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1. Aspectos Mercadológicos dos Produtos não Madeireiros na Economia de Santarém-Pará, Brasil

Author

Danielly Caroline Miléo Gonçalves, João Ricardo de Vasconcellos Gama, Francisco de Assis Oliveira, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Giovânia Carvalho Araújo, and Larissa Santos de Almeida

Subjects
produtos medicinais, artesanatos, biojoias., Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

RESUMO Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com comerciantes e vendedores informais da cidade de Santarém-PA de diferentes setores, relatando 107 produtos medicinais, que representam 14% do total dos produtos encontrados, incluindo plantas e produtos de origem animal. As espécies andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.), copaíba (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) e cumaru (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd.) são os produtos mais procurados pela população local. Os demais produtos somaram 92, totalizando 86%. A comercialização de artesanatos e biojoias é realizada no Centro de Santarém, em lojas especializadas, com mercadorias vindas de diversos lugares, inclusive de fora do Estado. Os principais consumidores são de classe média e alta, que valorizam a forma rústica e a importância socioeconômica que os produtos representam para as famílias que fabricam os artefatos.

Published
2023
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2. Comparação entre Floresta Primária e Secundária com Ocorrência de Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.: Estudo de Caso na Amazônia Oriental

Author

Giovânia Carvalho Araújo, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Francisco de Assis Oliveira, João Ricardo de Vasconcellos Gama, Danielly Caroline Miléo Gonçalves, and Larissa Santos de Almeida

Subjects
radiação, palmeiras, serapilheira., Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

RESUMO Foram avaliadas duas florestas naturais com ocorrência de Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart., sendo uma primária e outra secundária, em termos de caracterização florística, transmitância da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e serapilheira, localizadas na comunidade Araipá (4° 0’ 46.70” S e 55° 33’ 9.35” W), no município de Aveiro, Estado do Pará, ao longo do eixo perpendicular à margem direita do Rio Tapajós. As alterações ecológicas resultantes da cultura agrícola de corte e queima ocasionam um aumento desordenado de indivíduos da A. maripa, funcionando esta, portanto, como uma indicadora de antropização desses ecossistemas.

Published
2023
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3. Produção e Fluxo de Metano na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

Author

Alirio Tenório Furtado Neto, José Mauro Sousa de Moura, Rodrigo da Silva, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Luciana Vanni Gatti, and Thomas Röckmann

Subjects
ciclo biogeoquímico, ecossistema florestal, emissão de metano, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Resumo O metano é o segundo gás de efeito estufa e sua concentração na atmosfera aumentou 259% desde 1750. A média global da fração molar de CH4 atingiu um novo recorde de 1813 ± 2 ppb em 2011. Este trabalho objetiva quantificar a concentração e fluxo de metano no perfil vertical da floresta primária tropical (Floresta Nacional do Tapajós), assim como, determinar a emissão de metano na interface solo-atmosfera durante o período chuvoso e de estiagem para o ano de 2012. Amostras de ar foram coletadas in situ diretamente do solo através do uso de câmaras estáticas e no perfil vertical da floresta em três alturas diferentes (2 m, 16 m e 36 m) e acima da copa (63 m) através do uso da torre micrometeorológica de 65 m. Posteriormente, as amostras de ar foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. A concentração de metano na estratificação vertical da vegetação foi de 1,866 ± 0,038 ppm e o fluxo foi ~ 15,50 mg de CH4.m-2 d-1 e a emissão de metano no solo foi 0,45 ± 0,71 mg de CH4 m-2 d-1. Portanto, no período de estudo o ecossistema florestal de terra-firme atuou como fonte de CH4 para atmosfera.

Published
2020
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4. Diurnal Changes in Leaf Photochemical Reflectance Index in Two Evergreen Forest Canopies

Author

Matti Mottus, Luiz Aragao, Jaana Back, Rocio Hernandez-Clemente, Eduardo Eiji Maeda, Vincent Markiet, Caroline Nichol, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, and Natalia Restrepo-Coupe

Subjects
Amazon rainforest, Betula pendula, boreal forest, light use efficiency, Manilkara elata, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), Ocean engineering, TC1501-1800, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

The spectral properties of plant leaves relate to the state of their photosynthetic apparatus and the surrounding environment. An example is the well known photosynthetic downregulation, active on the time scale from minutes to hours, caused by reversible changes in the xanthophyll cycle pigments. These changes affect leaf spectral absorption and are frequently quantified using the photochemical reflectance index (PRI). This index can be used to remotely monitor the photosynthetic status of vegetation, and allows for a global satellite-based measurement of photosynthesis. Such earth observation satellites in near-polar orbits usually cover the same geographical location at the same local solar time at regular intervals. To facilitate the interpretation of these instantaneous remote PRI measurements and upscale them temporally, we measured the daily course of leaf PRI in two evergreen biomes—a European boreal forest and an Amazon rainforest. The daily course of PRI was different for the two locations: At the Amazonian forest, the PRI of Manilkara elata leaves was correlated with the average photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) ($R^{2}=0.59$, $p< 0.01$) of the 40 minutes preceding the leaf measurement. In the boreal location, the variations in Pinus sylvestris needle PRI were only weakly ($R^{2}=0.27$, $p< 0.05$) correlated with mean PPFD of the preceding two hours; for Betula pendula, the correlation was insignificant ($p>0.5)$ regardless of the averaging period. The measured daily PRI curves were specific to species and/or environmental conditions. Hence, for a proper interpretation of satellite-measured instantaneous photosynthesis, the scaling of PRI measurements should be supported with information on its correlation with PPFD.

Published
2019
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5. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil under soybean cultivation and at an adjacent rainforest in Amazonia

Author

Troy Patrick Beldini, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Michael Meier Keller, Plinio Batista de Camargo, Patrick Michael Crill, Alessandra Damasceno da Silva, Darlisson Bentes dos Santos, and Daniel Rocha de Oliveira

Subjects
land use change, microbial metabolic quotient, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Land-use change in the Amazon basin has occurred at an accelerated pace during the last decade, and it is important that the effects induced by these changes on soil properties are better understood. This study investigated the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil in a field under cultivation of soy and rice, and at an adjacent primary rain forest. Increases in soil bulk density, exchangeable cations and pH were observed in the soy field soil. In the primary forest, soil microbial biomass and basal respiration rates were higher, and the microbial community was metabolically more efficient. The sum of basal respiration across the A, AB and BA horizons on a mass per area basis ranged from 7.31 to 10.05 Mg CO2-C ha-1yr-1, thus yielding estimates for total soil respiration between 9.6 and 15.5 Mg CO2-C ha-1yr-1 across sites and seasons. These estimates are in good agreement with literature values for Amazonian ecosystems. The estimates of heterotrophic respiration made in this study help to further constrain the estimates of autotrophic soil respiration and will be useful for monitoring the effects of future land-use in Amazonian ecosystems.

Published
2015
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6. Chemical analysis of rainfall and throughfall in the Tapajós National Forest, Belterra, Pará, Brazil

Author

Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Michael Meier Keller, José Francisco da Fonseca Ramos, Troy Patrick Beldini, Patrick Michael Crill, Plinio Batista de Camargo, and Joost van Haren

Subjects
Amazon region, nutrient cycling, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós) has 600,000 hectares of protected forest, and is situated 50 km south of the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil, a port city of 250,000 inhabitants that is located at the confluence of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers. There is a lot of farmland in the region, which offers many opportunities to study changes in land use. Selective wood harvesting is one type of land use that is particularly important to the economy of Santarém. Wet and dry deposition of organic material can be an important source of nutrients for plants, and this is especially true when the soil is poor, which is the case in Santarém-Belterra plateau region, the study area of this research. In this region, the natural atmospheric deposition of nutrients is often enhanced by the burning of biomass, which releases a large part of the above-ground biomass nutrients into the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were: 1 - estimate the total wet deposition via direct precipitation and through the canopy, including dry deposition; 2 - verify potential sources of nutrients found in the total wet deposition and dry deposition; and 3 - investigate the effects of coverage vegetation on nutrient content in precipitation and throughfall. The study was conducted in FLONA Tapajós at km 67 of Santarém- Cuiabá Highway, south of the city of Santarém. The study area consisted of a portion of 100 x 100 m transects divided into 10 x 10 m plots. The area was located next to a meteorological tower 65 m tall that measures various climate parameters such as rainfall, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, temperature and humidity, among others. Direct precipitation (PD) and internal precipitation (IP) collectors consisted of 2 L polyethylene bottles with a 115 mm diameter funnel. Samples were collected weekly from April 2003 to March 2006. The volume of the sample was measured individually for each collector (25 traps for internal precipitation and 4 for direct precipitation). The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: 1 - the dry season has the highest variation in ion flux; 2 - seasonality has a strong influence on the concentration of basic cations; 3 - dry deposition is one of the most important ways that nutrients are acquired in FLONA Tapajos; 4 - there is a significant inflow of nutrients Cl and Na due to intensive grain farming nearby; 5 dry deposition is the most important process for the enrichment of water that reaches the forest floor; 6 - principal component analysis facilitates the interpretation and characterization of rainwater and in this study shows the influence of anthropogenic sources such as agriculture, biomass burning, and dust.

Published
2015
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7. The effect of plantation silviculture on soil organic matter and particle-size fractions in Amazonia O efeito de manejo silvicultural de eucalipto sobre matéria orgânica e frações de solo na Amazônia

Author

Troy Patrick Beldini, Kenneth L McNabb, B. Graeme Lockaby, Felipe G Sanchez, Osvaldo Navegantes-Câncio, and Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira

Subjects
Jari, estrutura do solo, subsolagem, sustentabilidade, soil structure, subsoiling, sustainability, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract

Eucalyptus grandis and other clonal plantations cover about 3.5 million ha in Brazil. The impacts of intensively-managed short-rotation forestry on soil aggregate structure and Carbon (C) dynamics are largely undocumented in tropical ecosystems. Long-term sustainability of these systems is probably in part linked to maintenance of soil organic matter and good soil structure and aggregation, especially in areas with low-fertility soils. This study investigated soil aggregate dynamics on a clay soil and a sandy soil, each with a Eucalyptus plantation and an adjacent primary forest. Silvicultural management did not reduce total C stocks, and did not change soil bulk density. Aggregates of the managed soils did not decrease in mass as hypothesized, which indicates that soil cultivation in 6 year cycles did not cause large decreases in soil aggregation in either soil texture. Silt, clay, and C of the sandy plantation soil shifted to greater aggregate protection, which may represent a decrease in C availability. The organic matter in the clay plantation soil increased in the fractions considered less protected while this shift from C to structural forms considered more protected was not observed.Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a dinâmica dos agregados do solo e das suas frações derivadas dos mesmos em duas texturas de solo, cada uma com uma plantação de Eucalipto e uma floresta primaria imediatamente adjacente. Eucalyptus grandis e outros clones cultivados em plantações cobrem aproximadamente 3,5 milhões de hectares no Brasil. Os impactos de manejo intensivo de plantações de rotação curta sobre a estrutura de solo e a dinâmica de carbono (C) são em grande parte desconhecidos em ecossistemas tropicais. No longo prazo, a sustentabilidade desses sistemas é provavelmente ligada à manutenção da matéria orgânica e à estrutura de agregação do solo, principalmente em áreas de solos de baixa fertilidade. Manejo silvicultural não diminuiu os estoques de C total, e não mudou a densidade do solo. Agregados dos solos manejados não diminuíram em massa, o que indica que a subsolagem e o manejo em ciclos de 6 anos não causaram um efeito negativo na agregação do solo em ambas as texturas. Os agregados do solo arenoso sob plantio aumentaram seus conteúdos de silte, argila e C, indicando que, na estrutura de agregação do solo, C está mudando para um ambiente de maior proteção contra decomposição. O solo argiloso sob plantio teve um aumento de matéria orgânica contida nas frações consideradas menos protegidas, e não demonstrou essas mudanças de C para formas estruturais consideradas mais protegidas.

