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1. Content of Heavy Metals in the Lichens of Winter Reindeer Pastures of the Timan and Bolshezemelskaya Tundras.

Author

Menshakova, Marija, Huber, Miłosz, Gainanova, Ramziya, Surovets, Valeriia, Moiseeva, Nina, Nizikova, Anastasiia, and Mashinets, Marina

Subjects
HEAVY metals, GEOLOGICAL time scales, REINDEER, LICHENS, LEAD, TUNDRAS
Abstract

This article is devoted to the study of the contents of zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead in lichen in the pastures of reindeer studs in the Timan and Bolshezemelskaya tundras. These areas are located in the Arctic part of Russia, to the west of the Polar Urals. These are areas where carbonate and sandstone rocks of the Permian–Mesozoic age dominate under the soil cover, as well as older deposits located in the western part of the research area (dated to the Cambrian–Devonian period). In these rocks, there is mineralization with metals, including copper. Research carried out in 2018 showed that in the surface layer of lichens, the concentration of metals was assessed differently in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the hill. On this basis, it was possible to identify clean and contaminated pastures. The high copper content in some pastures can be explained by the migration of metal ions from the parent rock. Due to the similar ionic radius of copper and the higher electrocativity in relation to zinc, the metal was probably displaced in the lichen. The observed concentrations can cause high levels of metals in the tissues and organs of deer. A high content of metals in lichens was found in samples collected near industrial enterprises, as well as at a considerable distance from them. At the same time, lichens at some locations near boiler houses or oil rigs are quite pure. In this regard, it has been suggested that the source of pollutants can be either natural factors (copper-bearing sands) or the ingress of metals from a remotely located source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. Content of Heavy Metals in the Lichens of Winter Reindeer Pastures of the Timan and Bolshezemelskaya Tundras

Author

Marija Menshakova, Miłosz Huber, Ramziya Gainanova, Valeriia Surovets, Nina Moiseeva, Anastasiia Nizikova, and Marina Mashinets

Subjects
heavy metals, lead, copper, biological permeability, lichens, reindeer pastures, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract

This article is devoted to the study of the contents of zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead in lichen in the pastures of reindeer studs in the Timan and Bolshezemelskaya tundras. These areas are located in the Arctic part of Russia, to the west of the Polar Urals. These are areas where carbonate and sandstone rocks of the Permian–Mesozoic age dominate under the soil cover, as well as older deposits located in the western part of the research area (dated to the Cambrian–Devonian period). In these rocks, there is mineralization with metals, including copper. Research carried out in 2018 showed that in the surface layer of lichens, the concentration of metals was assessed differently in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the hill. On this basis, it was possible to identify clean and contaminated pastures. The high copper content in some pastures can be explained by the migration of metal ions from the parent rock. Due to the similar ionic radius of copper and the higher electrocativity in relation to zinc, the metal was probably displaced in the lichen. The observed concentrations can cause high levels of metals in the tissues and organs of deer. A high content of metals in lichens was found in samples collected near industrial enterprises, as well as at a considerable distance from them. At the same time, lichens at some locations near boiler houses or oil rigs are quite pure. In this regard, it has been suggested that the source of pollutants can be either natural factors (copper-bearing sands) or the ingress of metals from a remotely located source.

Published
2022
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3. REINDEER PASTURES AND LAND TENURE ISSUES.

Author

Alekseev, Afanasy, Ammosov, M. K., and Vitebsky, Piers

Subjects
*REINDEER farming, *INDIGENOUS peoples, *REINDEER breeding, *REINDEER herders, *PASTURES, *GRAZING
Abstract

