117 results on '"REICHARDT, K."'
Search Results
2. Non-destructive image analysis of soil surface porosity and bulk density dynamics
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Pires, L.F., Cássaro, F.A.M., Bacchi, O.O.S., and Reichardt, K.
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Soil temperature in a sugar-cane crop as a function of the management system
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Oliveira, J.C.M., Timm, L.C., Tominaga, T.T., Cássaro, F.A.M., Reichardt, K., Bacchi, O.O.S., Dourado-Neto, D., and de S. Câmara, G.M.
- Published
- 2001
4. Representative Gamma-ray Computed Tomography Calibration for Applications in Soil Physics
- Author
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Pires, L. F., Arthur, R. C. J., Bacchi, O. O. S., and Reichardt, K.
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Excision and primary closure of pilonidal sinus disease: worthwhile option with an acceptable recurrence rate
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Gilani, S. N. S., Furlong, H., Reichardt, K., Nasr, A. O., Theophilou, G., and Walsh, T. N.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Temporal variability of soil water storage evaluated for a coffee field
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Timm, L.C., Dourado-Neto, D., Bacchi, O.O.S., Hu, W., Bortolotto, R.P., Silva, A.L., Bruno, I.P., and Reichardt, K.
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Soil moisture -- Research ,Plantations -- Environmental aspects ,Agricultural industry ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Sampling field soils to estimate soil water content and soil water storage (S) is difficult due to the spatial variability of these variables, which demands a large number of sampling points. Also, the methodology employed in most cases is invasive and destructive, so that sampling in the same positions at different times is impossible. However, neutron moderation, time domain reflectrometry, and, more recently, frequency domain reflectrometry methodologies allow measurements at the same points over long time intervals. This study evaluates a set of neutron probe data, collected at 15 positions placed randomly along a coffee crop contour line, over 2 years at 14-day intervals. The temporal stability of S was again demonstrated, so that wetter or dryer locations remain so over time, and the definition of such positions in the field reduces the number of sampling points in future S evaluations under similar conditions. An analysis was made to determine the minimum number of sampling points to obtain the average S of the field within a chosen level of significance. Classical statistical analysis indicated that the 15 measurement positions could be reduced to four or even to one position to obtain a reliable field S average. State--time analysis showed S estimations depend more on previous measurements of rainfall P (52%) than on evapotranspiration ET (28%) and S (20%). The analysis also showed that ET was not realistically estimated from previous measurements of S; it was more dependent on previous measurements of ET (59%) than on P (30%) and S (9%). This statistical procedure showed great advantages over classical multiple regressions. Future studies of this type should be carried out at regularly spaced observation points in a grid, in order to allow a 2-D and 3-D state-space-time analysis. Additional keywords: multiple regression, neutron probe, sampling number, state-space, state-time., Introduction Soil water storage (S) in agricultural soil profiles is an important parameter for a rational management of any crop, besides giving information on environmental aspects of the water cycle. [...]
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- 2011
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7. Principles of crop modeling and simulation: I. uses of mathematical models in agricultural science
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Dourado-Neto D., Teruel D. A., Reichardt K., Nielsen D.R., Frizzone J. A., and Bacchi O.O.S.
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crop modeling ,simulation ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Modeling techniques applied to agriculture can be useful to define research priorities and understanding the basic interactions of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Using a model to estimate the importance and the effect of certain parameters, a researcher can notice which factors can be most useful. The modeler should define his objectives before beginning his work and construct a model that fulfills the proposed objectives.
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- 1998
8. Efeito de épocas de deficiência hídrica na evapotranspiração atual da cultura do feijão cv. imbabello
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CALVACHE A.M., REICHARDT K., and BACCHI O.O.S.
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eficiência de uso de água ,feijoeiro ,Phaseolus vulgaris ,balanço hídtico ,sonda de neutrons ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar os estádios da cultura de feijão que apresentam a menor sensibilidade ao estresse de água no solo, nos quais a irrigação pode ser omitida sem um significativo decréscimo na evapotranspiração, para melhor definir práticas de irrigação em situação de água escassa. O experimento foi realizado em um solo franco arenoso (Typic Haplustoll), em Tumbaco-Pichincha, Equador, entre julho e novembro de 1994, região caracterizada por um clima temperado e seco (temperatura média anual de 16ºC, umidade relativa média do ar 74% e chuva de 123 mm durante o peláodo do experimento). Sete regimes de irrigação foram utilizados, incluindo irrigação ótima durante todo o ciclo, irrigação deficiente durante todo o ciclo, irrigação tradicional da região, deficiência lúdrica no período vegetativo, na floração e formação de vagens, no enchimento de vagens e na maturidade. As parcelas experimentais foram de 33,6 m2 (8 linhas de 7 metros de comprimento, distantes entre si 0,6 m) com uma população de 120.000 plantas/ha. Os tratamentos de irrigação foram aplicados depois da germinação uniforme das sementes e estabelecimento da cultura. A umidade do solo foi monitorada com sonda de nêutrons, até a profundidade de 50 em, 24 horas antes e depois de cada irrigação. A evapotranspiração atual da cultura foi estimada pela técnica do balanço hídrico. Da análise dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a deficiência de água no solo, durante a fase de enchimento da vagem, afetou a produtividade do feijoeiro. Nesta fase a eficiência de uso de água pela planta (Ec = 0,46 kg/m3) foi a mais baixa. Deficiência de irrigação no estádio vegetativo não reduziu a produtividade, permitindo uma economia de água de 30%.
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- 1998
9. Multiseason recoveries of organic and inorganic nitrogen-15 in tropical cropping systems
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Dourado-Neto, D., Powlson, D., Bakar, R. Abu, Bacchi, O.O.S., Basanta, M.V., Cong, P. thi, Keerthisinghe, G., Ismaili, M., Rahman, S.M., Reichardt, K., Safwat, M.S.A., Sangakkara, R., Timm, L.C., Wang, J.Y., Zagal, E., and van Kessel, C.
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Cropping systems -- Environmental aspects ,Fertilizers -- Environmental aspects ,Soils -- Nitrogen content ,Soils -- Environmental aspects ,Earth sciences - Abstract
In tropical agroecosystems, limited N availability remains a major impediment to increasing yield. A [sup.15]N-recovery experiment was conducted in 13 diverse tropical agroecosystems. The objectives were to determine the total recovery of one single [sup.15]N application of inorganic or organic N during three to six growing seasons and to establish whether the losses of N are governed by universal principles. Between 7 and 58% (average of 21%) of crop N uptake during the first growing season was derived from fertilizer. On average, 79% of crop N was derived from the soil. When [sup.15]N-labeled residues were applied, in the first growing season 4% of crop N was derived from the residues. Average recoveries of [sup.15]N-labeled fertilizer and residue in crops after the first growing season were 33 and 7%, respectively. corresponding recoveries in the soil were 38 and 71%. An additional 6% of the fertilizer and 9.1% of the residue was recovered by crops during subsequent growing seasons. There were no significant differences in total [sup.15]N recovery, (average 54%) between N from fertilizer and N front residue. After five growing seasons, more residue N (40%) than fertilizer N (18%) was recovered in the soil, better sustaining the soil organic matter N content. Long-term total recoveries of [sup.15]N- labeled fertilizer or residue in the crop and soil were similar. Soil N remained the primary source of N for crops. As higher rainfall and temperature tend to cause higher [sup.15]N losses, management practices to improve N use efficiency and reduce losses in wet tropical regions will remain a challenge. Abbreviations: FUE, fertilizer use efficiency; NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; SOM, soil organic matter. doi:10.2136/sssaj2009.0192
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- 2010
- Full Text
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10. Soil bulk density evaluation by conventional and nuclear methods
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Timm, L.C., Pires, L.F., Reichardt, K., Roveratti, R., Oliveira, J.C.M., and Bacchi, O.O.S.