Published
2009
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8. Structural Dynamics of Tropical Moist Forest Gaps.

Author

Maria O Hunter, Michael Keller, Douglas Morton, Bruce Cook, Michael Lefsky, Mark Ducey, Scott Saleska, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, and Juliana Schietti

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Gap phase dynamics are the dominant mode of forest turnover in tropical forests. However, gap processes are infrequently studied at the landscape scale. Airborne lidar data offer detailed information on three-dimensional forest structure, providing a means to characterize fine-scale (1 m) processes in tropical forests over large areas. Lidar-based estimates of forest structure (top down) differ from traditional field measurements (bottom up), and necessitate clear-cut definitions unencumbered by the wisdom of a field observer. We offer a new definition of a forest gap that is driven by forest dynamics and consistent with precise ranging measurements from airborne lidar data and tall, multi-layered tropical forest structure. We used 1000 ha of multi-temporal lidar data (2008, 2012) at two sites, the Tapajos National Forest and Ducke Reserve, to study gap dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon. Here, we identified dynamic gaps as contiguous areas of significant growth, that correspond to areas > 10 m2, with height

Published
2015
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9. Geochemistry of selenium, barium, and iodine in representative soils of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

Author

Ediu Carlos, da Silva Junior, Lúcia Helena, de Oliveira Wadt, Kátia Emídio, da Silva, Roberval Monteiro Bezerra, de Lima, Karine Dias, Batista, Marcelino Carneiro, Guedes, Raimundo Cosme, de Oliveira Junior, André Rodrigues, Dos Reis, Guilherme, Lopes, Martin R, Broadley, Scott D, Young, Luiz Roberto Guimarães, Guilherme, Federal University of Lavras, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), University of Nottingham, LUCIA HELENA DE OLIVEIRA WADT, CPAF-RO, KATIA EMIDIO DA SILVA, CPAA, KARINE DIAS BATISTA, CPAF-RR, MARCELINO CARNEIRO GUEDES, CPAF-AP, and RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU.

Subjects
Trace elements, Rainforest, Environmental Engineering, Availability, Iodides, Pollution, Trace Elements, Amazon soils, Total concentration, Selenium, Soil, Barium, Soil Pollutants, Environmental Chemistry, Quality reference values, Geogenic, Waste Management and Disposal, Brazil, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Iodine
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-07-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) The Amazon rainforest is a heterogeneous ecosystem and its soils exhibit geographically variable concentrations of trace elements. In this region, anthropic activities - e.g., agriculture and mining - are numerous and varied, and even natural areas are at risk of contamination by trace elements, either of geogenic or anthropogenic origin. A reliable dataset of benchmark values for selenium (Se), barium (Ba), and iodine (I) concentrations in soils is needed for use as a reference in research and public policies in the region. In this study, 9 selected sites in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest within areas represented by Oxisols and Ultisols were assessed for relevant soil physicochemical characteristics, along with the concentrations of total Se (SeTot), total Ba (BaTot), and sequentially-extracted soluble Se (SeSol) and adsorbed Se (SeAd) in 3 different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm). In addition, organically bound-Se (SeOrg) and total I (ITot) concentrations in the surface layer (0–20 cm) were measured. Soil Se concentrations (SeTot) were considered safe and are likely a result of contributions of sedimentary deposits from the Andes. Available Se (SeSol + SeAd) accounted for 4.5% of SeTot, on average, while SeOrg in the topsoil accounted for more than 50% of SeTot. Barium in the western Amazon (state of Acre) and central Amazon (Anori, state of Amazonas) exceeded national prevention levels (PVs). Furthermore, the average ITot in the studied topsoils (5.4 mg kg−1) surpassed the worldwide mean. Notwithstanding, the close relationship found between the total content of the elements (Se, Ba, and I) and soil texture (clay, silt, and sand) suggests their geogenic source. Finally, our data regarding SeTot, BaTot, and ITot can be used to derive regional quality reference values for Amazon soils and also for updating prevention (PV) and investigation (IV) values established for selected elements by the Brazilian legislation. Department of Soil Science Federal University of Lavras, MG Embrapa Rondônia, RO Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, AM Embrapa Roraima, RR Embrapa Amapá, AP Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, PA São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences and Engineering, SP School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences and Engineering, SP CAPES: 001

Published
2022

10. Carbon dynamics in a human-modified tropical forest: a case study using multi-temporal LiDAR Data

Author

Ricardo Dalagnol, Mariano García, Heiko Balzter, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Yhasmin Mendes de Moura, Lênio Soares Galvão, Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, Erone G. Santos, Yhasmin Mendes de Moura, University of Leicester, Heiko Balzter, University of Leicester, Lênio S. Galvão, INPE, Ricardo Dalagnol, INPE, Fernando Espírito-Santo, University of Leicester, Erone G. Santos, University of Helsinki, Mariano Garcia, Universidad de Alcalá, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, University of Manchester, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Yosio E. Shimabukuro, INPE., Department of Geosciences and Geography, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, canopy height, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, viruses, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, airborne LiDAR, Amazon forest, aboveground carbon, forest disturbance, Carbon cycle, AMAZON, amazon forest, Amazonia, Deforestation, Floresta Tropical, Carbono, lcsh:Science, DROUGHT, 1172 Environmental sciences, FIRES, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tree canopy, Forest dynamics, Carbon accounting, MORTALITY, DIEBACK, virus diseases, Tropics, Understory, DEGRADATION, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, 15. Life on land, VARIABILITY, chemistry, airborne lidar, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, DEFORESTATION, SENSITIVITY, Carbon, ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS
Abstract

