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EOS-04 (Earth Observation Satellite-04), launched on 14 February 2022, is a follow-on mission to Indian Space Research Organisation’s first synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite RISAT-1. It is capable of imaging in either side of the track with incidence angle range from 12.2° to 55.1°. Onboard SAR system supports variety of resolution and swath requirements and can operate in various modes like StripMap, ScanSAR and Sliding Spotlight modes with various polarization combinations like linear, hybrid and full/quad polarimetry. EOS-04 is the first spaceborne SAR mission worldwide supporting full-polarimetry (FP) data acquisitions in ScanSAR modes. Availability of FP datasets in wide swath modes (ScanSAR modes) is a big step towards scientific analysis for various applications in a timebound manner. For enabling interferometric processing, EOS-04 orbits are being maintained within the baseline requirements of 500 m. EOS-04 has 17 days repetivity resulting in less temporal decorrelation to use the datasets for various deformation studies. In addition to this, analysis ready data (ARD) product, normalized radar backscatter (NRB) Gamma0 product, are introduced to minimize the user efforts for any immediate analysis. In NRB Gamma0 products, terrain induced variations particularly on hill-slopes affecting the brightness of the radar return is normalized by applying radiometric terrain correction (RTC) on SAR images. This paper discusses about the data processing aspects related to calibration, polarimetry, interferometry and NRB Gamma0 product generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An optimal bankruptcy regime is one which avoids taking/giving loans during financial crisis, provides a provision for entrepreneurship, and further provides for achieving a maximum total value for the distressed firm. The present study is aimed at understanding the concept of optimal bankruptcy regime and its determinants in terms of merits and demerits. The study is purely of qualitative nature followed by the method of synthesis of 50 previous studies. The study concludes that the optimal bankruptcy regime that provides for the said three features is somehow or other helping economies to do well in terms of increased entrepreneurship, decreased number of liquidations, reduced NPAs’, and increased productive investments. It is also evident from several World Bank member countries that have opted for reorganisation of distressed businesses are experiencing the fruits of optimal bankruptcy regime in terms of achieving maximum value for the assets of distressed firms for about 71 cents on dollar and thereby entrepreneurship development.

Background:Medication adherence is critical for success of clinical trials. Objective:To assess oral riboflavin is an adherence marker. Methods:Riboflavin was incorporated into active treatment and placebo pills for a clinical trial lasting for 2 years. Results:The accuracy (area under the receiver operating curve) of urinary riboflavin was 0.91 as a binary classifier of adherence, and was similar or better than for two active study ingredients daidzein (0.92) and genistein (0.87) (allp < 0.0001). Decreased adherence over time was similar in the two study groups. Conclusion: Riboflavin is an accurate and useful biomarker for study pill ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of business is to create new customers and retain old customers. Customer orientation is the ultimate key to success of any business. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a comprehensive approach for creating, maintaining and expanding customer relationships. CRM does not just belong to sales and marketing. CRM is an intelligent blend of marketing and information technology for serving the customer with greater care and value. It is a new way of doing business covering all aspects. If any area is left out of CRM, the organization is exposed to greater risk. This article is focus on the dimension of perception towards customer relationship management in selected public sector banks at Coimbatore district [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous occurrence of Zn and Fe deficiencies in man has been known since the discovery of human Zn deficiency. However, it is not established that low Fe stores per se or Fe-deficiency anaemia infer low Zn status. Therefore our objective was to identify relationships between Zn and Fe status in premenopausal women without anaemia. We also examined the contribution of food frequencies and blood loss to Zn and Fe status. The subjects were thirty-three apparently healthy premenopausal women without anaemia, who were not taking dietary supplements containing Zn or Fe or oral contraceptives. Main outcomes were Zn kinetic parameters based on the three-compartment mammillary model and serum ferritin (SF) concentration; contributing factors were the frequency of consumption of specific foods and menorrhagia. Lower SF was significantly associated with smaller sizes of Zn pools. The breakpoint in the relationship between SF and the lesser peripheral Zn pool was found to be 21??0????g SF/l. SF also correlated positively with frequency of beef consumption and negatively with bleeding through menstrual pads (BTMP). Similar to SF, the Zn pool sizes correlated positively with frequency of beef consumption, and negatively with BTMP. In summary, Zn pool sizes and Fe stores were highly correlated in premenopausal women. SF concentrations