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Soils -- Research -- Usage ,Erosion -- Research -- Usage ,CT imaging -- Usage -- Research ,Agricultural industry ,Earth sciences ,Soil Science Society of America - Abstract
Among the methods used to measure soil bulk density, the following have been prominent: paraffin sealed clod (PS), volumetric ring (VR), and the modern methods like gamma ray computed tomography (GCT) and the neutron/gamma surface gauge (SG). The objective of this work was to compare soil bulk density values obtained through these methods, with the aim of assisting researchers on the choice of the more appropriate method. For this, a 200-m spatial transect was chosen in an experimental area cultivated with coffee, belonging to ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The SG readings were first taken in the field and thereafter soil samples were collected at 8 different points, spaced at 25 m, for the other methods. The lowest values of soil bulk density were obtained for the SG method (average 1.468 g/[cm.sup.3]) and the highest for the PS (average 1.685 g/[cm.sup.3]), which was similar to the GCT method (average 1.684 g/[cm.sup.3]). The average soil bulk density for the VR method, which has been used in soil science as a standard method, was 1.544 g/[cm.sup.3]. The Tukey test indicates that the PS and GCT methods do not differ significantly (P > 0.05). They do differ in comparison with VR and SG, which also do not differ among themselves. Additional keywords: soil bulk density, computed tomography method, surface gauge method, volumetric ring method, paraffin sealed clods method., Introduction Soil bulk density is traditionally used as an indicator of soil structure (Gantzer and Anderson 2002) and soil compaction (Martinez and Zinck 2004; Reichardt and Timm 2004). Soil structural [...]
- Published
- 2005
11. A parameterised equation to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity in the field
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Reichardt, K., Timm, L.C., Bacchi, O.O.S., Oliveira, J.C.M., and Dourado-Neto, D.
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Soils -- Research ,Agricultural industry ,Earth sciences - Abstract
The description of soil water dynamics using the Darcy-Buckingham approach involves the determination and use of soil hydraulic conductivity K v. soil water content θ functions. Many of the methods developed for the measurement of K are based on simplifying assumptions, such as the unit gradient and the choice of fixed models for the K(θ) relation. The need of quick, simple, and inexpensive methods to measure K(θ) in the field using a large number of replicates has also led soil physicists to develop simple methods. This paper presents a procedure that makes use of parameters of equations used to explain the internal water drainage process, and that naturally leads to the exponential character of the K(θ) relation. Results show that the parameterised equation represents a more rigorous estimation of K(θ), compared with the methods that assume unit gradient. Additional keywords: unit gradient, internal drainage, soil water storage., Introduction The Darcy-Buckingham approach for the description of soil water dynamics involves the determination and use of soil hydraulic conductivity K v. soil water content θ functions. One of the [...]
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- 2004
12. Erosion rates evaluated by the 137Cs technique and direct measurements on long-term runoff plots under tropical conditions
- Author
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Correchel, V., Bacchi, O.O.S., De Maria, I.C., Dechen, S.C.F., and Reichardt, K.
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- 2006
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13. Variability of soil water content and bulk density in a sugarcane field
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Tominaga, T.T., Cassaro, F.A.M., Bacchi, O.O.S., Reichardt, K., Oliveira, J.C.M., and Timm, L.C.
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Soil moisture -- Research ,Sugarcane -- Research ,Soil science -- Research ,Agricultural industry ,Earth sciences - Abstract
The change in management practices of the sugarcane crop in Brazil, from the traditional trash burning before harvest to the new practice that leaves harvest residues on the field after harvest, can lead to alterations in the water regime and also in soil compaction levels. In this study a neutron-gamma surface gauge was used to monitor spatial and temporal variabilities of soil moisture and density in a experimental sugarcane area submitted to 3 harvest management practices: (i) mulched crop with harvest residues, (ii) crop with bare inter-row, and (iii) crop with ash residues from trash burning before harvest. Variability of soil water content and bulk density was studied using geostatistical tools and analysis of variance was used to compare averages. Autocorrelations and semivariograms indicate a spatial dependence of soil water contents, which were higher in the presence of trash residues left on the soil surface after harvest. The average difference between treatments (i) and (ii) was about of 15%, indicating the beneficial mulching effect with respect to soil water retention. Differences between (ii) and (iii) were much smaller. Additional keywords: gamma-ray attenuation, surface neutron-gamma probe, sugarcane, mulch., Introduction Soil water content and bulk density are parameters commonly used to characterise and to study the physical behaviour of soils in agronomic systems. They have a fundamental influence on [...]
- Published
- 2002
14. Impact of emergency admissions on elective surgical workload
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Nasr, A., Reichardt, K., Fitzgerald, K., Arumugusamy, M., Keeling, P., and Walsh, T. N.
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- 2004
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15. Measurements of nitrogen fixation in fababean at different N fertilizer rates using the 15N isotope dilution and ‘A-value’ methods
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Hardarson, G., Danso, S. K. A., Zapata, F., and Reichardt, K.
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- 1991
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16. Sediment spatial distribution evaluated by three methods and its relation to some soil properties
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Bacchi, O.O.S, Reichardt, K, and Sparovek, G
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- 2003
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17. Sugarcane production evaluated by the state-space approach
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Timm, L.C., Reichardt, K., Oliveira, J.C.M., Cassaro, F.A.M., Tominaga, T.T., Bacchi, O.O.S., and Dourado-Neto, D.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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18. Management effects on nitrogen recovery in a sugarcane crop grown in Brazil
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Basanta, M.V., Dourado-Neto, D., Reichardt, K., Bacchi, O.O.S., Oliveira, J.C.M., Trivelin, P.C.O., Timm, L.C., Tominaga, T.T., Correchel, V., Cássaro, F.A.M., Pires, L.F., and de Macedo, J.R.
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- 2003
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19. On the use of surface neutron-gamma gauges to estimate soil water content
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Tominaga, T.T, Cássaro, F.A.M, Reichardt, K, Bacchi, O.O.S, Oliveira, J.C.M, and Timm, L.C
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- 2002
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20. Measurements of nitrogen fixation in fababean at different N fertilizer rates using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution and 'A-value' methods
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HARDARSON, G., DANSO, S. K. A., ZAPATA, F., and REICHARDT, K.