Tropical forests hold significant amounts of carbon and play a critical role on Earth´s climate system. To date, carbon dynamics over tropical forests have been poorly assessed, especially over vast areas of the tropics that have been affected by some type of disturbance (e.g., selective logging, understory fires, and fragmentation). Understanding the multi-temporal dynamics of carbon stocks over human-modified tropical forests (HMTF) is crucial to close the carbon cycle balance in the tropics. Here, we used multi-temporal and high-spatial resolution airborne LiDAR data to quantify rates of carbon dynamics over a large patch of HMTF in eastern Amazon, Brazil. We described a robust approach to monitor changes in aboveground forest carbon stocks between 2012 and 2018. Our results showed that this particular HMTF lost 0.57 m·yr−1 in mean forest canopy height and 1.38 Mg·C·ha-1 yr-1 of forest carbon between 2012 and 2018. LiDAR-based estimates of Aboveground Carbon Density (ACD) showed progressive loss through the years, from 77.9 Mg·C·ha-1 in 2012 to 53.1 Mg·C·ha-1 in 2018, thus a decrease of 31.8%. Rates of carbon stock changes were negative for all time intervals analyzed, yielding average annual carbon loss rates of -1.34 Mg·C·ha−1·yr−1. This suggests that this HMTF is acting more as a source of carbon than a sink, having great negative implications for carbon emission scenarios in tropical forests. Although more studies of forest dynamics in HMTFs are necessary to reduce the current remaining uncertainties in the carbon cycle, our results highlight the persistent effects of carbon losses for the study area. HMTFs are likely to expand across the Amazon in the near future. The resultant carbon source conditions, directly associated with disturbances, may be essential when considering climate projections and carbon accounting methods Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-01T09:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 remotesensing-12-00430-v2.pdf: 3135620 bytes, checksum: 2f51f740c4da6a36908b58a14c3b4b42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Published
2020
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11. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Eddy Moors, Uwe Eichelmann, Christian Brümmer, Stefano Minerbi, Barbara Marcolla, Gil Bohrer, Leonardo Montagnani, Üllar Rannik, Han Dolman, Janina Klatt, Samuli Launiainen, Elizabeth A. Walter-Shea, Nina Buchmann, Hank A. Margolis, Beniamino Gioli, Peter S. Curtis, Margaret S. Torn, Gabriela Posse, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Gianluca Filippa, Kenneth J. Davis, Leiming Zhang, Alexander Graf, Ray Leuning, Andrew Feitz, Simone Sabbatini, Harry McCaughey, Werner Eugster, Juha Pekka Tuovinen, Timothy J. Arkebauer, N. N. Vygodskaya, Adam J. Liska, Rosvel Bracho, Sebastian Wolf, Marc Aubinet, Jiří Dušek, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Christof Ammann, Daniel Berveiller, Zoran Nesic, Giacomo Nicolini, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Russell L. Scott, David E. Reed, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Changliang Shao, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Yingnian Li, Jason Beringer, Marc Fischer, Deb Agarwal, Rasmus Fensholt, Russell K. Monson, Agnès de Grandcourt, Stefan K. Arndt, Timo Vesala, Uta Moderow, Joseph Verfaillie, Mika Aurela, Bev Law, Nina Hinko-Najera, Taro Nakai, Richard P. Phillips, Lindsay B. Hutley, Benjamin Loubet, Michele Tomassucci, Ayumi Kotani, Hans Peter Schmid, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Anatoly A. Gitelson, Domenico Vitale, Regine Maier, Caitlin E. Moore, Xiaoqin Dai, Damien Bonal, John M. Frank, Yuelin Li, Christopher M. Gough, Shijie Han, Shirley A. Papuga, Edoardo Cremonese, Shawn Urbanski, Sébastien C. Biraud, Scott D. Miller, Mana Gharun, Annalea Lohila, Ian McHugh, Giovanni Manca, Bert Gielen, Wayne S. Meyer, Pierpaolo Duce, Bruce D. Cook, Carsten Gruening, Hiroki Ikawa, B.R. Reverter, Marian Pavelka, Andrew M. S. McMillan, Gang Dong, Isaac Chini, Kimberly A. Novick, Dalibor Janouš, Anne De Ligne, E. Beamesderfer, Marty Humphrey, Virginie Moreaux, Christian Wille, Markus Hehn, Hideki Kobayashi, Allen H. Goldstein, Walter C. Oechel, Richard Silberstein, Francisco Domingo, Francesco Mazzenga, Elise Pendall, Juha Hatakka, Lutz Merbold, Xingguo Han, Daniela Famulari, Carlo Trotta, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Dario Papale, Jean Marc Ourcival, Benoit Burban, Pavel Sedlák, Diego Polidori, Asko Noormets, Huimin Wang, Birger Ulf Hansen, Thomas Grünwald, Caroline Vincke, Robert M. Stevens, Carole Coursolle, D. P. Billesbach, Karl Schneider, Guoyi Zhou, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Paul V. Bolstad, Iris Feigenwinter, Shiping Chen, Julia Boike, Ivan Schroder, D. S. Christianson, Junhui Zhang, Pierre Cellier, Catharine van Ingen, Andrej Varlagin, A. Ribeca, Claudia Consalvo, Derek Eamus, Jason Brodeur, Alan G. Barr, Denis Loustau, Andreas Ibrom, Ankur R. Desai, Andrew E. Suyker, Efrén López-Blanco, Peter Cale, Nicola Arriga, William J. Massman, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, Yoshiko Kosugi, Pauline Buysse, Cove Sturtevant, T. A. Black, Housen Chu, David R. Bowling, Sabina Dore, Albin Hammerle, Tilden P. Meyers, M. Altaf Arain, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Ignacio Goded, Roberto Zampedri, Alessio Collalti, Torsten Sachs, Tuomas Laurila, Cristina Poindexter, E. Canfora, Alexander Knohl, Donatella Spano, Silvano Fares, Scott R. Saleska, Michiel K. van der Molen, Suzanne M. Prober, Marryanna Lion, Steven C. Wofsy, Michael L. Goulden, Matthew Northwood, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Christine Moureaux, Jean-Marc Limousin, Sara H. Knox, Damiano Gianelle, Olaf Kolle, Jørgen E. Olesen, Mikhail Mastepanov, Bernard Heinesch, Christian Bernhofer, Peter D. Blanken, Hyojung Kwon, Georg Wohlfahrt, Peili Shi, Yann Nouvellon, Allison L. Dunn, Onil Bergeron, Mauro Cavagna, Heiko Prasse, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Yanhong Tang, Donatella Zona, Andrew S. Kowalski, Eric Dufrêne, Kim Pilegaard, Serena Marras, Yongtao He, Brent E. Ewers, Siyan Ma, Jean Marc Bonnefond, Jonas Ardö, Ko van Huissteden, Roser Matamala, Robin Weber, Nigel J. Tapper, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Eva van Gorsel, Torbern Tagesson, Frederik Schrader, Frank Tiedemann, Myroslava Khomik, Torben R. Christensen, Jonathan E. Thom, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Ivan Shironya, Jeffrey P. Walker, You Wei Cheah, Ana López-Ballesteros, Georgia R. Koerber, J. William Munger, Shicheng Jiang, Johannes Lüers, Bruno De Cinti, Gilberto Pastorello, David R. Cook, Werner L. Kutsch, Paul Di Tommasi, Nicolas Delpierre, Peter Isaac, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Jiquan Chen, Craig Macfarlane, Dennis D. Baldocchi, William Woodgate, Riccardo Valentini, Marilyn Roland, Ladislav Šigut, Tomomichi Kato, Sebastian Westermann, Ivan Mammarella, Bart Kruijt, Marta Galvagno, Marius Schmidt, Serge Rambal, J. Kurbatova, Sean P. Burns, Ettore D'Andrea, Chad Hanson, Vincenzo Magliulo, Anne Griebel, Brian D. Amiro, M. Goeckede, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Thomas L. Powell, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Cacilia Ewenz, Michael J. Liddell, Satoru Takanashi, Lukas Hörtnagl, Zulia Mayari Sanchez-Mejia, W.W.P. Jans, N. Pirk, Johan Neirynck, Rainer Steinbrecher, Lukas Siebicke, Matthias Peichl, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Costantino Sirca, Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], California State University [Sacramento], Michigan State University System, University of Virginia, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Agroscope, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Lund University [Lund], University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, University of Melbourne, University of Antwerp (UA), Université de Liège, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Peoples Friendship University of Russia [RUDN University] (RUDN), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Colorado [Colorado Springs] (UCCS), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Humboldt University Of Berlin, University of Minnesota System, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Utah, University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Thunen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Aarhus University [Aarhus], University of Technology Sydney (UTS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Shanxi University (SXU), Worcester State University [Worcester], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, GILBERTO PASTORELLO, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, THOMAS ANDREW BLACK, University of British Columbia, PETER D. BLANKEN, University of Colorado, GIL BOHRER, Ohio State University, JULIA BOIKE, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, PAUL V. BOLSTAD, University of Minnesota, JEAN-MARC BONNEFOND, ISPA Bordeaux Sciences Agro, DAVID R. BOWLING, University of Utah, ROSVEL BRACHO, University of Florida, JASON BRODEUR, McMaster University, CHRISTIAN BRÜMMER, Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, NINA BUCHMANN, ETH Zurich, BENOIT BURBAN, INRAE UMR ECOFOG, AGNES DE GRANDCOURT, UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, ANNE DE LIGNE, University of Liege, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, HAN DOLMAN, Universiteit Amsterdam, FRANCISCO DOMINGO, CSIC, GANG DONG, Shanxi University, SABINA DORE, HydroFocus, PIERPAOLO DUCE, National Research Council of Italy, MARTA GALVAGNO, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, MANA GHARUN, ETH Zurich, DAMIANO GIANELLE, Fondazione Edmund Mach, MARCIN JACKOWICZ-KORCZYNSKI, Lund University / Aarhus University, DALIBOR JANOUS, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, WILMA JANS, Wageningen University and Research, RACHHPAL JASSAL, University of British Columbia, SHICHENG JIANG, Northeast Normal University, ANA LÓPEZ-BALLESTEROS, Trinity College Dublin, EFRÉN LÓPEZ-BLANCO, Aarhus University, BENJAMIN LOUBET, Université Paris-Saclay, DENIS LOUSTAU, ISPA - INRA, JOHANNES LÜERS, University of Bayreuth, JOHAN NEIRYNCK, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, ZORAN NESIC, University of British Columbia, GIACOMO NICOLINI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, ASKO NOORMETS, Texas A&M University, MATTHEW NORTHWOOD, Charles Darwin University, KIMBERLY NOVICK, Indiana University Bloomington, MARILYN ROLAND, University of Antwerp, SIMONE SABBATINI, University of Tuscia, TORSTEN SACHS, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, SCOTT R. SALESKA, University of Arizona, ENRIQUE P. SÁNCHEZ-CAÑETE, University of Granada / CEAMA-IISTA, ZULIA M. SANCHEZ-MEJIA, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, RAINER STEINBRECHER, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ROBERT M. STEVENS, Sentek Pty Ltd, COVE STURTEVANT, National Ecological Observatory Network Program, ANDY SUYKER, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, TORBERN TAGESSON, Lund University / University of Copenhagen, SATORU TAKANASHI, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, DOMENICO VITALE, University of Tuscia / CMCC, NATALIA VYGODSKAYA, Russian Academy of Sciences, JEFFREY P. WALKER, Monash University, ELIZABETH WALTER-SHEA, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, HUIMIN WANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROBIN WEBER, University of California Berkeley, SEBASTIAN WESTERMANN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), CHRISTIAN WILLE, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, STEVEN WOFSY, Harvard University, GEORG WOHLFAHRT, University of Innsbruck, SEBASTIAN WOLF, ETH Zurich, WILLIAM WOODGATE, CSIRO Land and Water, YUELIN LI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, DONATELLA ZONA, San Diego State University / University of Sheffield, DEB AGARWAL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, SEBASTIEN BIRAUD, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARGARET TORN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DARIO PAPALE, University of Tuscia / CMCC., ALLISON DUNN, Worcester State University, JIRÍ DUSEK, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, DEREK EAMUS, University of Technology Sydney, UWE EICHELMANN, Technische Universität Dresden, HOUSEN CHU, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DANIELLE CHRISTIANSON, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, YOU-WEI CHEAH, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CRISTINA POINDEXTER, California State University, JIQUAN CHEN, Michigan State University, ABDELRAHMAN ELBASHANDY, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARTY HUMPHREY, University of Virginia, PETER ISAAC, TERN Ecosystrem Processes, DIEGO POLIDORI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, ALESSIO RIBECA, University of Tuscia / CMCC, CATHARINE VAN INGEN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LEIMINGZ HANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BRIAN AMIRO, University of Manitoba, CHRISTOF AMMANN, Agroscope Research Institute, M. ALTAF ARAIN, McMaster University, JONAS ARDÖ, Lund University, TIMOTHY ARKEBAUER, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, STEFAN K. ARNDT, The University of Melbourne, NICOLA ARRIGA, University of Antwerp / Joint Research Centre, MARC AUBINET, University of Liege, MIKA AURELA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, DENNIS BALDOCCHI, University of California Berkeley, ALAN BARR, University of Saskatchewan / Environment and Climate Change Canada, DAMIEN BONAL, Université de Lorraine, SEAN P. BURNS, University of Colorado / National Center for Atmospheric Research, PAULINE BUYSSE, Université Paris-Saclay, PETER CALE, Australian Landscape Trust, MAURO CAVAGNA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, PIERRE CELLIER, Université Paris-Saclay, SHIPING CHEN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISAAC CHINI, Fondazione Edmund Mach, TORBEN R . CHRISTENSEN, Aarhus University, JAMES CLEVERLY, University of Technology Sydney, ALESSIO COLLALTI, University of Tuscia / National Research Council of Italy, CLAUDIA CONSALVO, University of Tuscia / National Research Council of Italy, BRUCE D. COOK, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, DAVID COOK, Argonne National Laboratory, CAROLE COURSOLLE, Natural Resources Canada / Université Laval, EDOARDO CREMONESE, Climate Change Unit, PETER S. CURTIS, Ohio State University, ETTORE DANDREA, National Research Council of Italy, HUMBERTO DA ROCHA, USP, XIAOQIN DAI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, KENNETH J. DAVIS, The Pennsylvania State University, BRUNO DE CINTI, National Research Council of Italy, NICOLAS DELPIERRE, Université Paris-Saclay, ANKUR R . DESAI, University of Wisconsin-Madison, CARLOS MARCELO DI BELLA, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires., PAUL DI TOMMASI, National Research Council of Italy, ERIC DUFRÊNE, Université Paris-Saclay, MARIUS SCHMIDT, Agrosphere (IBG3), HATIM ABDALLA M. ELKHIDIR, ElObeid Research Station, WERNER EUGSTER, ETH Zurich, CACILIA M. EWENZ, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, BRENT EWERS, University of Wyoming, DANIELA FAMULARI, National Research Council of Italy, SILVANO FARES, National Research Council of Italy / Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, IRIS FEIGENWINTER, ETH Zurich, ANDREW FEITZ, Geoscience Australia, RASMUS FENSHOLT, University of Copenhagen, GIANLUCA FILIPPA, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, MARC FISCHER, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, JOHN FRANK, USDA Forest Service, BERT GIELEN, University of Antwerp, BENIAMINO GIOLI, National Research Council of Italy, ANATOLY GITELSON, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, IGNACIO BALLARIN GODED, Joint Research Centre, MATHIAS GOECKEDE, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ALLEN H. GOLDSTEIN, University of California Berkeley, CHRISTOPHER M. GOUGH, Virginia Commonwealth University, MICHAEL L. GOULDEN, University of California, ALEXANDER GRAF, Forschungszentrum Jülich, ANNE GRIEBEL, The University of Melbourne, CARSTEN GRUENING, Joint Research Centre, THOMAS GRÜNWALD, Technische Universität Dresden, ALBIN HAMMERLE, University of Innsbruck, SHIJIE HAN, Henan University / Chinese Academy of Sciences, XINGGUO HAN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BIRGER ULF HANSEN, University of Copenhagen, CHAD HANSON, Oregon State University, JUHA HATAKKA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, YONGTAO HE, Chinese Academy of Sciences / University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, MARKUS HEHN, Technische Universität Dresden, BERNARD HEINESCH, University of Liege, NINA HINKO-NAJERA, The University of Melbourne, LUKAS HÖRTNAGL, ETH Zurich, LINDSAY HUTLEY, Charles Darwin University, ANDREAS IBROM, Technical University of Denmark, HIROKI IKAWA, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, TOMOMICHI KATO, Hokkaido University, MYROSLAVA KHOMIK, McMaster University / Geography and Environmental Management, JANINA KLATT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ALEXANDER KNOHL, University of Goettingen, SARA KNOX, The University of British Columbia, HIDEKI KOBAYASHI, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, GEORGIA KOERBER, University of Adelaide, OLAF KOLLE, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, YOSHIKO KOSUGI, Kyoto University, AYUMI KOTANI, Nagoya University, ANDREW KOWALSKI, University of Granada, BART KRUIJT, Wageningen University, JULIA KURBATOVA, Russian Academy of Sciences, WERNER L. KUTSCH, ICOS ERIC, HYOJUNG KWON, Oregon State University, SAMULI LAUNIAINEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, TUOMAS LAURILA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, BEV LAW, Oregon State University, RAY LEUNING, In memoriam, YINGNIAN LI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, MICHAEL LIDDELL, James Cook University, JEAN-MARC LIMOUSIN, Univ Montpellier, KARL SCHNEIDER, University of Cologne, MARRYANNA LION, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, ADAM J. LISKA, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ANNALEA LOHILA, Finnish Meteorological Institute / University of Helsinki, ANTJE LUCAS-MOFFAT, Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture / Centre for Agrometeorological Research, SIYAN MA, University of California Berkeley, CRAIG MACFARLANE, CSIRO Land and Water, VINCENZO MAGLIULO, National Research Council of Italy, REGINE MAIER, ETH Zurich, IVAN MAMMARELLA, University of Helsinki, GIOVANNI MANCA, Joint Research Centre, BARBARA MARCOLLA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, HANK A . MARGOLIS, Université Laval, SERENA MARRAS, CMCC / University of Sassari, WILLIAM MASSMAN, USDA Forest Service, MIKHAIL MASTEPANOV, Aarhus University / University of Oulu, ROSER MATAMALA, Argonne National Laboratory, JACLYN HATALA MATTHES, Wellesley College, FRANCESCO MAZZENGA, National Research Council of Italy, HARRY MCCAUGHEY, Queen’s University, IAN MCHUGH, The University of Melbourne, ANDREW M. S. MCMILLAN, Environmental Analytics NZ, LUTZ MERBOLD, International Livestock Research Institute, WAYNE MEYER, University of Adelaide, TILDEN MEYERS, NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, SCOTT D. MILLER, State University of New York at Albany, STEFANO MINERBI, Forest Department of South Tyrol, UTA MODEROW, Technische Universität Dresden, RUSSELL K. MONSON, University of Arizona, LEONARDO MONTAGNANI, Forest Department of South Tyrol / Free University of Bolzano, CAITLIN E. MOORE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, EDDY MOORS, IHE Delft / VU Amsterdam, VIRGINIE MOREAUX, ISPA / University Grenoble Alpes, CHRISTINE MOUREAUX, University of Liege, J. WILLIAM MUNGER, Harvard University, TARO NAKAI, National Taiwan University / University of Alaska Fairbanks, MARCELO NOSETTO, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis / UNER, YANN NOUVELLON, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, WALTER OECHEL, San Diego State University / University of Exeter, JORGEN EIVIND OLESEN, Aarhus University, JEAN-MARC OURCIVAL, Univ Montpellier, SHIRLEY A. PAPUGA, Wayne State University, FRANS-JAN PARMENTIER, Lund University / University of Oslo, EUGENIE PAUL-LIMOGES, University of Zurich, MARIAN PAVELKA, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, MATTHIAS PEICHL, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ELISE PENDALL, Western Sydney University, RICHARD P. PHILLIPS, Indiana University Bloomington, KIM PILEGAARD, Technical University of Denmark, NORBERT PIRK, Lund University / CSIRO Land and Water, GABRIELA POSSE, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), THOMAS POWELL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, HEIKO PRASSE, Technische Universität Dresden, SUZANNE M. PROBER, CSIRO Land and Water, SERGE RAMBAL, Univ Montpellier, ÜLLAR RANNIK, University of Helsinki, DAVID REED, Michigan State University, VICTOR RESCO DE DIOS, Western Sydney University / Southwest University of Science and Technology, NATALIA RESTREPO-COUPE, University of Arizona, BORJA R. REVERTER, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, HANS PETER SCHMID, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, FREDERIK SCHRADER, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, IVAN SCHRODER, Geoscience Australia, RUSSELL L. SCOTT, Southwest Watershed Research Center, PAVEL SEDLÁK, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences / Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, PENÉLOPE SERRANO-ORTÍZ, CEAMA-IISTA / University of Granada, CHANGLIANG SHAO, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PEILI SHI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVAN SHIRONYA, Russian Academy of Sciences, LUKAS SIEBICKE, Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, LADISLAV SIGUT, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, RICHARD SILBERSTEIN, University of Western Australia / Edith Cowan University, COSTANTINO SIRCA, CMCC / University of Sassari, DONATELLA SPANO, CMCC / University of Sassari, YANHONG TANG, Peking University, NIGEL TAPPER, Monash University, JONATHAN THOM, University of Wisconsin-Madison, FRANK TIEDEMANN, University of Goettingen, MICHELE TOMASSUCCI, University of Tuscia / Terrasystem srl, JUHA-PEKKA TUOVINEN, Finnish Meteorological Institute, SHAWN URBANSKI, Rocky Mountain Research Station, RICCARDO VALENTINI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, MICHIEL VAN DER MOLEN, Wageningen University, EVA VAN GORSEL, Australian National University Canberra, KO VAN HUISSTEDEN, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ANDREJ VARLAGIN, Russian Academy of Sciences, JOSEPH VERFAILLIE, University of California Berkeley, TIMO VESALA, University of Helsinki, CAROLINE VINCKE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROBERTO ZAMPEDRI, Fondazione Edmund Mach, JUNHUI ZHANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GUOYI ZHOU, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, NAAMA RAZ-YASEEF, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ERIC BEAMESDERFER, McMaster University, CARLO TROTTA, University of Tuscia, ELEONORA CANFORA, University of Tuscia / CMCC, LUCA BELELLI MARCHESINI, Fondazione Edmund Mach / RUDN University, ONIL BERGERON, Ministère du Développement durable de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, JASON BERINGER, University of Western Australia, CHRISTIAN BERNHOFER, Technische Universität Dresden, DANIEL BERVEILLER, Université Paris-Saclay, and DAVE BILLESBACH, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Data Descriptor, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore AGR/05 - ASSESTAMENTO FORESTALE E SELVICOLTURA, dataset provides ecosystem, UNCERTAINTY, Eddy covariance, Observation météorologique, 01 natural sciences, ecosystem-scale data, lcsh:Science, SITES, Energy, Respiration, Statistics, Uncertainty, Carbon cycle, Biological measurements, Terrestrial biome, RESPIRATION, gapfilling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Assimilation, Anhídrid carbònic, ddc:500, Net ecosystem exchange, Écosystème, STORAGE, Information Systems, Statistics and Probability, ecosystem approaches [EN], Meteorology and Air Quality, ASSIMILATION, Library and Information Sciences, Education, collection [EN], Donnée climatique, Data collection, Water, 15. Life on land, Earth system science, Climate Resilience, Klimaatbestendigheid, lcsh:Q, processing, Climate sciences, Ecophysiology, Storage, Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources, 010501 environmental sciences, CARBON-DIOXIDE, ENERGY-BALANCE CLOSURE, ddc:550, Échange d'énergie, FLUXNET2015, Biosphere, Energy balance closure, fluxnet, Computer Science Applications, Collecte de données, Energia, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Eddy Covariance, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Engineering sciences. Technology, Sensoriamento Remoto, FLUX, 1171 Geosciences, Consistency (database systems), eau, Life Science, Time series, Remote sensing studies, Measurement device, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic, WIMEK, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, Pipeline (software), Environmental sciences, Metadata, Earth sciences, Carbon dioxide, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Probability and Uncertainty, Water Systems and Global Change, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-flled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the frst time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the frst time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible., European Union (EU), United States Department of Energy (DOE)