This study determined the level of mercury, lead, and zinc in baby teeth of children with autism spectrum disorder (n = 15, age 6.1 ± 2.2 yr) and typically developing children (n = 11, age = 7 ± 1.7 yr). Children with autism had significantly (2.1-fold) higher levels of mercury but similar levels of lead and similar levels of zinc. Children with autism also had significantly higher usage of oral antibiotics during their first 12 mo of life, and possibly higher usage of oral antibiotics during their first 36 mo of life. Baby teeth are a good measure of cumulative exposure to toxic metals during fetal development and early infancy, so this study suggests that children with autism had a higher body burden of mercury during fetal/infant development. Antibiotic use is known to almost completely inhibit excretion of mercury in rats due to alteration of gut flora. Thus, higher use of oral antiobiotics in the children with autism may have reduced their ability to excrete mercury, and hence may partially explain the higher level in baby teeth. Higher usage of oral antibiotics in infancy may also partially explain the high incidence of chronic gastrointestinal problems in individuals with autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our group has reported the ability of local insulin-zinc injection to accelerate skin wound healing. This experiment was conducted to investigate the metabolic mechanisms of locally injected insulin-zinc in accelerating wound healing. A partial thickness skin donor site wound was created on the back, and indwelling catheters were placed in the carotid artery and jugular vein in anesthetized rabbits. On day 7 after injury, the wound was either injected with 0.2 U of insulin-zinc, 0.4 μg zinc (the amount of zinc in 0.2 U of insulin-zinc), or not injected; stable isotope tracers were infused for measurement of wound DNA synthetic rate as a reflection of cell proliferation. Wound protein synthetic and breakdown rates were also measured. The local insulin-zinc injection increased wound insulin concentration from below 5 pmol/L to 1,260±780 pmol/L with minor changes in blood glucose concentration that did not require exogenous glucose replacement. In the insulin-zinc–injected wound, the total DNA synthetic rate was increased by ∼50% ( p<0.05 vs. control). In the zinc-injected wound, whereas total DNA synthetic rate was increased ( p<0.05 vs. control), net protein deposition (synthesis–breakdown) was less ( p<0.05) than those in the control and insulin-zinc groups. We conclude that local insulin-zinc injection stimulates wound DNA synthesis, which would be expected to accelerate wound reepithelialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms by which aniline produces selective toxicity to the spleen are not well understood. Previously, studies showed that aniline exposure induces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the spleen. The present study was aimed to determine the release of free iron and oxidative DNA damage in the spleen following aniline exposure. To achieve this, male SD rats were orally administered 1 mmol/kg/d aniline for 7 d, while controls received the vehicle only. Total splenic iron content showed a significant increase of 200% in the aniline-treated rats, whereas free iron (low-molecular-weight chelatable iron) showed a marked increase of 375% in comparison to controls. Oxidative DNA damage, measured in terms of 8-hydroxy-2¢-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, showed a remarkable increase of 83% in the aniline-treated rats. These results suggest an association between release of free iron and oxidative DNA damage, which could lead to mutagenic and/or carcinogenic responses in the spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determines the levels of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and their derivatives in the hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of crabs collected from Newark Bay and Raritan Bay in New Jersey. Knowledge of the fate and biomagnification of PCDD/Fs in the environment; Evidence on the contamination of aquatic system.