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- 1991
21. ¹⁵N-urea transport and transformation in two deforested Amazonian soils under laboratory conditions / Transporte de urea ¹⁵N y sus transformaciones en dos suelos deforestados del Amazonas bajo condiciones de laboratorio
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VICTORIA, R. L., LIBARDI, P. L., REICHARDT, K., and MATSUI, E.
- Published
- 1982
22. Nitrogen cycling in a ¹⁵N-fertilized bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop / Ciclo del nitrógeno en cultivo de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fertilizado con ¹⁵N
- Author
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LIBARDI, P. L., VICTORIA, R. L., REICHARDT, K., and CERVELLINI, A.
- Published
- 1982
23. FRACTAL SCALING OF PARTICLE AND PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ITS RELATION TO SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
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BACCHI O.O.S., REICHARDT K., and VILLA NOVA N.A.
- Subjects
Fractal ,particle size distribution ,pore size distribution ,soil water retention ,soil hydraulic conductivity ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Fractal scaling has been applied to soils, both for void and solid phases, as an approach to characterize the porous arrangement, attempting to relate particle-size distribution to soil water retention and soil water dynamic properties. One important point of such an analysis is the assumption that the void space geometry of soils reflects its solid phase geometry, taking into account that soil pores are lined by the full range of particles, and that their fractal dimension, which expresses their tortuosity, could be evaluated by the fractal scaling of particle-size distribution. Other authors already concluded that although fractal scaling plays an important role in soil water retention and porosity, particle-size distribution alone is not sufficient to evaluate the fractal structure of porosity. It is also recommended to examine the relationship between fractal properties of solids and of voids, and in some special cases, look for an equivalence of both fractal dimensions. In the present paper data of 42 soil samples were analyzed in order to compare fractal dimensions of pore-size distribution, evaluated by soil water retention curves (SWRC) of soils, with fractal dimensions of soil particle-size distributions (PSD), taking the hydraulic conductivity as a standard variable for the comparison, due to its relation to tortuosity. A new procedure is proposed to evaluate the fractal dimension of pore-size distribution. Results indicate a better correlation between fractal dimensions of pore-size distribution and the hydraulic conductivity for this set of soils, showing that for most of the soils analyzed there is no equivalence of both fractal dimensions. For most of these soils the fractal dimension of particle-size distribution does not indicate properly the pore trace tortuosity. A better equivalence of both fractal dimensions was found for sandy soils.
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- 1996
24. Energy flow in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) production systems Fluxos de energia em sistemas de produção de mamona (Ricinus communis L.)
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Da Silva, A. N., Thiago Romanelli, and Reichardt, K.
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Balanço energético ,Energetic balance ,sistemas de cultivo ,oil crops ,tecnologia da produção ,production technology ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,cultivation systems ,lcsh:S1-972 ,oleaginosas - Abstract
Although energy analysis is a way to evaluate the sustainability of production systems, this practice is not often used in the agribusiness. In this context, the castor bean (Ricinus communis L) is an agricultural crop not yet well studied despite its great potential in the Brazilian energetic scenario. This article aimed to evaluate the productive potential of the castor bean oil, using an energetic view applied to two management systems: low (System 1) and medium (System 2) technologies. The quantification of the used material fluxes was made converting these factors in energy units. The input energy fluxes were 3,170.6 MJ ha¹ and 10,366.0 MJ ha¹ for Systems 1 and 2, respectively. The energy balance of System 1 was 11,938.2 MJ ha¹ and that of System 2 16,296.5 MJ ha¹. The net energetic gain or the energy gain over the invested energy (EROI) of System 1 was 3.8 and of System 2, 2.6. Although presenting a greater energy demand and a lower EROI, System 2 had a greater energy balance, demonstrating a better viability of this cultivation system for the production of castor bean oil.A análise energética é uma forma de se avaliar a sustentabilidade de um sistema produtivo, apesar de ainda pouco utilizada no setor agropecuário. Inserida neste setor encontra-se a produção da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), cultura ainda pouco estudada e que apresenta grande importância para o agronegócio brasileiro. Avaliou-se sob a ótica energética a produção potencial de óleo de mamona em dois sistemas de cultivo: com baixa (Sistema 1) e média (Sistema 2) tecnologias. Foi realizada a quantificação dos fluxos de materiais empregados nos dois sistemas de produção e conversão destes fatores em unidades de energia. Os fluxos de energia de entrada foram de 3.170,6 MJ ha¹ e 10.366 MJ ha¹ para os sistemas 1 e 2, respectivamente. O balanço de energia foi de 11.938,2 MJ ha¹ no sistema 1 e 16.296,5 MJ ha¹ no sistema 2. A lucratividade energética, retorno em energia sobre energia investida (EROI) do sistema 1 foi de 3,8 e no sistema 2 de 2,6. Apesar de apresentar uma maior demanda energética e menor EROI, o sistema 2 obteve maior balanço energético, demonstrando a maior viabilidade deste tipo de cultivo para a cultura da mamoneira.
- Published
- 2010
25. Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis
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Rogge, K.S., Reichardt, K., and Publica
- Abstract
Reaching a better understanding of the policies and politics of transitions presents a main agenda item in the emerging field of sustainability transitions. One important requirement for these transitions, such as the move towards a decarbonized energy system, is the redirection and acceleration of technological change, for which policies play a key role. In this regard, several studies have argued for the need to combine different policy instruments in so-called policy mixes. However, existing policy mix studies often fall short of reflecting the complexity and dynamics of actual policy mixes, the underlying politics and the evaluation of their impacts. In this paper we take a first step towards an extended, interdisciplinary policy mix concept based on a review of the bodies of literature on innovation studies, environmental economics and policy analysis.
- Published
- 2016
26. Libardi's method refinement for soil hydraulic conductivity measurement
- Author
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Libardi, P. L. and Reichardt, K.
- Subjects
Soils -- Testing -- Analysis -- Electric properties -- Measurement ,Soil moisture -- Measurement -- Analysis -- Electric properties ,Soil research -- Analysis -- Electric properties -- Measurement ,Water -- Electric properties -- Measurement -- Analysis ,Agricultural industry ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Abstract The method of Libardi to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity in the field, during the redistribution of soil water, is discussed and improved. It is shown that if the saturated [...]
- Published
- 2001
27. Improved laboratory calibration of a single-probe surface gamma-neutron gauge
- Author
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Cassaro, F. A. M., Tominaga, T. T., Bacchi, O. O. S., Reichardt, K., Oliveira, J. C. M., and Timm, L. C.
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Calibration -- Equipment and supplies -- Analysis ,Soil research -- Equipment and supplies -- Analysis ,Gamma rays -- Usage -- Equipment and supplies -- Analysis ,Gages -- Equipment and supplies -- Usage -- Analysis ,Agricultural industry ,Earth sciences ,Usage ,Analysis ,Equipment and supplies - Abstract
Surface gamma-neutron gauges are extensively used for the determination of soil physical properties such as density. Substantial differences are sometimes observed between density values provided by these gauges when using factory-supplied calibrations and gravimetric density measurements. These differences can be as high as 16%. In this paper it is shown that, using homogeneous materials with different known densities covering a wider range, it is possible to find a better calibration equation. This calibration provides density values in agreement with gravimetric measurements. Additional keywords: gamma-ray attenuation, backscatter, soil bulk density., Introduction Measurements of bulk density and water content are widely used to characterise soil physical conditions so that the behavior of agronomic systems can be better understood. Among several available [...]
