore, GORs effectively depleted the metal ions as nutrients in the culture medium by adsorption. Notably, mechanical cutting by GORs was not obvious, which is quite different from the case of graphene oxide sheets to E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sorption of Ni(II) on a calcareous aridisol (CA) soil, one of the major soil types in northwestern China, was investigated using batch and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) approaches in a 0.01 mol/L NaClO4 solution at different pH values (6.0-10.0), temperatures (25-60 °C) and contact times (2-15 days). Under alkaline conditions, EXAFS analysis showed that the interatomic distances between Ni and O atoms (RNi-O) were approximately 2.04 Å with a typical coordination number (CN) of ~6.0 O atoms in the contact time range from 2 to 15 days. The RNi-Ni (~3.07 Å) suggested that the structure of the Ni(II) adsorbed on the CA soil was basically the same as that of Ni(OH)2(s), while the Ni-Al shell (RNi-Al ~3.16 Å) gradually formed and grew with the increasing contact time. Under weakly acidic conditions, the sorption mechanism of Ni(II) on the CA soil possibly included at least two processes: (i) a fast accumulation dominated by ion exchange and surface complexation and (ii) the formation of a Ni-Al LDH phase over the long term. A high temperature is beneficial to the fixation of Ni(II) on the CA soil and the formation of a Ni-Al LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the incorporation of U(VI) into CaCO 3 under different aging times and U(VI) concentrations was studied by combining batch experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) approaches. Batch sorption experiments showed that the sorption of U(VI) on calcite was strong pH-dependence, and high pH was beneficial for U(VI) sorption possibly due to the electrostatic attraction between positively charged calcite and negatively charged uranyl tri-carbonate species. XRD patterns showed that the [104] facet of calcite shifted toward low angle at pH ∼10.0, which indicated that the uranyl tri-carbonate species of U(VI) possibly diffused into calcite lattice by replacing Ca atoms, and then induced the expansion of calcite crystal cell. The incorporation of U(VI) into CaCO 3 showed that the uptake of U(VI) gradually decreased within the first 200 h, and then significantly increased with the increasing aging time. U(VI) incorporation into CaCO 3 might experience vaterite, transition from vaterite to calcite, and calcite stages, which were confirmed by XRD, ATR-FTIR, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. As the U(VI) concentration increased, the transition time from vaterite to calcite correspondingly increased, indicating that U(VI) incorporation into CaCO 3 can stabilize vaterite phase. EXAFS analyses suggested that the local structure of uranyl moiety was changing during the incorporation process, and the species of U(VI) incorporation into vaterite was similar to uranyl carbonates, however indeed different from the species of uranyl tri-carbonate presented in calcite. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • U(VI) sorption on calcite was studied using batch and spectroscopies. • The incorporation of U(VI) into CaCO 3 were explored under different aging times and U(VI) concentrations. • XANES, EXAFS and ATR-FTIR were used to explore the incorporation mechanism of U(VI) into CaCO 3. • The incorporation of U(VI) into CaCO 3 experienced three stages. • The species of U(VI) in vaterite is UO 2 CO 3 differing from the uranyl tri-carbonate in calcite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sorption of U(VI) onto TiO 2 as functions of pH, ionic strength, contact time, soil humic acid (SHA), solid-to-liquid ratio and temperature was studied under ambient conditions using batch and spectroscopic approaches. The sorption of U(VI) on TiO 2 was significantly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The presence of SHA slightly enhanced the sorption of U(VI) on TiO 2 below pH 4.0, while it inhibited U(VI) sorption in the higher pH range. U(VI) sorption on TiO 2 was favored at high temperatures, and the sorption process was estimated to be endothermic and spontaneous. Reduction of U(VI) to lower valent species was confirmed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis. It is very interesting to find that U(VI) sorption on TiO 2 was promoted in solutions with higher back-ground electrolyte concentrations. In the presence of U(VI), higher back-ground electrolyte made more TiO 2 particles aggregate through (001) facets, leading more (101) facets to be exposed. Therefore, the reduction of U(VI) was enhanced by the exposed (101) facets and more U(VI) removal was observed. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the reaction process and specific mechanism between variable-valence elements and oxidized carbon nanoparticles is essential to evaluate the environmental impact of carbon nanomaterials. In this study, the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) on oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs), oxidized graphene ribbons (OGRs), and graphene oxide sheets (GOs) was explored by batch experiments and spectroscopic analyses. The reaction efficiencies strongly depended on the number of oxygenated groups in the oxidized carbon nanoparticles. The abundant oxygenated groups enabled the GOs to exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity, followed by the OGRs and OCNTs. As a result, the photoreduction efficiency of Cr(VI) reached 96% for GOs, whereas those of OGRs and OCNTs were only 40% and 13%, respectively. In addition, different types of oxygenated groups exhibited various activities based on molecular model tests, following the sequence carboxylic > hydroxyl > carbonyl > ether > aldehyde > edge. Based on the underlying relationship between the oxygenated groups, topological structures, and mechanical strain in the carbon nanoparticles, we speculate that mechanical strain plays a critical role in the formation of oxygenated groups, thereby regulating their photocatalytic activities. The findings in this work provide novel insights into the roles of oxygenated groups and the mechanical strain of carbon nanoparticles in their environmental behavior. [Display omitted] • Carbon nanoparticles with abundant oxygenated groups showed the superior photoreduction efficiency of Cr(VI). • The characteristic oxygenated groups represented distinct photoactivities. • The underlying relationship between oxygenated groups and mechanical strains regulated photocatalytic behavior of carbon nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction behaviors of heavy metals and micaceous minerals are extremely important to understand the environmental behaviors of heavy metals. In this work, the interaction behaviors of Cr(VI) and biotite in the presence and absence of HA were studied combining batch and spectroscopic approaches. Batch experiments showed that biotite had the ability to remove Cr(VI) from the water and the removal markedly increased with decreasing pH. However, sorption of total Cr onto biotite increased with increasing pH (2.0–4.0), whilst quickly decreased above pH ∼ 4.0. It was worth noting that redox process of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), caused by structural Fe(II) on biotite, was another important factor for the high removal of Cr(VI) in a pH range of 2.0–4.0. Ionic strength also influenced Cr(VI) removal that Cr(VI) removal became higher with increasing ion strength. The presence of HA did not show obvious macroscopic effect on Cr(VI) removal, however, HA could cover biotite surface, and promote the sorption of total Cr onto biotite and attenuate the reduction effect caused by Fe(II) on biotite. Spectroscopic approaches, like FT-IR, XRD and XPS further confirmed the existence of Cr(III) on biotite interacting with Cr(VI) and the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was drove by the Fe(II) dissolving from biotite to Fe(III). Further, sorption effect and reduction effect competitively contributed to the Cr(VI) removal by biotite, and reduction effect played a more important role at lower pH. [Display omitted] • Biotite removed Cr(VI) from 0% to 100% with pH decreasing from 7.0 to 2.0. • Sorption of total Cr on biotite acted more around pH 4.0. • Cr(VI) reduction caused by structure Fe(II) in biotite increased with the pH decreasing from 4.0 to 2.0. • The presence of HA accelerated Cr(VI) adsorption and attenuated reduction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation effect of Aspergillus niger to the sorption behavior of U(VI) on kaolinite and illite was studied through investigating the enrichment of U(VI) on kaolinite- Aspergillus niger and illite- Aspergillus niger composites. Kaolinite- or illite- A. niger composites were prepared through co-culturation method. Results showed that U(VI) sorption on kaolinite and illite in different pH ranges could be attributed to ion exchange, outer-sphere complexes (OSCs), and inner-sphere complexes (ISCs), while only the ISCs on the bio-composites. Moreover, micro-spectroscopy tests revealed that U(VI) coordinate with phosphate, amide, and carboxyl groups on illite- and kaolinite- A. niger composites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further found that U(VI) was partly reduced to non-crystalline U(IV) by A. niger in the bio-composites, occurring as phosphate coordination polymers or biomass-associated monomers. The findings herein provide further insight into the immobilization and migration of uranium in environments. [Display omitted] • Co-culture of A. niger did not change the structures of kaolinite and illite. • U(VI) sorption on kaolinite and illite depended on pH and/or ionic strength. • A. niger changed the sorption mechanism of U(VI) on kaolinite and illite. • U(VI) complexed with various functional groups on the bio-composites. • U(VI) was partly reduced by A. niger to noncrystalline U(IV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pb(II) sorption on micas strongly depended on pH or/and ionic strength. • Pb2+ could enter the interlayer of biotite and phlogopite causing expanded interlayer. • Co-culture of micas and T. viride resulted in the weathering of micas. • Sorption capacity of Pb(II) on micas was greatly improved in the presence of T. viride. • T. viride caused biomineralization of Pb(II) on micas forming lead phosphates. In this study, batch and spectroscopic approaches were used to explore the sorption of Pb(II) on micas (i.e., muscovite, biotite and phlogopite) in the presence of Trichoderma viride (T. viride). Batch sorption showed that ion exchange, outer-sphere complexes (OSCs) and inner-sphere complexes (ISCs) contributed to Pb(II) sorption on biotite and phlogopite in the pH range of 2.0–7.4, whereas the ISCs were predominant for Pb(II) sorption on muscovite. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses have confirmed the changes of structure and surface properties of micas after co-culturing with T. viride , which could improve the sorption capacity of micas to Pb(II). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the bio-mineralization of Pb(II) on T. viride and mica– T. viride composites forming lead phosphates. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis showed that the groups of Si−OH, Al−OH from micas, and carboxyl, phosphate and amino groups from T. viride were synergistically contributing to Pb(II) sorption on mica– T. viride composite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further confirmed that both OSCs and ISCs formed for Pb(II) sorption on micas; however, in the case of mica– T. viride composites, the synergistic effects of T. viride and micas were contributing to Pb(II) sorption through forming the ISCs and biomineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi play significant roles in the geochemical processes of heavy metals in the environment. However, the interaction between heavy metals and fungi, especially at the cellular level, is quite complicated and remains unknown. This study explored the mutual interaction mechanism between Pb 2+ and Trichoderma viride by combining batch experiments, spectroscopy, and in vitro approaches. Batch experiments revealed that Pb 2+ had toxic effect on T. viride, originally causing the biomass of T. viride decreased from 1.3 g in the control group to 0 g in the presence of 200 mg/L Pb 2+ . The difference in biomass further led to varied pH, even decreasing from 5.7 at the outset to 3.4 due to the acid-production properties of T. viride. Moreover, structural deformation and damage of T. viride mycelium appeared when exposed to Pb 2+ , and were more evident at a higher dose of Pb 2+ exposure. The growth curve exhibited that T. viride gradually adapted to Pb 2+ exposure, which related to Pb 2+ exposure concentration. Further, intracellular and extracellular secretions of T. viride changed with varying exposure concentrations of Pb 2+ , indicating that T. viride adapted differently to different concentrations of Pb 2+ , and MT participated in the detoxification of T. viride. SEM-EDX showed that T. viride could bio-adsorb and bioaccumulate more Pb 2+ when exposed to more Pb 2+ , which was closely related to the content of P. And carbonyl, phosphate, and amino groups of T. viride participated in the Pb 2+ biosorption onto T. viride, as evidenced by FT-IR and XPS. Meanwhile, the biomineralization and reduction of Pb 2+ by T. viride were observed by XRD and XPS, which might be a possible factor for Pb 2+ biosorption and bioaccumulation. CLSM showed that the bio-adsorbed and bioaccumulated Pb 2+ were mainly distributed in the membrane of T. viride mycelium., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The sorption mechanism of nickel (Ni) at the illite/water interface was investigated using batch, sorption modelling, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and extraction approaches. The results showed that Ni(II) sorption on illite was strongly dependent on pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Ni(II) concentration. At a low initial Ni(II) concentration, the ion exchange species of ≡X 2 Ni° and the inner-sphere complexes including ≡S s ONi + , ≡S w ONi + and ≡S w ONiOH° species are observed on the sorption edges of Ni(II) on illite. As the initial Ni(II) concentration increased to 1.7 × 10 -3  mol/L, precipitates including surface-induced precipitation of s-Ni(OH) 2 and amorphous Ni(OH) 2 became more significant, especially under neutral to alkaline conditions. EXAFS analysis confirmed that Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) can gradually form with an increase in the contact time. At pH 7.0, α-Ni(OH) 2 was produced in the initial stage and then transformed to the more stable form of Ni-Al LDH with increasing contact time because of the increased Al 3+ dissolution. With an increase in temperatures, α-Ni(OH) 2 phase on illite transformed to Ni-Al LDH phase, indicating a lower thermodynamic stability compared to Ni-Al LDH phase. These results are important to understand the geochemical behaviors to effectively remediate soil contaminated with Ni(II).

Background: Insulin resistance with elevated glucose is a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We investigated the effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor luseogliflozin on NASH development using a rodent model., Methods: Mice were treated with both nicotinamide and streptozotocin (NA/STZ) to reduce insulin secretory capacity, and then fed a high fat diet containing trans fatty acids (HFDT) for 8 weeks. The NA/STZ HFDT-fed mice were divided into two groups, either treated with luseogliflozin or untreated, during this period. The glucose elevations in the NA/STZ-treated and HFDT-fed mice were significantly improved by luseogliflozin administration. While HFDT feeding induced NASH development as shown by liver weight gain with lipid accumulation and increased serum alanine aminotransferase, these changes were all attenuated in the group treated with luseogliflozin. In addition, fibrotic change and increases in collagen deposition with upregulations of collagen1 and smooth muscle actin and inflammatory cytokine expressions observed in the HFDT-fed mouse livers were also normalized by luseogliflozin administration., Conclusions: Taken together, these results obtained in mice demonstrate the favorable effects of administering SGLT2 inhibitors, for the treatment of NASH associated with diabetes mellitus. We anticipate that these agents would be applicable to humans.