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A million tonnes of plastic produced each year are disposed of after single use. Biodegradable polymers have become a promising material as an alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Utilising biodegradable polymers will promote environmental sustainability which has emerged with potential features and performances for various applications in different sectors. Seaweed-derived polysaccharides-based composites have been the focus of numerous studies due to the composites' renewability and sustainability for industries (food packaging and medical fields like tissue engineering and drug delivery). Due to their biocompatibility, abundance, and gelling ability, seaweed derivatives such as alginate, carrageenan, and agar are commonly used for this purpose. Seaweed has distinct film-forming characteristics, but its mechanical and water vapour barrier qualities are weak. Thus, modifications are necessary to enhance the seaweed properties. This review article summarises and discusses the effect of incorporating seaweed films with different types of nanoparticles on their mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi reports financial support was provided by Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

For a sustainable environment, geopolymer (GPO) paste can be used in the construction industry instead of Portland cement. Nowadays, sustainable construction and high-efficacy composites are demanding. Therefore, in the present investigation, the mechanical and microstructural efficacy of carbon-fiber-reinforced fly ash-based GPO with different percentages of nano-sodium dioxide (NS) were studied. The investigated percentages of NS were 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. For all the samples, the carbon fiber content was kept the same at 0.5% by weight. Different percentages of NS for all five fabricated GPO composite pastes were assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various mechanical parameters of GPO-the compressive strength, toughness modulus, hardness, toughness indices, impact strength, fracture toughness, flexural strength, and elastic modulus-were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of 3% NS was the most effective for ameliorating the mechanical, microstructural, and fracture behavior of GPO. The use of 3% NS in carbon-fiber-reinforced GPO paste showed the maximum improvements of 22%, 46%, 30%, 40%, 14%, 38.4%, 50.2%, 31%, and 64% for the compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, toughness modulus, hardness, compressive stiffness, bending stiffness, fracture toughness, and impact strength, respectively. The SEM study showed that the inclusion of NS improved the microstructure and delivered a denser GPO paste by improving the interfacial zones and quickening the polymerization reaction.