- Published
- 2000
28. Atenuação de feixe de raios gama como técnica auxiliar na determinação de curvas de retenção de água no solo
- Author
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BACCHI,O.O.S., REICHARDT,K., OLIVEIRA,J.C.M., and NIELSEN,D.R.
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retenção de água ,radiação gama ,curva característica ,gamma attenuation ,soil water retention ,Agriculture (General) ,gamma radiation ,atenuação de raios gama ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,lcsh:S1-972 ,S1-972 - Abstract
The soil water retention curve is fundamental for the hydraulic characterization of a soil and has many applications in agricultural research as well as in practical agriculture. A new procedure for soil moisture and soil bulk density evaluation inside closed pressure chambers through gamma-ray beam attenuation is presented. The proposed procedure presents several advantages in relation to the traditional process: avoids the need of continuous sample manipulation; minimizes the problem of hysteresis; allows a more precise evaluation of soil moisture by taking into account changes of soil bulk density due to swelling or shrinking on addition or removal of water; allows frequent evaluation of soil moisture without the need of opening the pressure chamber; allows a more precise judgement of equilibrium; reduces drastically the time of the determination of the retention curve and allows easy automation of data acquisition by a computer. A curva de retenção da água no solo é fundamental para a caracterização hídrica de um solo e tem muitas aplicações na pesquisa agrícola assim como na agricultura aplicada. Um novo procedimento para determinação da umidade e densidade do solo no interior de câmaras de pressão utilizadas para deter minação de curvas de retenção é apresentado. O procedimento proposto apresenta várias vantagens em relação ao processo tradicional, tais como: evita a necessidade de constante manipulação das amostras; minimiza o problema da histerese; permite uma determinação mais precisa da umidade por levar em conta possíveis alterações na densidade do solo devido à expansão e/ou contração durante a adição ou retirada de água; permite constante avaliação da umidade do solo sem a necessidade de abertura da câmara; permite um julgamento mais preciso do ponto de equilíbrio após cada período de extração; reduz drasticamente o tempo necessário para a determinação das curvas de retenção e permite fácil automação do sistema de aquisição de dados com ajuda de um computador.
- Published
- 1998
29. Principles of crop modelling and simulation: III. modeling of root growth and other belowground processes, limitations of the models, and the future of modeling in agriculture
- Author
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DOURADO-NETO D., TERUEL D. A., REICHARDT K., NIELSEN D.R., FRIZZONE J. A., and BACCHI O.O.S.
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Agriculture (General) ,crop modeling ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,simulation ,lcsh:S1-972 ,S1-972 - Abstract
The first models of temporal variation of root systems appeared over 20 years ago. The complex architectural geometry of root systems; the wide range in size and diameter and the rapid growth and decomposition of finest roots; the different physiological activity of roots of different ages; the complex microbial processes occurring at the root-soil interface; the symbiotic relationships in the rhizosphere; the variable soil environment (physical, chemical and biological) in which roots develop are the challenges of quantifying the root growth. The models are not simple mechanisms to archive information in order to produce forecasts. Modeling represents a better way of synthesizing knowledge about different components of a system, summarizing data, and transferring research results to users.
- Published
- 1998
30. 15N-urea transport and transformation in two deforested Amazonian soils under laboratory conditions
- Author
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Victoria, R. L., Libardi, P. L., Reichardt, K., and Matsui, E.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Nitrogen cycling in a15N-fertilized bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop
- Author
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Libardi, P. L., Victoria, R. L., Reichardt, K., and Cervellini, A.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. European Responses to Climate Change: Deep emissions reductions and mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation. RESPONSES project policy Brief
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Berkhout, F., Bouwer, L.M., Bayer, J., Bouzid, M., Cabeza, M., Hanger, S., Hof, A., Hunter, P., Meller, L., Patt, A., Pfluger, B., Rayner, T., Reichardt, K., and van Teeffelen, A.J.A.
- Published
- 2013
33. Spatial variability of physical and hydraulic attributes of a sandy soil in the Northeast Brazil
- Author
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TIMM, L. C., RECKZIEGEL, N. L., AQUINO, L. S., BASSOI, L. H., GUIMARÃES, E. C., TAVARES, V. E. Q., VAZ, C. M. P., MANIERI, J. M., RAMOS, C. M. C., RIBEIRO, P. R. de A., REICHARDT, K., LUÍS CARLOS TIMM, NESTOR LUIS RECKZIEGEL, LEANDRO SANZI AQUINO, LUIS HENRIQUE BASSOI, CPATSA, EDNALDO CARVALHO GUIMARÃES, VITOR EMANUEL QUEVEDO TAVARES, CARLOS MANOEL PEDRO VAZ, CNPDIA, JULIANA MARIA MANIERI, CLOVIS MANOEL CARVALHO RAMOS, PAULA ROSE DE ALMEIDA RIBEIRO, and KLAUS REICHARDT.
- Subjects
Solo ,Dependência espacial ,Neossolos Quartzarênicos ,Atributos do solo ,Irrigação ,Uva - Abstract
The knowledge of field management zones based on soil attributes can be helpful for the implementation of site-specific management. This work had the objective of analyzing the spatial dependence of soil attributes of the 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m layers of an Entisols Quartzipsamments, in Petrolina, Northeast Brazil, which has been cultivated with micro sprinkler irrigated grapevines. In a rectangular grid with 168 points spaced by 4.0 x 3.5 m, soil samples were collected from each layer to determine soil bulk density, contents of clay, silt and sand, soil water contents at field capacity and wilting point. All data sets were submitted to classic statistical and geostatistical analyses. For the 0-0.20 m layer, the distributions of soil bulk density, clay content and soil water content at field capacity presented a spatial dependence structure, with ranges of 10.0 m, 8.3 m and 7.2 m, respectively. In the 0.20-0.40 m layer, spatial dependence was found for soil density, sand content (6.6 m for both attributes) and soil water content at field capacity (6.8 m range). Distributions of silt and sand contents and soil water content at wilting point presented no spatial dependence in the upper layer as well as the clay and silt contents and soil water content at wilting pointing in the deeper layer. By constructing the soil attribute contour maps, distinct management zones were defined as well as their extension. Practical uses for irrigation scheduling purposes were proposed.
- Published
- 2010
34. Neural network and state-space models for studying relationships among soil properties
- Author
-
TIMM, L. C., GOMES, D. T., BARBOSA, E. P., REICHARDT, K., SOUZA, M. D. de, DYNIA, J. F., L. C. TIMM, UFPel/FAEM - Depto de Engenharia Rural, D. T. GOMES, UNICAMP/IMECC - Depto. de Estatística, E. P. BARBOSA, UNICAMP/IMECC - Depto. de Estatística, K. REICHARDT, USP/CENA - Lab. de Física de Solo, MANOEL DORNELAS DE SOUZA, CNPMA, and J. F. DYNIA.