Published
2020
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12. Empirical evidence for resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world

Author

Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, T. Taylor, Marielle N. Smith, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Travis E. Huxman, Rodrigo Ferreira da Silva, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Rafael Rosolem, Scott R. Saleska, John Adams, Alessandro Araújo, Joost van Haren, and Jin Wu

Subjects
Tropical Climate, Rainforest, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Climate Change, Temperature, Climate change, Humidity, Plant Science, Photosynthesis, Atmospheric sciences, Mesocosm, Trees, Atmospheric Pressure, Productivity (ecology), Tropical climate, Environmental science, Ecosystem, 0607 Plant Biology, 0703 Crop and Pasture Production
Abstract

Tropical forests may be vulnerable to climate change1–3 if photosynthetic carbon uptake currently operates near a high temperature limit4–6. Predicting tropical forest function requires understanding the relative contributions of two mechanisms of high-temperature photosynthetic declines: stomatal limitation (H1), an indirect response due to temperature-associated changes in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD)7, and biochemical restrictions (H2), a direct temperature response8,9. Their relative control predicts different outcomes—H1 is expected to diminish with stomatal responses to future co-occurring elevated atmospheric [CO2], whereas H2 portends declining photosynthesis with increasing temperatures. Distinguishing the two mechanisms at high temperatures is therefore critical, but difficult because VPD is highly correlated with temperature in natural settings. We used a forest mesocosm to quantify the sensitivity of tropical gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) to future temperature regimes while constraining VPD by controlling humidity. We then analytically decoupled temperature and VPD effects under current climate with flux-tower-derived GEP trends in situ from four tropical forest sites. Both approaches showed consistent, negative sensitivity of GEP to VPD but little direct response to temperature. Importantly, in the mesocosm at low VPD, GEP persisted up to 38 °C, a temperature exceeding projections for tropical forests in 2100 (ref. 10). If elevated [CO2] mitigates VPD-induced stomatal limitation through enhanced water-use efficiency as hypothesized9,11, tropical forest photosynthesis may have a margin of resilience to future warming. Photosynthesis in tropical forests shows an apparent sensitivity to temperature. This Letter teases apart the effects of temperature and correlated atmospheric water demand on ecosystem productivity.