The fodder base is the basis for the development of reindeer husbandry and, consequently, the existence of indigenous peoples of the North. Currently lichen pasture areas continue to decline. Reduction of pasture areas can lead to a decline in production in the traditional sector due to the narrowing of its activities. The development of reindeer husbandry is primarily determined by the state of pastures and their deer carrying capacity. For 01.01.2001 out of the total territory of reindeer breeding districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia ) - amounting to 2,456.5 thousand km2 (79.2% of the territory of the republic) - reindeer pastures occupy 918.9 thousand km2. And on the scale of the Russian Federation reindeer pastures occupy about one-fifth of the territory of Russia. The standards were established for the sizes of reindeer herds in reindeer herding zones in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): for the tundra zone - no less 1200 heads; for forest-tundra - no less than 1000 heads; for mountain taiga - no less than 800 deer and for taiga - no less than 500. The area of grazing per one deer in the snowy period of the year (late autumn, winter, early spring) in the tundra zone of Yakutia is 40-43 ha. The size of the grazing area per 1 reindeer for 6 pasture seasons of the year in the taiga zone of the RS (Y) is 75-80 ha. In the mountain taiga zone, the area of grazing of one reindeer by season is: in late spring - 3,40 hectares (59,9%), in summer - 13,37 hectares (92,4%), in early autumn - 5,92 hectares (80 , 5%), in late autumn - 1.97 hectares (51.1%), in winter - 5.26 hectares (35.8%), in early spring - 3.82 ha (45.3%). For the entire year, that is in both the snowless and snowy periods of the year, one reindeer utilises 33.74 hectares of grazing or 61.9% of pasture land according to the project norm. Today, data on grazing resources, reserve pastures, and carrying capacity is needed more than ever: how many reindeer livestock should be grazed on the territory, and hence the planned productivity and economic efficiency of reindeer husbandry, as well as the associated socioeconomic standard of living of the population engaged in this sector. Therefore, it is proposed to conduct a geobotanical survey of reindeer herding districts, to include reindeer pasture identification, mapping of their location, determination of the quality and stock of fodder plants, and establishment of carrying capacity. The problem of land is key to indigenous peoples for two reasons. Firstly, the land for the small peoples of the North is the material and spiritual basis of life. Secondly, the legal status of the minority peoples of the North is connected to their land rights. These are issues of self-government, issues of subsoil use, the solution of social development, culture, language. It seams to us that granting to the indigenous peoples lands of traditional nature use, including reindeer pastures, water reservoirs, hunting grounds for free and permanent use, is the only correct solution to the problem. At the same time, minority peoples should have compensation for the development of minerals. We recommend to bring into practice the direct conclusion of contracts under the chain of extracting company → local administrative authorities → direct land user, i.e. reindeer herder. It is necessary to establish special rights of indigenous peoples on the territory of traditional nature management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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4. COMPARATIVE ETHNO-ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TRADITIONAL REINDEER HERDING ON KOLA AND YAMAL PENINSULAS.

Author

Klokov, Konstantin and Khrushchev, Sergei

Subjects
*REINDEER herding, *SUSTAINABILITY, *AGRICULTURE, *HERDERS, *GRAZING
Abstract

The target of the investigation was the comparative analysis of conditions determining the dynamics and sustainability of reindeer herding in two Arctic regions - Kola and Yamal peninsulas - based on the authors' field studies (2010-2014) and official statistic data. In the 1960s the reindeer stock on Kola and Yamal was commeasurable (74,200 and 103,100 in 1961), however, for the next half a century the difference increased. In 2014 in these regions there were, correspondingly, 54,900 and 293,600 of reindeer. We tried to clear out what it is connected with. Although reindeer husbandries on Kola and Yamal peninsulas have much in common (big herds, long summer-winter migrations from North to South, orientation on meat production), they have also a number of important differences. On Yamal nomadic Nenets herders migrate with their families all year round. Herds are controlled and managed continuously. The majority of reindeer are owned by nomadic families. On Kola peninsula herders' families live in settlements. The reindeer's grazing system is a combination of the Nenets herd management with the Saamies tradition of free (non-restricted) summer pasturing. As distinct from Yamal, fences are used here. 90% of reindeer are publicly owned, and only 10% belong to herdsmen. The main threat to reindeer herding on Yamal is the lack of pastures and their exhaustion caused by overgrazing and land transfer for the needs of gas extraction industry. Besides, Yamal is crossed with pipe-lines and railways, which are a serious problem for migrating herds. In some winters, when ice crust was formed, dozens thousand reindeer died because of the lack of pasture reserves. On Kola peninsula the main pasture range is located away from industrial areas. However, poaching and disturbance of reindeer by snowmobiles are really serious problems here. Another, even more important problem is recruiting young herdsmen. The results of the study allowed to reveal three main reasons for the differences between the trends in Yamal and Kola reindeer herding. The first advantage of Yamal reindeer herding is a kind of symbiosis of private reindeer owners with municipal reindeer herding enterprises, the second one is the Nenets cultural tradition, according to which reindeer number is the main social measure of welfare, and the third one is 1000 nomadic herders' families which preserve herding traditions and have many children who on growing become reindeer herders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016

6. Re-establishment rate of reindeer lichen species following conventional disc trenching and HuMinMix soil preparation in Pinus-lichen clear-cut stands: a survey study in northern Sweden.