- Subjects
Propriedades do solo ,Redes neurais ,Física do solo ,Modelos de predição ,Transição espacial ,Química do solo - Abstract
O estudo da relação entre as propriedades do solo é de grande importância na área agronômica objetivando um manejo racional dos recursos naturais do meio ambiente e um aumento na produtividade agrícola. Tradicionalmente este estudo tem sido realizado usando modelos de regressão estática os quais não levam em consideração a estrutura espacial envolvida. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a relação entre uma variável de determinação mais cara e demorada (por exemplo, nitrogênio total do solo) e outras de mais barata e rápida determinação (p.e., carbono orgânico do solo, pH, etc.). Duas importantes classes de modelos (espaço de estados linear e redes neurais) são usadas para predição e comparadas aos modelos de regressão uni- e multivariados aqui usados como referência. Para tal, em uma área experimental cultivada com aveia, situada em Jaguariúna, SP (22º41? S e 47º00? W), amostras de um solo classificado como Latossolo foram coletadas na camada arável ao longo de uma transeção espacial de 194 m, eqüidistantes de 2 m. Os modelos de rede neural recorrente e de espaço de estados padrão tiveram uma melhor performance preditiva da variável nitrogênio total do solo quando comparados aos modelos de regressão padrão. Entre os modelos de regressão padrão o Autoregressivo Vetorial teve um melhor desempenho preditivo da variável nitrogênio total do solo.
- Published
- 2006
35. Gamma-ray-computed tomography to investigate compaction on sewage-slude-treated soil
- Author
-
PIRES, L. F., MACEDO, J. R. de, SOUZA, M. D. de, BACCHI, O. O. S., REICHARDT, K., L. F. PIRES, CENE/USP, JOSE RONALDO DE MACEDO, CNPS, MANOEL DORNELAS DE SOUZA, CNPMA, O. O. S. BACCHI, CENE/USP, and K. REICHARDT, CENE/USP.
- Subjects
Análise do solo ,Compactação do Solo ,Lodo de esgoto ,Raio Gama - Abstract
Soil compaction is one of the fundamental parameters to evaluate the environmental impact of agricultural machinery traffic on soils. Compaction causes modifications on soil physical properties such as changes in porosity and structure that are related to soil water movement and gas exchange The objective of this work was to evaluate soil surface sealing after sewage-sludge application, and the influence of agricultural machinery traffic, through computed tomography. A first generation tomograph was used having a 137Cs source and a 3 in×3 in NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal detector coupled to a photomultiplier tube. Image analysis and tomographic unit profiles could successfully be used for the detection of soil surface sealing and soil compaction due to machinery traffic associated to sewage-sludge application. Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-18T18:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 PiresGammaray.pdf: 229497 bytes, checksum: bf725104cfbe74077f1effdefc28dd49 (MD5) PiresGammaraycomputed.pdf: 540249 bytes, checksum: b90b4030ea6c06854438f5ca727b73e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
- Published
- 2003
36. Soil spatial variability and the estimation of the irrigation water depth
- Author
-
REICHARDT, K., SILVA, J. C. de A., BASSOI, L. H., TIMM, L. C., OLIVEIRA, J. C. M. de, BACCHI, O. O. S., PILLOTTO, J. E., Klaus Heichardt, José Carlos de Araújo Silva, LUIS HENRIQUE BASSOI, CPATSA, Luís Carlos Timm, Julio Cesar Martins de Oliveira, Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi, and João Eduardo Pilotto.
- Subjects
Água ,Variabilidade ,Profundidade ,Umidade do Solo ,Irrigation water depth ,Espaco ,Soil moisture ,Capacidade de campo ,Irrigação ,field capacity ,Spatial variability - Abstract
The effects of soil water spatial variability previous to irrigation and of the field capacity on the estimation of irrigation water depth are evaluated. The experiment consisted of a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop established on a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, irrigated by central pivot, in which soil water contents were evaluated with a depth neutron gauge, in a grid of 20x4 points with lag of 0.5 m. In a given situation, the 80 calculated irrigation water depths presented a coefficient of variation of 29.3%, with an average water value of 18 mm, maximum of 41 mm and minimum of 9 mm. It is concluded that the only practical way of irrigation is the use of an average water depth, due to the inherent variability of the soil, and that the search for better field capacity values does not imply in better water depth estimates. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-18T00:32:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ScientiaAgricolav.58n.3p.5495532001.pdf: 4581215 bytes, checksum: 0cc02ad21c9303ebf658f275fadfc1bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-19
- Published
- 2001
37. Principles of crop modeling and simulation: I. uses of mathematical models in agricultural science
- Author
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Dourado-Neto, D., Teruel, D. A., Reichardt, K., Nielsen, D.R., Frizzone, J. A., and Bacchi, O.O.S.
- Subjects
crop modeling ,simulação ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,simulation ,modelagem em agricultura ,lcsh:S1-972 - Abstract
Modeling techniques applied to agriculture can be useful to define research priorities and understanding the basic interactions of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Using a model to estimate the importance and the effect of certain parameters, a researcher can notice which factors can be most useful. The modeler should define his objectives before beginning his work and construct a model that fulfills the proposed objectives. A técnica de modelagem em agricultura pode ser útil para definir as prioridades de pesquisa, bem como para melhor entender as interações que ocorrem no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera. O modelo pode ser utilizado para estimar a importância e o efeito de certos parâmetros no intuito de definir os fatores a serem considerados. O modelador deve definir seus objetivos antes de iniciar o trabalho experimental, bem como desenvolver um modelo que atenda o objetivo proposto.
- Published
- 1998
38. Principles of crop modelling and simulation: III. modeling of root growth and other belowground processes, limitations of the models, and the future of modeling in agriculture
- Author
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DOURADO-NETO, D., TERUEL, D. A., REICHARDT, K., NIELSEN, D.R., FRIZZONE, J. A., and BACCHI, O.O.S.
- Subjects
crop modeling ,simulação ,simulation ,modelagem em agricultura - Abstract
The first models of temporal variation of root systems appeared over 20 years ago. The complex architectural geometry of root systems; the wide range in size and diameter and the rapid growth and decomposition of finest roots; the different physiological activity of roots of different ages; the complex microbial processes occurring at the root-soil interface; the symbiotic relationships in the rhizosphere; the variable soil environment (physical, chemical and biological) in which roots develop are the challenges of quantifying the root growth. The models are not simple mechanisms to archive information in order to produce forecasts. Modeling represents a better way of synthesizing knowledge about different components of a system, summarizing data, and transferring research results to users. Os primeiros modelos que contemplaram a variação espacial e temporal de sistemas radiculares foram apresentados há mais de 20 anos. A complexa arquitetura dos sistemas radiculares; a ampla faixa de variação no tamanho e no diâmetro, bem como no rápido crescimento e decomposição de raízes finas; as diferentes atividades fisiológicas das raízes de diferentes idades; os complexos processos microbiológicos que ocorrem na interface raiz-solo; as relações simbióticas na rizosfera; as variações químicas, físicas e biológicas que ocorrem no solo (local onde as raízes se desenvolvem) são os desafios da quantificação do crescimento radicular. Os modelos não são simples mecanismos para arquivar informações, produzindo estimativas. Os modelos representam o melhor mecanismo de sintetizar conhecimento sobre diferentes componentes do sistema, arquivando dados de forma sintética, e transferindo resultados de pesquisa para os usuários.