Published
2020
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13. Author Correction

Author

Pierpaolo Duce, B.R. Reverter, Bruce D. Cook, Marian Pavelka, Lindsay B. Hutley, Francesco Mazzenga, Caroline Vincke, Benoit Burban, Damiano Gianelle, Üllar Rannik, William J. Massman, Claudia Consalvo, Scott R. Saleska, D. P. Billesbach, Guoyi Zhou, Julia Boike, Michiel K. van der Molen, Werner Eugster, Hyojung Kwon, Thomas Grünwald, Thomas L. Powell, T. A. Black, Caitlin E. Moore, Albin Hammerle, Yingnian Li, Cristina Poindexter, Uwe Eichelmann, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Xiaoqin Dai, Cacilia Ewenz, Gilberto Pastorello, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Damien Bonal, Stefano Minerbi, Rosvel Bracho, Kim Pilegaard, Serena Marras, Michael J. Liddell, Mika Aurela, N. Pirk, Shawn Urbanski, Scott D. Miller, Janina Klatt, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Jean-Marc Limousin, Hideki Kobayashi, Juha Hatakka, Georg Wohlfahrt, Diego Polidori, Mana Gharun, Olaf Kolle, Jørgen E. Olesen, Peili Shi, Yann Nouvellon, Johan Neirynck, Rainer Steinbrecher, Lukas Siebicke, Satoru Takanashi, Eva van Gorsel, Domenico Vitale, Regine Maier, Hans Peter Schmid, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Torben R. Christensen, Giovanni Manca, Elizabeth A. Walter-Shea, Leonardo Montagnani, Jonathan E. Thom, James Cleverly, Andrew Feitz, Nina Buchmann, Andrew M. S. McMillan, N. N. Vygodskaya, E. Canfora, Richard Silberstein, David E. Reed, Marc Fischer, Ankur R. Desai, Leiming Zhang, Alexander Graf, Sébastien C. Biraud, Samuli Launiainen, Siyan Ma, Bart Kruijt, Carlo Trotta, Nicola Arriga, Christopher M. Gough, Elise Pendall, Peter S. Curtis, Margaret S. Torn, Gabriela Posse, Ivan Shironya, Silvano Fares, You Wei Cheah, Karl Schneider, Robin Weber, D. S. Christianson, Carsten Gruening, Hiroki Ikawa, Christine Moureaux, Paul V. Bolstad, Lukas Hörtnagl, Zulia Mayari Sanchez-Mejia, W.W.P. Jans, Alan G. Barr, Sebastian Wolf, Marc Aubinet, Christof Ammann, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Timothy J. Arkebauer, Shicheng Jiang, Han Dolman, Iris Feigenwinter, Junhui Zhang, A. Ribeca, Ana López-Ballesteros, Johannes Lüers, Chad Hanson, Hank A. Margolis, Nicolas Delpierre, Onil Bergeron, Mauro Cavagna, Jiří Dušek, Benjamin Loubet, Jason Brodeur, M. Altaf Arain, Kimberly A. Novick, Dalibor Janouš, Anne De Ligne, Marty Humphrey, Christian Wille, Daniel Berveiller, Changliang Shao, Pauline Buysse, Kenneth J. Davis, Annalea Lohila, Deb Agarwal, Ian McHugh, Ray Leuning, Anne Griebel, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Russell L. Scott, Russell K. Monson, Christian Brümmer, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Brian D. Amiro, Andrew E. Suyker, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Timo Vesala, David R. Cook, William Woodgate, Rasmus Fensholt, Uta Moderow, Richard P. Phillips, Stefan K. Arndt, Xingguo Han, Jason Beringer, Riccardo Valentini, Robert M. Stevens, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Shirley A. Papuga, Gianluca Filippa, Roser Matamala, John M. Frank, Peter Isaac, Werner L. Kutsch, Paul Di Tommasi, Yuelin Li, Andrej Varlagin, Ladislav Šigut, Francisco Domingo, E. Beamesderfer, Edoardo Cremonese, Eddy Moors, Joseph Verfaillie, Huimin Wang, Jiquan Chen, M. Goeckede, Craig Macfarlane, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Harry McCaughey, Tomomichi Kato, Dario Papale, Jean Marc Ourcival, Birger Ulf Hansen, Pierre Cellier, Bev Law, Derek Eamus, Carole Coursolle, Myroslava Khomik, Wayne S. Meyer, Taro Nakai, Mikhail Mastepanov, Nina Hinko-Najera, Peter Cale, Donatella Spano, Beniamino Gioli, Gang Dong, David R. Bowling, Sabina Dore, Shiping Chen, Isaac Chini, Jeffrey P. Walker, Eric Dufrêne, Sebastian Westermann, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marryanna Lion, Barbara Marcolla, Marius Schmidt, Serge Rambal, Víctor Resco de Dios, Jean Marc Bonnefond, Ivan Mammarella, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Ko van Huissteden, Suzanne M. Prober, Gil Bohrer, Markus Reichstein, Heiko Prasse, Nigel J. Tapper, Corinna Rebmann, J. Kurbatova, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, J. William Munger, Catharine van Ingen, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Andreas Ibrom, Sean P. Burns, Simone Sabbatini, Marilyn Roland, Zoran Nesic, Tuomas Laurila, Giacomo Nicolini, Bruno De Cinti, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Georgia R. Koerber, Yoshiko Kosugi, Efrén López-Blanco, Cove Sturtevant, Matthew Northwood, Ettore D'Andrea, Torsten Sachs, Housen Chu, Matthias Peichl, Nicolas Vuichard, Alexander Knohl, Steven C. Wofsy, Michael L. Goulden, Vincenzo Magliulo, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Peter D. Blanken, Donatella Zona, Allison L. Dunn, Yanhong Tang, Marta Galvagno, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Jonas Ardö, Torbern Tagesson, Frederik Schrader, Ignacio Goded, Costantino Sirca, Shijie Han, Markus Hehn, Allen H. Goldstein, Bernard Heinesch, Christian Bernhofer, Yongtao He, Brent E. Ewers, Adam J. Liska, Michele Tomassucci, Virginie Moreaux, Denis Loustau, Agnès de Grandcourt, Tilden P. Meyers, Roberto Zampedri, Alessio Collalti, Sara H. Knox, Ayumi Kotani, Anatoly A. Gitelson, Andrew S. Kowalski, Walter C. Oechel, Lutz Merbold, Daniela Famulari, Pavel Sedlák, Asko Noormets, Juha Pekka Tuovinen, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Bert Gielen, Ivan Schroder, Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Data descriptor, Statistics and Probability, Code development, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pipeline (computing), Science, 0207 environmental engineering, Eddy covariance, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, 02 engineering and technology, Library and Information Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Education, ddc:550, 020701 environmental engineering, Author Correction, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Information retrieval, Published Erratum, Substitution (logic), Statistics, Carbon cycle, Computer Science Applications, Environmental sciences, Earth sciences, Probability and Uncertainty, ddc:500, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Climate sciences, Downscaling, Information Systems
Abstract

The following authors were omitted from the original version of this Data Descriptor: Markus Reichstein and Nicolas Vuichard. Both contributed to the code development and N. Vuichard contributed to the processing of the ERA-Interim data downscaling. Furthermore, the contribution of the co-author Frank Tiedemann was re-evaluated relative to the colleague Corinna Rebmann, both working at the same sites, and based on this re-evaluation a substitution in the co-author list is implemented (with Rebmann replacing Tiedemann). Finally, two affiliations were listed incorrectly and are corrected here (entries 190 and 193). The author list and affiliations have been amended to address these omissions in both the HTML and PDF versions. © 2021, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.

Published
2021
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14. Litter production in a natural stand of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.)

Author

Paulo Roberto Brasil Santos, Marcelino Carneiro Guedes, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Júnior, Troy Patrick Beldini, Quêzia Leandro de Moura Guerreiro, Izabela Moura Duin, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo, Kátia Emídio da Silva, Amanda Fabricia Leão Mota, Brenda Lohana Teixeira de Moraes, Quêzia Leandro de Moura Guerreiro, UFPA, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo, MPEG, KATIA EMIDIO DA SILVA, CPAA, Troy Patrick Beldini, UFOPA, MARCELINO CARNEIRO GUEDES, CPAF-AP, Amanda Fabricia Leão Mota, UFOPA, Brenda Lohana Teixeira de Moraes, UFOPA, Paulo Roberto Brasil Santos, UFOPA, and Izabela Moura Duin, IAPAR.

Subjects
Insolation, Maximum temperature, Produção, Amazon rainforest, Plant litter, food.food, Meio Ambiente, Horticulture, food, Litter, Bertholletia, Environmental science, Castanha-do-brasil, National forest, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Brazil nut, Lixo
Abstract

This research estimated litter production and analyzed its relation to environmental variables such as maximum temperature, insolation, and rainfall. The study was conducted on a 300 × 300 m experiment as part of the project titled mapping of native Brazil nut stands and socio-environmental and economic characterization of Brazil nut production systems (MapCast), in the Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós). Every 30 days for one full year (August 2015 to July 2016), litterfall was collected and stored in a laboratory. After drying, the material was separated into leaves, wood, flowers and fruits, and miscellaneous and weighed. Statistical tests conducted were Shapiro-Wilk (5%), Principal coordinate analysis, t-test, Pearson?s linear correlation, cross-correlation, and canonical redundancy analysis. Rainfall and temperature data were inferior and superior, respectively, to normal climate conditions in the region, and data for solar insolation had an abnormal pattern compared to normal climate conditions. Leaf production varied between 169.9 and 965.6 kg ha-1 month-1, and that of wood between 26.7 and 501.3 kg ha-1 month-1, while that for flowers and fruit varied from 0.6 to 19.6 kg ha-1 month-1. The greatest leaf production was measured during the months with the lowest amount of rainfall and highest temperatures, and variation in leaf production and total litterfall was partially explained by temperature and insolation. Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T23:36:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 QUEZIAETALAJAR2018.pdf: 1413271 bytes, checksum: 50143c256223e6e324c90e02b20ee0bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 Article Number: 1A6396E55865.

Published
2018

15. Análise química da água de chuva incidente e interceptada na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Belterra, Pará, Brasil

Author

P. B. D. Camargo, José Francisco da Fonseca Ramos, Troy Patrick Beldini, Michael Meier Keller, Patrick M. Crill, Joost van Haren, and Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior

Subjects
tropical forest, lcsh:GE1-350, Região amazônica, Floresta Nacional do Tapajós - PA, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Forestry, nutrient cycling, Aquatic Science, Tropical forest, Amazon region, Ciclagem de nutrientes, CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL [CNPQ], Environmental science, lcsh:Environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Floresta tropical
Abstract

A Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (FLONA Tapajós) possui 600 mil hectares de floresta protegida, e está situada a 50 km ao sul da cidade de Santarém, Pará, Brasil, uma cidade portuária de 250 mil habitantes, localizada na confluência dos rios Tapajós e Amazonas. Há abundância de terras agrícolas na região, que oferecem muitas oportunidades para estudar mudanças no uso da terra, e um tipo de uso da terra, a colheita seletiva de madeira, é particularmente importante para a economia de Santarém. A deposição úmida e seca pode ser uma importante fonte de nutrientes para as plantas, e isto é especialmente verdade quando os solos são pobres, o que é o caso na região do planalto Santarém-Belterra, a área de estudo da presente investigação. Nesta região, a deposição de nutrientes atmosférico natural é reforçada pela frequente queima de biomassa que libera uma grande parte dos nutrientes da biomassa acima do solo para a atmosfera. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) Estimar a deposição úmida total via precipitação direta e através da copa, incluindo a deposição seca; 2) Verificar potenciais fontes de nutrientes encontrados na deposição úmida total e deposição seca; e, 3) Verificar possíveis efeitos da cobertura vegetal no teor de nutrientes na precipitação e precipitação interna. Este estudo foi realizado na FLONA Tapajós no km 67 da rodovia Santarém - Cuiabá, ao sul da cidade de Santarém. A área de estudo consistiu de uma parcela de 100 x 100 m dividida em transectos de 10 x 10 m que foi localizada próximo de uma torre meteorológica de 65 m que com medidas de vários parâmetros climáticos, como precipitação, velocidade e direção do vento, radiação solar incidente e temperatura e umidade do ar, entre outros. Coletores de precipitação direta (PD) e de precipitação interna (PI) consistiram de frascos de 2 L de polietileno com um funil de diâmetro de 115 mm. As amostras foram coletadas semanalmente durante abril de 2003 a março de 2006. O volume da amostra foi medido individualmente para cada coletor (25 coletores para a precipitação interna e 4 para a precipitação direta). As conclusões que podem ser tiradas a partir deste estudo são: 1) A estação seca apresenta a maior variação no fluxo de íons; 2) A sazonalidade exerce uma forte influência sobre a concentração de cátions básicos; 3) A deposição seca é um das mais importantes caminhos para a entrada de nutrientes na FLONA Tapajós; 4) Há uma entrada significativa de macronutrientes, Cl e Na da agricultura de grãos intensivo nas proximidades; 5) Deposição seca é o processo mais importante para o enriquecimento de água que atinge o chão da floresta; 6) A análise de componentes principais facilita a interpretação e caracterização de águas pluviais e, neste estudo, mostra a influência de fontes antropogênicas como a agricultura, queima de biomassa, e poeira. The Tapajós National Forest (FLONA Tapajós) has 600,000 hectares of protected forest, and is situated 50 km south of the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil, a port city of 250,000 inhabitants that is located at the confluence of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers. There is a lot of farmland in the region, which offers many opportunities to study changes in land use. Selective wood harvesting is one type of land use that is particularly important to the economy of Santarém. Wet and dry deposition of organic material can be an important source of nutrients for plants, and this is especially true when the soil is poor, which is the case in Santarém-Belterra plateau region, the study area of this research. In this region, the natural atmospheric deposition of nutrients is often enhanced by the burning of biomass, which releases a large part of the above-ground biomass nutrients into the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were: 1 - estimate the total wet deposition via direct precipitation and through the canopy, including dry deposition; 2 - verify potential sources of nutrients found in the total wet deposition and dry deposition; and 3 - investigate the effects of coverage vegetation on nutrient content in precipitation and throughfall. The study was conducted in FLONA Tapajós at km 67 of Santarém- Cuiabá Highway, south of the city of Santarém. The study area consisted of a portion of 100 x 100 m transects divided into 10 x 10 m plots. The area was located next to a meteorological tower 65 m tall that measures various climate parameters such as rainfall, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, temperature and humidity, among others. Direct precipitation (PD) and internal precipitation (IP) collectors consisted of 2 L polyethylene bottles with a 115 mm diameter funnel. Samples were collected weekly from April 2003 to March 2006. The volume of the sample was measured individually for each collector (25 traps for internal precipitation and 4 for direct precipitation). The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: 1 - the dry season has the highest variation in ion flux; 2 - seasonality has a strong influence on the concentration of basic cations; 3 - dry deposition is one of the most important ways that nutrients are acquired in FLONA Tapajos; 4 - there is a significant inflow of nutrients Cl and Na due to intensive grain farming nearby; 5 - dry deposition is the most important process for the enrichment of water that reaches the forest floor; 6 - principal component analysis facilitates the interpretation and characterization of rainwater and in this study shows the influence of anthropogenic sources such as agriculture, biomass burning, and dust.