Author

Roturier, Samuel, Sundén, Maria, and Bergsten, Urban

Subjects
*LICHENS, *SURVEYS, *BIOMASS, *REGRESSION analysis, *CLADONIA, *EDUCATION
Abstract

The re-establishment rates of reindeer lichen following conventional soil preparation by disc trenching and gentle soil preparation using HuMinMix apparatus were calculated from data acquired in surveys of 17 Pinus-lichen clear-cut stands in northern Sweden conducted 1-15 years after the treatments. The maximum lichen cover and biomass recorded in areas scarified by disc trenching were 29% and 24% of the lichen cover and biomass measured in adjacent intact lichen mats in the surveyed stands after 15 years. By contrast, 9 years after scarification, the corresponding percentages measured in areas disturbed by the HuMinMix treatment were 91% and 100%, respectively. According to calculated linear regressions, the reindeer lichen cover could be completely re-established just one decade after HuMinMix treatment. Ground lichen diversity in the scarified areas was also inventoried. The significant increase in lichen diversity for HuMinMix, especially of early-successional species, could explain the more rapid re-establishment of late-successional lichens (e.g. Cladonia stellaris spp.), compared with disc trenching. Thus, the study demonstrates that both the degree of initial disturbance and the re-establishment rate of reindeer lichen must be considered when estimating the effects of scarification on lichen loss for reindeer grazing over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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7. Incorporating a model for ground lichens into multi-functional forest planning for boreal forests in Finland.

Author

Miina, Jari, Hallikainen, Ville, Härkönen, Kari, Merilä, Päivi, Packalen, Tuula, Rautio, Pasi, Salemaa, Maija, Tonteri, Tiina, and Tolvanen, Anne

Subjects
TAIGAS, FOREST management, LOGGING, LICHENS, FOREST surveys, FOREST biodiversity
Abstract

• Model for ground lichen cover was fitted to the vegetation survey data in Finland. • Performance of the model was evaluated in long-term and large-scale simulations. • Forest management decreased lichen cover especially on xeric and barren sites. The quantitative assessment of forest management impacts on ecosystem services calls for ecological models to be linked to forest planning systems. In these systems, such models are expected to produce valid and accurate predictions to quantify the effects of alternative forest management strategies on ecosystem services. As an example, we present an evaluation of the model for the percent cover of ground lichens in forests on mineral soils in Finland. First, the performance of the lichen cover model fitted to the data of forest vegetation surveyed in 1985–1986 was comprehensively validated with the data resurveyed on the same plots in 1995. The differences between the observed and predicted values in lichen cover were calculated and analysed. Second, stand-level analyses were conducted to validate the predicted development of lichen cover in accordance with the rotation length development and management of forest stands. Third, the impacts of forest management scenarios on the average lichen cover at regional level were calculated to validate the results over larger areas. Lichen cover was predicted by site fertility, growing stock, forest harvests, soil preparation and geographic location. Our evaluation suggested that the model logically predicted the 10-year change in lichen cover at the stand level. A negative bias was found in predictions especially on xeric sites in northern Finland, although this was not related to stand management, but probably to global greening and reindeer grazing. The model based on the cross-sectional vegetation survey data showed its ability to describe the long-term changes in lichen cover along with the development and management of stands in different site fertility classes. On xeric and barren sites, the analyses showed decreasing trends in the average lichen cover at the regional level during the 30-year simulation period. However, the development of the average lichen cover varied only slightly among the alternative forest management scenarios. This study provides a modelling approach to evaluate the impacts of forest management on ecosystem services, here the cover of ground lichens, as an indicator of forest biodiversity and quality of reindeer pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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8. La gestion des pâtures de lichen au cours de la régénération forestière: Associer les savoirs locaux des éleveurs de rennes Sami et la sylviculture

Author

Roturier, Samuel, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, Marie Roué, and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Pâturage des rennes, Cladina, Reindeer pastures, Soil scarification, Artificial dispersal, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, Préparation de sol, Dispersion artificielle, Guohtun, HuMinMix
Abstract