It is concluded that C3H8O+˙ formed by dissociation of ionized 2-ethoxyethanol (8) is a mixture of CH3CH2OCH3+˙ (7) and ˙CH2+OHCH2CH3 (2). Formation of 7 and CH3CH2+OHCH3 (12) is attributed to dissociations of species formed by the hydrogen transfers [CH3CH2OCH2+ ˙CH2OH] → [CH3CH2OCH2OCH3+˙ CH2O] → [CH3CH2+OHCH3HCO˙]. Production of 7 competes weakly with dissociation to CH3CH2 +OCH2 (13) and to 12. The low abundance of 7 is attributed to the simple dissociation 8 → 13 being both energetically and entropically favored, and a second H-transfer to give 12 being energetically favored. The threshold for forming 7 is 45 kJ mol−1 above that for dissociation directly to 13, so formation of 7 is the first ion-neutral complex-mediated elimination found to have a threshold above that for the competing simple dissociation. The low abundance of 7 also demonstrates that ion-neutral complexes can be intermediates without obviously revealing their presence by direct dissociation. Experimental results suggest that 2 isomerizes to CH3CH2CH2OH+˙ (5) and then dissociates by eliminating water. Ab initio results support the feasibility of 2 → CH3+OHCH2CH2˙ (1) and 2 → 5. However, experimental observations suggest that 2 → 1 does not occur. This is attributed to strong competition from dissociation and isomerization to 5. The transition state for 2 → 5 resembles [CH3CH2CH2OH]+˙, and a cyclic transition state for 2 → 5 is ruled out. When the ethyl-oxygen bond in 2 is simply lengthened, the charge is initially concentrated on ethyl, but it switches to CH2OH in a curve crossing at an apparent transition state for CO bond breaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mauna Loa volcano (Hawaii) is the world’s largest subaerial volcano. Interferometric analysis of ISRO’s EOS-04 and ESA’s Sentinel-1 SAR images provided a detailed view on the surface deformation associated with the 2022 Mauna Loa volcano eruption. Co-eruptive InSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 data revealed Line-ofSight deformation of ±50 cm along the NE and SW rift zones. The complex bipolar deformation pattern in ascending and descending tracks suggests vertical and horizontal deformation associated with the sub-surface magma ascent and spreading respectively. InSAR analysis of EOS-04 data revealed concentric interferometric fringes east of the caldera. This near-circular deformation lobe (~ –13 cm) could be interpreted either as post-eruptive volcanic deflation or topographically correlated atmospheric artefact. Polarimetric and coherence based analysis revealed extensive lava flow along the SW and NE rifts (~15 km) and further towards the north along a topographic channel for about 16 km. Polarimetric radar analysis of a fresh lava flow channel associated with the NE rift zone revealed a transition between smooth pāhoehoe and rough a’a flow textures along its current extent. The present study demonstrates the interferometric and polarimetric capabilities of EOS-04 satellite for geophysical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface soil moisture (SSM) at high spatial resolution is an essential land parameter for agricultural applications like irrigation mapping, scheduling, crop water stress assessment, etc. However, available satellite derived soil moisture products are inadequate for meeting the requirements of agricultural applications due to coarse scale soil moisture (~10–40 km). In this article, we developed an operational framework for first of its kind sub-km (~500 m) operational soil moisture product over India by utilizing ISRO’s EOS-04 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data based on active-passive approach. The potential of EOS-04 SAR for sub-km scale is demonstrated and tested over major cropland sites covering highly heterogeneous and dynamic crop conditions in different agro-climatic regions over India which shows a good agreement with in situ datasets with mean ubRMSE, ranging from 0.051 to 0.078 m³ /m³. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radar imaging SATellite (RISAT-1A), also known as Earth observation satellite-04 (EOS-04), is a follow-on mission of India’s first indigenously developed spaceborne C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on-board RISAT-1 satellite. This article provides a description of the post-launch calibration and data quality evaluation of EOS-04 launched on 14 February 2022. Calibration devices (corner reflectors) of different shapes and sizes were deployed at Ahmedabad and Amrapur calibration sites in Gujarat, India from 2 to 24 April 2022, and their response in the EOS-04 data was used to assess the radiometric and polarimetric calibration. The results of the analysis showed satisfactory radiometric and polarimetric data quality. Geolocation accuracy was assessed using the ground-surveyed position of the corner reflectors and was found to be in accordance with the specified values of less than 50 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]