Published
2015

16. Variabilidade espacial dos aspectos físicos e químicos do solo em um estande de castanheira na Amazônia brasileira

Author

Eduardo Jorge Maklouf Carvalho, Troy Patrick Beldini, Quêzia Leandro de Moura Guerreiro, Paulo Roberto Brasil Santos, Gérson Rodrigues dos Santos, Kátia Emídio da Silva, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo, Marcelino Carneiro Guedes, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Júnior, Quêzia Leandro de Moura Guerreiro, GRADUANDA UFPA, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Gérson Rodrigues dos Santos, UFV, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo, MPEG, Troy Patrick Beldini, UFOPA, EDUARDO JORGE MAKLOUF CARVALHO, CPATU, KATIA EMIDIO DA SILVA, CPAA, MARCELINO CARNEIRO GUEDES, CPAF-AP, and Paulo Roberto Brasil Santos, UFOPA.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Soil test, Geostatistics, 01 natural sciences, physical properties, Geoestatística, soil, food, Solo, Propriedades físicas, Variogram, CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::BOTANICA [CNPQ], Mathematics, Brazil nut, Hydrology, Castanha do Brasil, Amazon rainforest, Agroforestry, Edaphic, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, food.food, Tree stand, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Spatial variability, Propriedades químicas, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, chemical properties, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

A castanha-do-brasil é considerada uma das árvores mais nobres do bioma Amazônia e contém ecossistemas e importância econômica para esta região. O estudo da variância espacial das propriedades edáficas em árvores nativas podem direcionar pesquisas futuras sobre amostragens mais eficientes. A geostatística é a metodologia utilizada para este tipo de estudo, uma vez que considera as características estruturais e aleatórias de uma variável espacialmente distribuída. Este trabalho buscou obter um maior conhecimento sobre a distribuição dos nutrientes no solo, verificando a relação com a ocorrência desta espécie, desse modo, fornecer subsídios para o futuro manejo florestal e manutenção / ampliação do produtividade nessas áreas. As amostras de solo foram coletadas a partir de 30 × 30 m na linha, em todas as linhas em parte do estudo, totalizando 60 amostras. Todos os pontos foram georreferenciados. A preparação do amostras para o preparo da amostra para a análise química e os métodos e cálculos para determinação das variáveis ​​físico-químicas estudadas foram descritos por Nogueira e Souza (2005). As análises estatística e geoestatística foram realizadas no ambiente computacional R, versão 3.2.2. A maioria das variáveis ​​estudadas apresentou nível definido. Para as variáveis ​​físicas, houve predomínio do ajuste ao modelo do variograma gaussiano, seguidor pelo modelo esférico. No caso das variáveis ​​químicas, houve duas ocorrências para cada modelo de ajuste (esférico, exponencial e gaussiano). As variáveis ​​que melhor apresentaram relação espacial com o ocorrência de árvores de castanha do Brasil foram o lodo, argila, macroporosidade, pH, fósforo, zinco e cobre. The Brazil nut is considered one of the noblest trees of the Amazon biome and contains social, ecologic and economic importance to this region. The study of the spatial variance of the edaphic properties in native nut trees can direct future researches about more efficient samplings. The Geostatistics is the methodology utilized for this type of study, once that it considers the structural and random characteristics of a variable spatially distributed. This work sought to get a higher knowledge about the distribution of the nutrients in the soil, verifying the relationship with the occurrence of this species, to thereby provide subsidies to future forest management and maintenance/enlargement of the productivity in these areas. The soil samples were collected from 30 × 30 m on the line, in all of the lines in part of the study, totaling 60 samples. All of the points were georeferenced. The preparation of the samples for the sample preparation for the chemical analysis and the methods and calculations to determine the physicochemical variables studied were described by Nogueira and Souza (2005). The statistical and geostatistical analysis were conducted using the R computational environment, version 3.2.2. Most of the studied variables presented defined level. For the physical variables, there was predominance of the adjustment to the model of the gaussian variogram, follower by the spherical model. In the case of the chemical variables, there were two occurrences for each adjustment model (spherical, exponential and gaussian). The variables that best presented spatial relation with the occurrence of Brazil nut trees were the silt, clay, macroporosity, pH, phosphorus, zinc and copper.

Published
2017

17. Developing Cost-Effective Field Assessments of Carbon Stocks in Human-Modified Tropical Forests

Author

Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Toby A. Gardner, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Jos Barlow, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Erika Berenguer, Joice Ferreira, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri, Mariana Regina Durigan, Erika Berenguer, Lancaster University, Toby A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Institute / International Institute for Sustainability, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, University of Exeter / INPE, Plínio B. Camargo, CENA/USP, Carlos E. Cerri, ESALQ/USP, Mariana Durigan, ESALQ/USP, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Ima C. G. Vieira, MPEG, and Jos Barlow, Lancaster University / MPEG.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Statistics as Topic, lcsh:Medicine, Forests, Carbon sequestration, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Deforestation, Tropical climate, Humans, Human Activities, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, Plant Stems, Estoque de carbono, Carbon finance, Agroforestry, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Floresta Tropical, lcsh:R, Sampling (statistics), Tropics, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, Wood, Carbon, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Research Article
Abstract

Across the tropics, there is a growing financial investment in activities that aim to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, such as REDD+. However, most tropical countries lack on-the-ground capacity to conduct reliable and replicable assessments of forest carbon stocks, undermining their ability to secure long-term carbon finance for forest conservation programs. Clear guidance on how to reduce the monetary and time costs of field assessments of forest carbon can help tropical countries to overcome this capacity gap. Here we provide such guidance for cost-effective one-off field assessments of forest carbon stocks. We sampled a total of eight components from four different carbon pools (i.e. aboveground, dead wood, litter and soil) in 224 study plots distributed across two regions of eastern Amazon. For each component we estimated survey costs, contribution to total forest carbon stocks and sensitivity to disturbance. Sampling costs varied thirty-one-fold between the most expensive component, soil, and the least, leaf litter. Large live stems (≥10 cm DBH), which represented only 15% of the overall sampling costs, was by far the most important component to be assessed, as it stores the largest amount of carbon and is highly sensitive to disturbance. If large stems are not taxonomically identified, costs can be reduced by a further 51%, while incurring an error in aboveground carbon estimates of only 5% in primary forests, but 31% in secondary forests. For rapid assessments, necessary to help prioritize locations for carbon- conservation activities, sampling of stems ≥20cm DBH without taxonomic identification can predict with confidence (R2 = 0.85) whether an area is relatively carbon-rich or carbon-poor—an approach that is 74% cheaper than sampling and identifying all the stems ≥10cm DBH. We use these results to evaluate the reliability of forest carbon stock estimates provided by the IPCC and FAO when applied to human-modified forests, and to highlight areas where cost savings in carbon stock assessments could be most easily made.

Published
2015

18. Size and frequency of natural forest disturbances and the Amazon forest carbon balance

Author

Steve Frolking, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Doreen S. Boyd, Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo, Manuel Gloor, Ted R. Feldpausch, Bruce Walker Nelson, Michael Keller, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, Sassan Saatchi, Valdete Duarte, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, Michael W. Palace, Timothy R. Baker, Cleuton Pereira, Gregory P. Asner, Roel J. W. Brienen, Oliver L. Phillips, Jon Lloyd, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Yadvinder Malhi, FERNANDO D. B. ESPÍRITO-SANTO, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MANUEL GLOOR, School of Geography, University of Leeds, MICHAEL KELLER, USDA Forest Service / University of New Hampshire / CNPM, YADVINDER MALHI, University of Oxford, SASSAN SAATCHI, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, BRUCE NELSON, INPA, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, CLEUTON PEREIRA, JON LLOYD, University of Leeds / James Cook University, STEVE FROLKING, University of New Hampshire, MICHAEL PALACE, University of New Hampshire, YOSIO E. SHIMABUKURO, INPE, VALDETE DUARTE, INPE, ABEL MONTEAGUDO MENDOZA, Jardin Botanico de Missouri, GABRIELA LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, University of Leeds, TIM R. BAKER, University of Leeds, TED R. FELDPAUSCH, University of Leeds, ROEL J. W. BRIENEN, University of Leeds, GREGORY P. ASNER, Carnegie Institution for Science, DOREEN S. BOYD, University of Nottingham, University Park, OLIVER L. PHILLIPS, University of Leeds., Fernando D. B. Espírito-Santo, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Manuel Gloor, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Michael Keller, USDA Forest Service / University of New Hampshire / CNPM, Yadvinder Malhi, University of Oxford, Sassan Saatchi, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Bruce Nelson, INPA, Cleuton Pereira, Jon Lloyd, University of Leeds / James Cook University, Steve Frolking, University of New Hampshire, Michael Palace, University of New Hampshire, Yosio E. Shimabukuro, INPE, Valdete Duarte, INPE, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Gabriela López-González, University of Leeds, Tim R. Baker, University of Leeds, Ted R. Feldpausch, University of Leeds, Roel J. W. Brienen, University of Leeds, Gregory P. Asner, Carnegie Institution for Science, Doreen S. Boyd, University of Nottingham, University Park, and Oliver L. Phillips, University of Leeds.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Ciência da Terra, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Amazonia, Forest ecology, Carbono, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, Forest inventory, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, Carbon sink, Floresta, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Corrigenda, Carbon, Lidar, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, Secondary forest, Environmental science, Clima
Abstract

Forest inventory studies in the Amazon indicate a large terrestrial carbon sink. However, field plots may fail to represent forest mortality processes at landscape-scales of tropical forests. Here we characterize the frequency distribution of disturbance events in natural forests from 0.01 ha to 2,651 ha size throughout Amazonia using a novel combination of forest inventory, airborne lidar and satellite remote sensing data. We find that small-scale mortality events are responsible for aboveground biomass losses of ~1.7 Pg C y−1 over the entire Amazon region. We also find that intermediate-scale disturbances account for losses of ~0.2 Pg C y−1, and that the largest-scale disturbances as a result of blow-downs only account for losses of ~0.004 Pg C y−1. Simulation of growth and mortality indicates that even when all carbon losses from intermediate and large-scale disturbances are considered, these are outweighed by the net biomass accumulation by tree growth, supporting the inference of an Amazon carbon sink., The world’s tropical forests represent a terrestrial carbon sink, yet its size is uncertain. Espírito-Santo et al. characterize full Amazon disturbances combining forest inventories and remote sensing data, and use statistical modelling to quantify the Amazon aboveground forest carbon balance.