In northern Sweden, conventional forest regeneration procedures applied in modern commercial forestry can disturb terricolous lichen (Cladina spp.) pastures. This has become a source of conflicts with Sámi reindeer herders. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate forest regeneration strategies that may minimise the disturbance to, and promote the regeneration of, reindeer lichen pastures. The Sámi herders' practices and knowledge related to the lichen resources were also analysed. Effects of gentle soil preparation methods on the re-establishment of lichen cover, reindeer grazing and establishment of Pinus sylvestris planted seedlings were studied in a field experiment. Using the HuMinMix-technique to mix the lichen mat with humus and mineral soil (humix-substrate), was found to promote lichen mat recovery more effectively than conventional scarification. Seedling establishment was highest for mounding and tracks with mineral soil. Rates of seedlings mechanically damaged, possibly caused by reindeer trampling in winter, indicates that planting on densely grazed areas should be avoided to minimize sources of conflict and to prefer either direct seeding or natural regeneration instead. According to a survey, complete re-establishment of the lichen mat after soil preparation was estimated to take about one decade on humix-substrate, compared to probably more than five decades following conventional harrowing. Possibilities for artificial dispersal of reindeer lichen, e.g. in areas disturbed by conventional soil preparation, were also studied. The substrate was identified as a key factor for lichen establishment. In this regard, mineral soil was identified as a poor substrate for reindeer lichen immobilization, while milled organic materials, such as moss, were suitable substrates for lichen immobilization and growth. All dispersal methods tested resulted in lichen establishment, but transplanted lichen cushions were heavily depleted by reindeer grazing, while fragmented lichen thalli were much less affected. A study based on ethnolinguistics demonstrated that whereas the Western use of the word ‘pasture' is often associated with a specific plant community, Sámi herders' understanding of the word (guohtun in Sámi) also incorporates the effect of snow on grazing. Sámi herders use their knowledge of the effects of forest trees and other vegetation on snow conditions, to strategically plan reindeer grazing during winter. Sámi herders' knowledge of winter pastures should therefore be integrated with information on the effects of forest regeneration procedures on stand development to develop strategies that meet the needs of both commercial forestry and the reindeer herders.; En Suède boréale, les techniques de régénération forestière utilisées par la foresterie moderne, notamment les préparations de sols précédant la plantation, endommagent les pâtures de lichen terricoles (Cladina spp.), et sont devenues une source de conflit entre forestiers et éleveurs de rennes Sami. L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier des stratégies de régénération forestière pouvant réduire les perturbations et promouvoir le ré-établissement du lichen des rennes. Les savoirs et les pratiques des éleveurs Sami sur la ressource en lichen sont également analysés. Les effets de préparations de sol moins perturbatrices sur le ré-établissement du tapis de lichen, le pâturage des rennes et l'établissement de plants de Pinus sylvestris furent étudiés. L'utilisation de l'HuMinMix, technique mélangeant le couvert de lichen avec la couche d'humus et le sol minéral, est favorable à la régénération du tapis de lichen par comparaison aux préparations de sols conventionnelles. Cependant, l'établissement des jeunes pins est supérieur suivant une préparation exposant seulement le sol minéral. L'occurrence de dégâts mécaniques, possiblement causés par le piétinement des rennes, est un argument pour éviter la plantation dans les parcelles fortement fréquentées par les rennes, au profit de la régénération naturelle ou de l'ensemencement afin d'éviter les conflits avec les propriétaires forestiers. La régénération complète du tapis de lichen suivant la préparation de sol HuMinMix est estimée à une dizaine d'année comparé à plus de cinquante ans suivant les techniques conventionnelles. Les possibilités de dispersion artificielle du lichen, par exemple dans des parcelles fortement endommagées par les préparations de sol, sont également étudiées. La nature du substrat s'avère être un facteur clé pour l'établissement du lichen dispersé. Le sol minéral se révèle être un substrat ne permettant pas l'immobilisation des fragments de lichen, alors que les substrats organiques sont favorables à l'établissement et à la croissance du lichen. Au cours du suivi de 17 parcelles en régénération, toutes les espèces du genre Cladina furent observées colonisant naturellement les sols scarifiés. Néanmois la présence d'espèces de lichen pionnières semble favoriser l'établissement des lichens du genre Cladina. Toutes les méthodes de dispersion testées résultèrent en un établissement effectif du lichen. Néanmoins l'établissement suivant la transplantation de thalles lichéniques entiers, non-fragmentés, fût sévèrement réduit par le pâturage des rennes, alors que l'établissement à partir de thalles fragmentés le fût beaucoup moins. Une étude ethnolinguistique permit également de démontrer que, contrairement à son usage dans la culture occidentale où le mot ‘pâture' est associé à une communauté végétale spécifique, l'usage par les éleveurs Sami du même mot (guohtun en Sami) inclut l'effet de la neige sur les pâtures de lichen et leur pâturage par les rennes. Les éleveurs de rennes Samis utilisent leurs savoirs sur l'influence de la végétation forestière sur les conditions de neige, et donc les conditions de pâturage, pour élaborer des stratégies de pâturage au cours de l'hiver. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire d'intégrer le savoir des éleveurs Sami sur les pâturages hivernaux en tenant compte des conséquences de la régénération forestière sur le développement et la structure du peuplement, afin d'améliorer la compréhension des effets de la production forestière sur le pâturage hivernal des rennes, et pour développer des stratégies qui satisfassent les gestionnaires forestiers et les éleveurs de rennes.

Published
2009

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