- Published
- 1998
39. Neutron probe calibration correction by temporal stability parameters of soil water content probability distribution
- Author
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Reichardt, K., Portezan, O., Bacchi, O.O.S., Oliveira, J.C.M, Dourado-Neto, D., Pilotto, J.E., and Calvache, M.
- Subjects
neutron probe ,umidade do solo ,sonda de nêutrons ,estabilidade temporal ,variabilidade espacial ,calibração ,soil water content ,spatial variability ,calibration ,time stability - Abstract
A neutron probe calibration correction is proposed in order to reduce soil water content variability, assumed to be a consequence of improper calibrations relations. The time stability of spatially measured soil water content data is used to correct the intercepts of linear calibration relations. This procedure reduced the coefficients of variation of soil water content data from 4 to less than 2% in a Rhodic Kanhapludalf. É proposta uma correção para a calibração de sondas de nêutrons para reduzir a variabilidade de dados do conteúdo de água no solo, suposta como conseqüência de relações de calibração impróprias. A estabilidade temporal de dados espaciais de conteúdo de água no solo é usada para corrigir os coeficientes lineares de curvas de calibração. Esse procedimento reduziu coeficientes de variação de medidas de umidade do solo de 4 para valores menores que 2% em uma Terra Roxa Estruturada.
- Published
- 1997
40. FRACTAL SCALING OF PARTICLE AND PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ITS RELATION TO SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
- Author
-
BACCHI, O.O.S., REICHARDT, K., and VILLA NOVA, N.A.
- Subjects
pore size distribution ,soil water retention ,particle size distribution ,soil hydraulic conductivity ,Physics::Classical Physics ,Fractal ,Physics::Geophysics - Abstract
Fractal scaling has been applied to soils, both for void and solid phases, as an approach to characterize the porous arrangement, attempting to relate particle-size distribution to soil water retention and soil water dynamic properties. One important point of such an analysis is the assumption that the void space geometry of soils reflects its solid phase geometry, taking into account that soil pores are lined by the full range of particles, and that their fractal dimension, which expresses their tortuosity, could be evaluated by the fractal scaling of particle-size distribution. Other authors already concluded that although fractal scaling plays an important role in soil water retention and porosity, particle-size distribution alone is not sufficient to evaluate the fractal structure of porosity. It is also recommended to examine the relationship between fractal properties of solids and of voids, and in some special cases, look for an equivalence of both fractal dimensions. In the present paper data of 42 soil samples were analyzed in order to compare fractal dimensions of pore-size distribution, evaluated by soil water retention curves (SWRC) of soils, with fractal dimensions of soil particle-size distributions (PSD), taking the hydraulic conductivity as a standard variable for the comparison, due to its relation to tortuosity. A new procedure is proposed to evaluate the fractal dimension of pore-size distribution. Results indicate a better correlation between fractal dimensions of pore-size distribution and the hydraulic conductivity for this set of soils, showing that for most of the soils analyzed there is no equivalence of both fractal dimensions. For most of these soils the fractal dimension of particle-size distribution does not indicate properly the pore trace tortuosity. A better equivalence of both fractal dimensions was found for sandy soils. O escalonamento fractal tem sido aplicado a solos, levando-se em conta tanto a sua distribuição de partículas como a distribuição de poros, na tentativa de se caracterizar o espaço poroso no que diz respeito às suas propriedades de retenção e condução de água. Um ponto importante nessas análises é a consideração de que a geometria do espaço poroso dos solos é o reflexo da geometria do espaço ocupado pelas partículas sólidas e que, portanto, a dimensão fractal da distribuição de poros do solo pode ser avaliada através da dimensão fractal da sua distribuição de partículas. Alguns autores, no entanto, reconhecem que a distribuição de partículas por si só não é suficiente para uma perfeita caracterização da geometria fractal do espaço poroso de um solo e que tal possibilidade é válida apenas para alguns casos especiais nos quais há uma correspondência entre ambas as dimensões fractais. No presente trabalho foram analisadas 42 amostras de solos de composições granulométricas distintas com o objetivo de avaliar a equivalência das dimensões fractais de suas distribuições de partículas às de suas distribuições de poros, tomando-se a condutividade hidráulica dos solos como uma propriedade indicadora da dimensão fractal da distribuição de poros, uma vez que tal propriedade, assim como a dimensão fractal, deve refletir diretamente a tortuosidade dos poros do solo. Os resultados indicam uma melhor correlação entre as dimensões fractais das distribuições de poros com as condutividades hidráulicas do que as dimensões fractais avaliadas pelas distribuições de partículas e que, para a maioria dos solos analisados, a distribuição de partículas não é um bom indicador para
- Published
- 1996
41. Daily rainfall variability at a local scale (1,000 ha), in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, and its implications on soil water recharge
- Author
-
Reichardt, K., Angelocci, L.R., Bacchi, O.O.S., and Pilotto, J.E.
- Subjects
chuva ,soil water recharge ,variabilidade ,variability ,recarga da água do solo ,rainfall ,precipitação pluvial - Abstract
Daily rainfall variability at a local scale (1,000 ha) was studied at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, for the period of one year (1993-1994), in order to better understand the process of soil water recharge. Coefficients of variation of daily data for ten observation points varied from 2.2 to 169.3% and the variability was independent of rain type, i.e. whether convective, frontal or of other origin. Data were not related to separation distances between observation points and it is concluded that one observation point does not represent areas as far as 1,000 to 2,500 m apart, for daily, monthly or even quarterly averages. Yearly totals for the ten observation points presented a coefficient of variation as low as 3.06%, indicating that all points can replace each other in annual terms. A variabilidade diária da chuva em uma escala local (1000 ha) foi estudada em Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, pelo período de um ano (1993-1994). Os coeficientes de variação de dados diários para dez pontos de observação variaram de 2,2 a 169,3 % e a variabilidade independeu do tipo de chuva, isto é, se convectiva, frontal ou de outra origem. Os dados não apresentaram correlação com a distância entre os pontos de observação e concluiu-se que uni ponto de observação não representa áreas distantes dele de 1000 a 2500 m, para médias diárias, mensais ou mesmo trimestrais. Os totais anuais dos dez pontos apresentaram um coeficiente de variação de apenas 3,06 %, indicando que cada ponto pode representar qualquer outro em termos anuais.
- Published
- 1995
42. Evaluation of a 15N plot design for estimating plant recovery of fertilizer nitrogen applied to sugar cane
- Author
-
Trivelin, P.C.O., Lara Cabezas, W.A.R., Victoria, R.L., and Reichardt, K.