Published
2014
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19. Propriedades físicas, químicas, e biológicas de solo sob cultivação de soja e em floresta adjacente na Amazônia

Author

Darlisson Bentes dos Santos, Michael Meier Keller, Alessandra Damasceno da Silva, Patrick M. Crill, Troy Patrick Beldini, P. B. D. Camargo, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior, and D. R. de Oliveira

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, land use change, microbial metabolic quotient, Biomass (ecology), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, seasonality, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, sazonalidade, Rainforest, Aquatic Science, Old-growth forest, quociente metabólico, Bulk density, Soil respiration, Agronomy, Microbial population biology, MICROBIOLOGIA AMBIENTAL, Respiration, Environmental science, Ecosystem, lcsh:Environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, mudança no uso da terra
Abstract

Land-use change in the Amazon basin has occurred at an accelerated pace during the last decade, and it is important that the effects induced by these changes on soil properties are better understood. This study investigated the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil in a field under cultivation of soy and rice, and at an adjacent primary rain forest. Increases in soil bulk density, exchangeable cations and pH were observed in the soy field soil. In the primary forest, soil microbial biomass and basal respiration rates were higher, and the microbial community was metabolically more efficient. The sum of basal respiration across the A, AB and BA horizons on a mass per area basis ranged from 7.31 to 10.05 Mg CO2-C ha-1yr-1, thus yielding estimates for total soil respiration between 9.6 and 15.5 Mg CO2-C ha-1yr-1across sites and seasons. These estimates are in good agreement with literature values for Amazonian ecosystems. The estimates of heterotrophic respiration made in this study help to further constrain the estimates of autotrophic soil respiration and will be useful for monitoring the effects of future land-use in Amazonian ecosystems. As mudanças no uso da terra na bacia Amazônica têm ocorridas num ritmo acelerado durante a última década, e é importante que os efeitos dessas mudanças nos recursos edáficos sejam explicados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades físicas, químicas, e biológicas de um solo sob cultivo de soja e arroz, e um solo de floresta primária adjacente. O solo do campo de soja teve aumentos na densidade, cátions trocáveis, e pH. Na floresta primária a biomassa microbiana e a respiração do solo foram maiores, e a comunidade microbiana demonstrou maior eficiência metabólica. A soma da respiração basal nos três horizontes estudados variou entre 7,31 a 10,05 Mg CO2-C ha-1ano-1, assim dando estimativas de 9,6 a 15,5 Mg CO2-C ha-1ano-1para a respiração total do solo somada para sítios e épocas de amostragem, valores que estão de acordo com dados reportados na literatura para ecossistemas amazônicos. As estimativas da respiração heterotrófica nesse estudo ajudarão a estreitar as estimativas de respiração autotrófica e serão importantes na determinação dos efeitos de futuras mudanças no uso da terra e no clima em sistemas amazônicos.

Published
2015

20. Tree species effects on soil properties and greenhouse gas fluxes in East-central Amazonia: comparison between Monoculture and Diverse Forest

Author

Scott R. Saleska, Joost van Haren, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Patrick Troy Beldini, Michael Keller, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, JOOST VAN HAREN, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, PATRICK TROY BELDINI, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO OESTE DO PARÁ, PLINIO BARBOSA DE CAMARGO, CENA/USP, MICHAEL KELLER, PESQUISADOR VISITANTE CNPM, and SCOTT SALESKA, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA.

Subjects
Nitrous oxide, Agroforestry, Soil gas, Carbon sequestration, Bulk density, Agronomy, Carbon dioxide, Greenhouse gas, Soil pH, Soil water, Tropical, Environmental science, Monoculture, Water content, Methane, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Plantation, Tree growth
Abstract

Tropical plantations are considered a viable option to sequester carbon on abandoned agricultural lands, but implications of tree species selection for overall greenhouse gas budgets on plantations have been little studied. During three wet seasons, we investigated the influence of nine tree species on soil pH, temperature (ST), bulk density (BD), moisture content water filled pore space (WFPS), and greenhouse gas fluxes in diverse forest sites and monoculture plantation plots. All sites were on clay-rich soils of the Barreiras formation, in east-central Amazônia, Brazil. We found that ST and BD were 0.6°C and 0.2 g/cm3 higher in the plantation relative to the forest, and soil CH4, CO,2 and N2O fluxes were, respectively, 38, 12, 62, percent lower in the plantation. Tree growth rates were highly variable on the plantation, with the mean comparable to the forest sites. Tree species identity mattered (P < 0.01) for all soil properties and gas fluxes on the plantation, but only for pH, BD, WFPS, and N2O fluxes in the forest. The species rank order of pH and N2O fluxes in the forest, however, were unlike the plantation. Tree growth rates were a strong predictor for soil WFPS, and together with location, they also explained 75 percent of the mean N2O flux variation. Our study indicates that: (1) tree species influence soil processes; and (2) high tree growth and low soil gas emissions imply a reduced climate forcing effect from plantations, especially when planted with fast-growing legume species on abandoned farmland. Artigo publicado por Pesquisador Visitante da Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite.

Published
2013

21. Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation.

Author

Barlow, Jos, Lennox, Gareth D., Ferreira, Joice, Berenguer, Erika, Lees, Alexander C., Nally, Ralph Mac, Thomson, James R., Ferraz, Silvio Frosini de Barros, Louzada, Julio, Oliveira, Victor Hugo Fonseca, Parry, Luke, Ribeiro de Castro Solar, Ricardo, Vieira, Ima C. G., Aragão, Luiz E. O. C., Begotti, Rodrigo Anzolin, Braga, Rodrigo F., Cardoso, Thiago Moreira, Jr, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Souza Jr, Carlos M., and Moura, Nárgila G.

Published
2016
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22. A New Field Instrument for Leaf Volatiles Reveals an Unexpected Vertical Profile of Isoprenoid Emission Capacities in a Tropical Forest

Author

Eliane G. Alves, R. C. de Oliveira, T. Taylor, Scott R. Saleska, Wit T. Wisniewski, TYEEN C. TAYLOR, University of Arizona / University of Miami, WIT T. WISNIEWSKI, University of Arizona, ELIANE G. ALVES, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, and SCOTT R. SALESKA, University of Arizona.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecophysiology, Canopy, ecophysiology, detection, Ecofisiologia, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), cuvette, Atmospheric sciences, Generalist and specialist species, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Floresta Tropical, volatile organic compounds, Química atmosférica, GE1-350, Isoprene, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Tree canopy, Ecology, Microambiente, Forestry, Understory, SD1-669.5, microenvironment, Environmental sciences, chemistry, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, Estrutura florestal, isoprene, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Both plant physiology and atmospheric chemistry are substantially altered by the emission of volatile isoprenoids (VI), such as isoprene and monoterpenes, from plant leaves. Yet, since gaining scientific attention in the 1950?s, empirical research on leaf VI has been largely confined to laboratory experiments and atmospheric observations. Here, we introduce a new field instrument designed to bridge the scales from leaf to atmosphere, by enabling precision VI detection in real time from plants in their natural ecological setting. With a field campaign in the Brazilian Amazon, we reveal an unexpected distribution of leaf emission capacities (EC) across the vertical axis of the forest canopy, with EC peaking in the mid-canopy instead of the sun-exposed canopy surface, and moderately high emissions occurring in understory specialist species. Compared to the simple interpretation that VI protect leaves from heat stress at the hot canopy surface, our results encourage a more nuanced view of the adaptive role of VI in plants. We infer that forest emissions to the atmosphere depend on the dynamic microenvironments imposed by canopy structure, and not simply on canopy surface conditions. We provide a new emissions inventory from 52 tropical tree species, revealing moderate consistency in EC within taxonomic groups. We highlight priorities in leaf volatiles research that require field-portable detection systems. Our self-contained, portable instrument provides real-time detection and live measurement feedback with precision and detection limits better than 0.5 nmolVI m-2 leaf s-1. We call the instrument ?PORCO? based on the gas detection method: photoionization of organic compounds. We provide a thorough validation of PORCO and demonstrate its capacity to detect ecologically driven variation in leaf emission rates and thus accelerate a nascent field of science: the ecology and ecophysiology of plant volatiles. Made available in DSpace on 2021-10-08T13:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ffgc-04-6682281.pdf: 17902195 bytes, checksum: 9c9d7ea95f2f1d67df3d40739f2bc538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Published
2021
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23. Reframing tropical savannization: linking changes in canopy structure to energy balance alterations that impact climate

Author

Darin J. Law, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, R. Cosme de Oliveira, Susan Aragón, Jose Mauro Sousa de Moura, Rodrigo Ferreira da Silva, Danilo Roberti Alves de Almeida, Gabriel de Oliveira, José Luís Camargo, D. Minor, Scott C. Stark, Juan Camilo Villegas, Rafael L. Assis, Marielle N. Smith, Scott R. Saleska, Abigail L. S. Swann, David D. Breshears, SCOTT C. STARK, Michigan State University, DAVID D. BRESHEARS, University of Arizona, SUSAN ARAGÓN, INPA / UFOPA / PUCP, JUAN CAMILO VILLEGAS, University of Arizona / Universidad de Antioquia, DARIN J. LAW, University of Arizona, MARIELLE N. SMITH, Michigan State University, DAVID M. MINOR, Michigan State University / University of Maryland at College Park, RAFAEL LEANDRO DE ASSIS, INPA / University of Oslo, DANILO ROBERTI ALVES DE ALMEIDA, USP/ESALQ, GABRIEL DE OLIVEIRA, University of Toronto / INPE, SCOTT R. SALESKA, University of Arizona, ABIGAILL. S. SWANN, University of Washington, JOSÉ MAURO S. MOURA, UFOPA, JOSÉ LUIS CAMARGO, INPA, RODRIGO DA SILVA, Laboratório de Física e Química da Atmosfera, LUIZ E. O. C. ARAGÃO, INPE / University of Exeter, and RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Savanização, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Vegetação, Energy balance, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Mudança Climática, Balanço energético, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Amazon, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, lidar, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, Earth System Models, Cognitive reframing, 15. Life on land, forest transitions, energy balance, Lidar, climate change, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology, Transição florestal
Abstract

Tropical ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented rates of degradation from deforestation, fire, and drought disturbances. The collective effects of these disturbances threaten to shift large portions of tropical ecosystems such as Amazon forests into savanna like structure via tree loss, functional changes, and the emergence of fire (savannization). Changes from forest states to a more open savanna like structure can affect local microclimates, surface energy fluxes, and biosphere?atmosphere interactions. A predominant type of ecosystem state change is the loss of tree cover and structural complexity in disturbed forest. Although important advances have been made contrasting energy fluxes between historically distinct old growth forest and savanna systems, the emergence of secondary forests and savanna like ecosystems necessitates a reframing to consider gradients of tree structure that span forest to savanna like states at multiple scales. In this Innovative Viewpoint, we draw from the literature on forest?grassland continua to develop a framework to assess the consequences of tropical forest degradation on surface energy fluxes and canopy structure. We illustrate this framework for forest sites with contrasting canopy structure that ranges from simple, open, and savanna like to complex and closed, representative of tropical wet forest, within two climatically distinct regions in the Amazon. Using a recently developed rapid field assessment approach, we quantify differences in cover, leaf area vertical profiles, surface roughness, albedo, and energy balance partitioning between adjacent sites and compare canopy structure with adjacent old growth forest; more structurally simple forests displayed lower net radiation. To address forest?atmosphere feedback, we also consider the effects of canopy structure change on susceptibility to additional future disturbance. We illustrate a converse transition?recovery in structure following disturbance?measuring forest canopy structure 10 yr after the imposition of a drought in the ground breaking Seca Floresta experiment. Our approach strategically enables rapid characterization of surface properties relevant to vegetation models following degradation, and advances links between surface properties and canopy structure variables, increasingly available from remote sensing. Concluding, we hypothesize that understanding surface energy balance and microclimate change across degraded tropical forest states not only reveals critical atmospheric forcing, but also critical local scale feedbacks from forest sensitivity to additional climate linked disturbance. Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-19T04:39:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ecs2.3231.pdf: 3963092 bytes, checksum: 329e8870eaaa97ac7d4cf9924dd44480 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Published
2020

24. Chemical analysis of rainfall and throughfall in the Tapajós National Forest, Belterra, Pará, Brazil

Author

OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, R. C. de, KELLER, M. M., RAMOS, J. F. da F., BELDINI, T. P., CRILL, P. M., CAMARGO, P. B. de, HAREN, J. van., RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Michael Meier Keller, USFS, José Francisco da Fonseca Ramos, UFPA, Troy Patrick Beldini, UFOPA, Patrick Michael Crill, Stockholm University, Plinio Batista de Camargo, CENA/USP, Joost van Haren, University of Arizona., and Michael Meier Keller, USFS/Pesquisador visitante CNPM

Subjects
Água, Análise Química, Ciclagem de nutrientes, Floresta Tropical, Amazonia, Floresta Nacional do Tapajós
Abstract

A Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (FLONA Tapajós) possui 600 mil hectares de floresta protegida, e está situada a 50 km ao sul da cidade de Santarém, Pará, Brasil, uma cidade portuária de 250 mil habitantes, localizada na confluência dos rios Tapajós e Amazonas. Há abundância de terras agrícolas na região, que oferecem muitas oportunidades para estudar mudanças no uso da terra, e um tipo de uso da terra, a colheita seletiva de madeira, é particularmente importante para a economia de Santarém. A deposição úmida e seca pode ser uma importante fonte de nutrientes para as plantas, e isto é especialmente verdade quando os solos são pobres, o que é o caso na região do planalto Santarém-Belterra, a área de estudo da presente investigação. Nesta região, a deposição de nutrientes atmosférico natural é reforçada pela frequente queima de biomassa que libera uma grande parte dos nutrientes da biomassa acima do solo para a atmosfera. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) Estimar a deposição úmida total via precipitação direta e através da copa, incluindo a deposição seca; 2) Verificar potenciais fontes de nutrientes encontrados na deposição úmida total e deposição seca; e, 3) Verificar possíveis efeitos da cobertura vegetal no teor de nutrientes na precipitação e precipitação interna. Este estudo foi realizado na FLONA Tapajós no km 67 da rodovia Santarém - Cuiabá, ao sul da cidade de Santarém. A área de estudo consistiu de uma parcela de 100 x 100 m dividida em transectos de 10 x 10 m que foi localizada próximo de uma torre meteorológica de 65 m que com medidas de vários parâmetros climáticos, como precipitação, velocidade e direção do vento, radiação solar incidente e temperatura e umidade do ar, entre outros. Coletores de precipitação direta (PD) e de precipitação interna (PI) consistiram de frascos de 2 L de polietileno com um funil de diâmetro de 115 mm. As amostras foram coletadas semanalmente durante abril de 2003 a março de 2006. O volume da amostra foi medido individualmente para cada coletor (25 coletores para a precipitação interna e 4 para a precipitação direta). As conclusões que podem ser tiradas a partir deste estudo são: 1) A estação seca apresenta a maior variação no fluxo de íons; 2) A sazonalidade exerce uma forte influência sobre a concentração de cátions básicos; 3) A deposição seca é um das mais importantes caminhos para a entrada de nutrientes na FLONA Tapajós; 4) Há uma entrada significativa de macronutrientes, Cl e Na da agricultura de grãos intensivo nas proximidades; 5) Deposição seca é o processo mais importante para o enriquecimento de água que atinge o chão da floresta; 6) A análise de componentes principais facilita a interpretação e caracterização de águas pluviais e, neste estudo, mostra a influência de fontes antropogênicas como a agricultura, queima de biomassa, e poeira Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-07T05:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4534.pdf: 815211 bytes, checksum: 25a4cdaf41b486f822769b89172d43cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-06

Published
2015

25. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil under soybean cultivation and at an adjacent rainforest in Amazonia

Author

BELDINI, T. B., OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, R. C. de, KELLER, M. M., CAMARGO, P. B. de, CRILL, P. M., SILVA, A. D. da, SANTOS, D. B. dos, OLIVEIRA, D. R. de, Troy Patrick Beldini, UFOPA, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Michael Meier Keller, University of New Hampshire, Plinio Batista de Camargo, CENA/USP, Patrick Michael Crill, University of Stockholm, Alessandra Damasceno da Silva, CEULS/ULBRA, Darlisson Bentes dos Santos, CEULS/ULBRA, and Daniel Rocha de Oliveira, CEULS/ULBRA.

Subjects
Sazonalidade, Arroz, Solo, Soja, Floresta primária
Abstract

As mudanças no uso da terra na bacia Amazônica têm ocorridas num ritmo acelerado durante a última década, e é importante que os efeitos dessas mudanças nos recursos edáficos sejam explicados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades físicas, químicas, e biológicas de um solo sob cultivo de soja e arroz, e um solo de floresta primária adjacente. O solo do campo de soja teve aumentos na densidade, cátions trocáveis, e pH. Na floresta primária a biomassa microbiana e a respiração do solo foram maiores, e a comunidade microbiana demonstrou maior eficiência metabólica. A soma da respiração basal nos três horizontes estudados variou entre 7,31 a 10,05 Mg CO2-C ha-1ano-1, assim dando estimativas de 9,6 a 15,5 Mg CO2-C ha-1ano-1 para a respiração total do solo somada para sítios e épocas de amostragem, valores que estão de acordo com dados reportados na literatura para ecossistemas amazônicos. As estimativas da respiração heterotrófica nesse estudo ajudarão a estreitar as estimativas de respiração autotrófica e serão importantes na determinação dos efeitos de futuras mudanças no uso da terra e no clima em sistemas amazônicos

Published
2015

26. Structural Dynamics of Tropical Moist Forest Gaps

Author

Hunter, Maria O., Keller, Michael, Morton, Douglas C., Cook, Bruce Douglas, Lefsky, Michael Andrew, Ducey, Mark J., Saleska, Scott Reid, Oliveira, Raimundo Cosme de, Schietti, Juliana, Zang, Runguo, MARIA O. HUNTER, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, MICHAEL KELLER, USDA/PESQUISADOR VISITANTE CNPM, DOUGLAS MORTON, NASA, BRUCE COOK, NASA, MICHAEL LEFSKY, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, MARK DUCEY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, SCOTT SALESKA, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, and JULIANA SCHIETTI, INPA.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Topography, Rainforest, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Population Dynamics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Landscape scale, Forest ecology, Tree Growth, Ecosystem, Landscape, Tropical Rain Forest, Controlled Study, Forest Gap, Mortality, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Demography, Multidisciplinary, Forest dynamics, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Brasil, Canopy, 15. Life on land, Tropical forest, Tropical forests, Nonhuman, Lidar, Forest Dynamics, Kernel Method, Spatio-temporal Analysis, Environmental science, Medicine, Gap dynamics, Physical geography, Brazil, Tree, Research Article, Plant Height
Abstract

Gap phase dynamics are the dominant mode of forest turnover in tropical forests. However, gap processes are infrequently studied at the landscape scale. Airborne lidar data offer detailed information on three-dimensional forest structure, providing a means to characterize fine-scale (1 m) processes in tropical forests over large areas. Lidar-based estimates of forest structure (top down) differ from traditional field measurements (bottom up), and necessitate clear-cut definitions unencumbered by the wisdom of a field observer. We offer a new definition of a forest gap that is driven by forest dynamics and consistent with precise ranging measurements from airborne lidar data and tall, multi-layered tropical forest structure. We used 1000 ha of multi-temporal lidar data (2008, 2012) at two sites, the Tapajos National Forest and Ducke Reserve, to study gap dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon. Here, we identified dynamic gaps as contiguous areas of significant growth, that correspond to areas > 10 m2, with height

Published
2015

27. Trace gas fluxes from intensively managed rice and soybean fields across three growing seasons in the Brazilian Amazon

Author

OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, R. C., KELLER, M., CRILL, P., BELDINI, T., HAREN, J. van, CAMARGO, P., RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, Michael Keller, US Forest Service, Patrick Crill, Stockholm University, Troy Beldini, UFOPA, Joost Van Haren, University of Arizona, and Plinio Camargo, CENA/USP.

Subjects
Soja, Amazonia, Arroz, gases
Abstract

The emission of gases that may potentially intensify the greenhouse effect has received special attention due to their ability to raise global temperatures and possibly modify conditions for life on earth. The objectives of this study were the quantification of trace gas flux (N2O, CO2 and CH4) in soils of the lower Amazon basin that are planted with rice and soybean, and the relation of this flux to soil physical and chemical parameters and to precipitation. This study was conducted in agricultural fields planted with rice (Oryza sativa) and soybean (Glycine max), located near the cities of Belterra and Santarém in western Pará State, Brazil, during the production years of 2005 to 2007. Measurements were done using static chambers in the field, and samples were analyzed by gas chromatography in the laboratory. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine variation in gas flux in both crops, and the results show that CO2 flux varied between 305 and 227 mg-C m-2 h-1 under rice, and 243 and 156 mg-C m-2 h-1 under soybean. Flux of N2O under rice varied between 4.5 and 20.4 μg-N m-2 h-1, and under soybean flux variation was between 4.0 and 9.4 μg-N m-2 h-1. Variation in flux of CH4 under rice was between 5.1 and 14.0 μg-C m-2 h-1, and under soybean it was 0.4 and 1.2 μg-C m-2 h-1. These results demonstrate that, during the study period, the rice crop had higher flux for all trace gases than the soybean crop. Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T23:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COSMEGASES.pdf: 320282 bytes, checksum: 517bbbd04a9aa303afe55329048b696a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-05

Published
2015

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