- Subjects
experimental plot design ,cana-de-açúcar ,15N ,sugar cane ,plant recovery of fertilizer nitrogen ,recuperação de N-fertilizante pela planta ,modelo de parcela experimental - Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on commercial sugar cane fields cropped with the variety SP70-1143, with the objective of evaluating a single row microplot design to determine plant recovery of 15N fertilizer nitrogen. One of them used 15N-aqua ammonia and 15N-urea applied to two linear meter microplots of a ratoon crop (four replicates). The second used one linear meter microplots (three replicates) which received 15N-aqua ammonia only. The fertilizers were applied on 15cm deep furrows, located 25cm from both sides of the cane row. One linear meter of ratoon cane, inside and outside of the microplot, and on the same and adjacent rows were harvested twelve months after fertilization. The results indicate the feasibility of using single row segments of ratoon cane with 15N-fertilizer. The main advantage of this microplot design, when compared to the classical 3 contiguous row segments, is that only one third of the labeled fertilizer is needed. In a single row, in order to separate the nitrogen taken up by plants from the fertilizer applied to the row (Nr dff r), from that applied to adjacent rows (Nr dff r+1, and Nr dff r-1), the following should be considered: (a) a border segment of 0.5 to 1.0m inside the plot, so that Ndff results from plants harvested in the center of the microplot represent the actual value of fertilizer nitrogen taken up from that applied to the same row, and (b) harvest of plants from adjacent rows at equivalent positions to those sampled inside the microplot, to quantify the 15N-fertilizer uptake by outside plants (Nr+1dff r and Nr-1dff r), which is assumed to be the same as non labeled fertilizer applied to adjacent rows (Nr dff r+l and Nr dff r-1) taken up by inside plants. The Ndff total values should be calculated by the equation: Ndff total = Nr dff r + Nr+1dff r + Nr-1dff r. Com o objetivo de avaliar um modelo de parcela, na determinação do aproveitamento pela cana-de-açúcar de fertilizantes nitrogenados-15N, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em áreas comerciais plantadas com a variedade SP 70-1143. Num experimento foram aplicados os adubos aquamônia-15N e uréia-15N, em parcelas constituídas de segmentos simples de linha de soqueira de cana, com 2 metros lineares de comprimento (4 repetições). No segundo, parcelas de l metro linear (3 repetições) receberam aquamônia-15N. Os fertilizantes foram aplicados em sulcos com 15cm de profundidade, abertos a 25cm de distância nos dois lados da linha de cana. Foram realizadas colheitas de l metro linear de cana no interior e fora das parcelas, na mesma linha e nas adjacentes à elas. Os resultados isotópicos evidenciaram ser perfeitamente possível a utilização dessas parcelas com fertilizante-15N. A principal vantagem do modelo, comparado às parcelas convencionais com 3 segmentos contíguos, é a redução a um terço, da quantidade de fertilizantes-15N necessária. Na determinação do nitrogênio absorvido pelas plantas do fertilizante aplicado na linha com adubo-15N (Nr dff r), e daquele absorvido do fertilizante não marcado com o isótopo, aplicado nas linhas adjacentes (Nr dff r+1 e Nr dff r-1), deve-se considerar para as parcelas em questão: (a) bordadura interna de 0,5 a 1m de comprimento, para que os valores de Ndff de plantas colhidas no centro delas, representem o valor máximo do nitrogênio absorvido do fertilizante aplicado na linha; e (b) colheita de plantas nas linhas imediatamente adjacentes, em posições equivalentes à efetuada no interior das parcelas, a fim de quantificar o N absorvido do fertilizante-15N (Nr+1dff r e Nr-1dff r), que representa o valor do N absorvido do adubo aplicado nas linhas adjacentes, por plantas da parcela (Nr dff r+I e Nr dff r.,). O valor de Ndff^ é calculado pela equação: Ndff total= Nr dff r + Nr+1dff r + Nr-1dff,.
- Published
- 1994
43. On simple methods for unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity determination
- Author
-
Bacchi, O.O.S. and Reichardt, K.
- Subjects
condutividade hidráulica do solo ,soil hydraulic conductivity ,unit gradient ,gradiente unitário - Abstract
The simple methods of LIBARDI et al. (1980) and SISSON et al. (1980) for K(theta) estimation, although developed on completely different theoretical basis, are rigorously identical for the exponential hydraulic conductivity model. The unit gradient approximation used in these methods seems valid for practical purposes but is theoretically in valid. Os métodos simplicados de LIBARDI et al (1980) e de SISSON et al (1980), para determinação da função K(teta), apesar de serem desenvolvidos sobre bases teóricas completamente diferentes, são rigorosamente iguais para o modelo exponencial de condutividade hidráulica. A hipótese do gradiente unitário utilizada nestes métodos parece ser válida apenas para efeito prático, mas não o sendo teoricamente.
- Published
- 1993
44. On simple methods for unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity determination
- Author
-
Bacchi,O.O.S. and Reichardt,K.
- Subjects
soil hydraulic conductivity ,unit gradient - Abstract
The simple methods of LIBARDI et al. (1980) and SISSON et al. (1980) for K(theta) estimation, although developed on completely different theoretical basis, are rigorously identical for the exponential hydraulic conductivity model. The unit gradient approximation used in these methods seems valid for practical purposes but is theoretically in valid.
- Published
- 1993
45. Unit gradient in internal drainage experiments for the determination of soil hydraulic conductivity
- Author
-
Reichardt, K.
- Subjects
internal drainage ,drenagem interna ,condutividade hidráulica do solo ,soil hydraulic conductivity ,unit gradient ,gradiente unitário - Abstract
It is theoretically shown that unit hydraulic potential gradients cannot occur in homogeneous soils undegoing internal drainage process even though this assumption has been used successfully by several authors of soil hydraulic conductivity methods. É mostrado teoricamente que gradientes unitários de potencial hidráulico da água não podem ocorrer em perfis homogêneos de solo sob drenagem interna, apesar desta aproximação ter sido utilizada com sucesso em vários métodos de determinação de condutividade hidráulica do solo.
- Published
- 1993
46. Applied Remote Sensing Program (ARSP)
- Author
-
Johnson, J. D, Hutchinson, C. F, Mouat, D. A, Schowengerdt, R. A, Leigh, L. S, Parton, M. C, Reichardt, K. L, Sauerwein, C. H, and Warren, P. L
- Subjects
Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
- Published
- 1980
47. Comparison of neutron moisture gauges with nonnuclear methods to measure field soil water status
- Author
-
Kirda, C. and Reichardt, K.
- Subjects
tensiometers ,umidade do solo ,neutron gauges ,resistance blocks ,blocos de resistência ,variabilidade espacial ,soil water ,spatial variability ,sonda de neutrons ,tensiômetros - Abstract
The neutron moisture gauge is compared with the gravimetric-core soil sampling technique, tensiometers and resistance blocks in relation to stability, Held variability, spatial dependence and number of samples needed at a given level of significance. The variance of field water content measurements with neutron moisture gauges is lower than that of the gravimetric sampling, which therefore requires 2 to 6 times as many samples as the number of measuring sites of the gauges to attain the same level of significance. The space dependence of the measurements made with the subsurface gauge varied depending on the average field soil water content. No space dependence was evident when the water content was lower than 0.2 cm³.cm-3 (50% saturation). Measurements with the tensiometers and resistance blocks manifested no spatial dependence and therefore randomly selected measuring sites can be adapted to Held research work where these methods are to be utilized. Soil water content measurements estimated with neutron moisture gauges showed well defined temporal stability (i.e., the lowest, average and the highest soil water content measurements occur at the same field site) which implies that soil water status of an entire field can be assessed with measurements limited to few locations. Measurements with both tensiometers and the resistance blocks are time variant (i.e., the site giving field average water content changes spatially in time) owing to their relatively smaller measuring domains (i.e., scale of the area which can be represented by a single measurement) as compared to neutron gauges. Therefore it is not possible to define the measuring sites of the tensiometers and resistance blocks as to assess soil water status of the entire field, as it could be done with the neutron gauge. A sonda de neutrons é comparada com a amostragem gravimétrica, com a tensiometria e com o uso de blocos de resistência, em relação à estabilidade, variabilidade do campo, dependência espacial e múmero de amostras necessárias levando em conta determinado nível de significância. A variância das medidas de umidade do solo obtidas por sonda de neutrons é menor do que para a amostragem gravimétrica, que requer um número de amostras 2 a 6 vezes maior em relação à sonda de neutrons dentro de um mesmo nível de significância. A dependência espacial das medidas feitas com sondas de profundidade variou de acordo com os níveis de umidade do solo. Nenhuma dependência espacial ficou evidente para umidades menores que 0,2 cm³.cm³ (50% da saturação). Medidas com tensiômetros e blocos de resistência não manifestaram dependência espacial e, por isso, a escolha das parcelas para medida facilmente se adaptam a esquemas experimentais nos quais estes métodos podem ser utilizados. Medidas de umidade de solo obtidas por sondas de neutrons mostraram uma estabilidade temporal bem definida (isto é, os valores menor, médio e mais alto de umidade do solo ocorrem na mesma posição no campo experimental) o que significa que o estado da umidade do solo de um campo relativamente grande pode ser determinado através de um número limitado de medidas. Medidas com tensiômetros e blocos de resistência são variáveis no tempo (isto é, a parcela que indica a umidade média do campo varia espacialmente no tempo) devido a seus domínios de medida relativamente menores (isto é, tamanho da área que pode ser representada por uma única medida) em comparação com sondas de neutrons. Por isso não é possível definir posições de medidas para tensiômetros e blocos de resistência para caracterização da umidade do solo do campo todo, da forma como foi possível para sondas de neutrons.
- Published
- 1992
48. STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR SIMULATING MAIZE YIELD.
- Author
-
Detomini, E. R., Neto, D. Dourado, Frizzone, J. A., Doherty, A., Meinke, H., Reichardt, K., Dias, C. T. S., and Figueiredo, M. G.
- Subjects
STOCHASTIC models ,CORN yields ,CEREAL products ,EXPERIMENTAL agriculture ,BIOMASS energy - Abstract
Maize is one of the most important crops in the world. The products generated from this crop are largely used in the starch industry, the animal and human nutrition sector, and biomass energy production and refineries. For these reasons, there is much interest in figuring the potential grain yield of maize genotypes in relation to the environment in which they will be grown, as the productivity directly affects agribusiness or farm profitability. Questions like these can be investigated with ecophysiological crop models, which can be organized according to different philosophies and structures. The main objective of this work is to conceptualize a stochastic model for predicting maize grain yield and productivity under different conditions of water supply while considering the uncertainties of daily climate data. Therefore, one focus is to explain the model construction in detail, and the other is to present some results in light of the philosophy adopted. A deterministic model was built as the basis for the stochastic model. The former performed well in terms of the curve shape of the above-ground dry matter over time as well as the grain yield under full and moderate water deficit conditions. Through the use of a triangular distribution for the harvest index and a bivariate normal distribution of the averaged daily solar radiation and air temperature, the stochastic model satisfactorily simulated grain productivity, i.e., it was found that 10,604 kg ha
-1 is the most likely grain productivity, very similar to the productivity simulated by the deterministic model and for the real conditions based on a field experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Invariant Solutions of Richards' Equation for Water Movement in Dissimilar Soils.
- Author
-
Sadeghi, M., Ghahraman, B., Ziaei, A. N., Davary, K., and Reichardt, K.
- Subjects
SOIL testing ,EXPONENTS ,SOIL moisture ,FLUID dynamics ,NUMERICAL analysis - Abstract
Scaling methods allow a single solution to Richards' equation (RE) to suffice for numerous specific cases of water flow in unsaturated soils. During the past half-century, many such methods were developed for similar soils. In this paper, a new method is proposed for scaling RE for a wide range of dissimilar soils. Exponential-power (EP) functions are used to reduce the dependence of the scaled RE on the soil hydraulic properties. To evaluate the proposed method, the scaled RE was solved numerically considering two test cases: infiltration into relatively dry soils having initially uniform water content distributions, and gravity-dominant drainage occurring from initially wet soil profiles. Although the results for four texturally different soils ranging from sand to heavy clay (adopted from the UNSODA database) showed that the scaled solution were invariant for a wide range of flow conditions, slight deviations were observed when the soil profile was initially wet in the infiltration case or deeply wet in the drainage case. The invariance of the scaled RE makes it possible to generalize a single solution of RE to many dissimilar soils and conditions. Such a procedure reduces the numerical calculations and provides additional opportunities for solving the highly nonlinear RE for unsaturated water flow in soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Alternative Analytical Expressions for the General van Genuchten-Mualem and van Genuchten-Burdine Hydraulic Conductivity Models.
- Author
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Neto, D. Dourado, van Lier, Q. de Jong, Genuchten, M.Th. van, Reichardt, K., Metselaar, K., and Nielsen, D. R.
- Subjects
HYDRAULIC conductivity ,SOIL permeability ,HYPERGEOMETRIC functions ,EQUATIONS ,SOIL moisture - Abstract
The van Genuchten expressions for the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties, first published in 1980, are used frequently in various vadose zone flow and transport applications assuming a specific relationship between the m and n soil hydraulic parameters. By comparison, probably because of the complexity of the hydraulic conductivity equations, the more general solutions with independent m and n values are rarely used. We expressed the general van Genuchten-Mualem and van Genuchten-Burdine hydraulic conductivity equations in terms of hypergeometric functions, which can be approximated by infinite series that converge rapidly for relatively large values of the van Genuchten-Mualem parameter n but only very slowly when n is close to one. Alternative equations were derived that provide very close approximations of the analytical results. The newly proposed equations allow the use of independent values of the parameters m and n in the soil water retention model of van Genuchten for subsequent prediction of the van Genuchten-Mualem and van Genuchten-Burdine hydraulic conductivity models, thus providing more flexibility in fitting experimental pressure-head-dependent water content, ?(h), and hydraulic conductivity, K(h), or K(ϑ?) data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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