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This study evaluates the effectiveness of an oil-in-water emulsion formulated from water and seed and nut oils as a substitute for butter in the formulation of brioche bread. First, the selected oils were physicochemically characterized. In the brioche, animal fat was fully and partially replaced, and the effects were analyzed at the physical, chemical, and sensory levels. The new formulations exhibited increased lightness, a softer crumb, improved cohesiveness, and greater expansion compared to the control, resulting in fluffier and lighter brioches. Nutritionally, the seed and nut oil brioches showed a lower fat content and lower energy value, but higher protein and carbohydrate levels. The lipid profile was enhanced, with a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which positively impacted two heart-friendly indices and increased the vitamin E content. This improvement potentially allows the food industry to apply health claims to product labeling. Regarding sensory analysis, in all cases, the reformulated brioches scored higher than the control sample in terms of external appearance, although there remained a preference for the flavor and aroma of the traditional version, which could be mitigated by adding flavor compounds such as diacetyl. This study differs from previous research by using a seed and nut oil emulsion instead of non-emulsified oils, improving the texture and stability of brioche bread, an achievement not consistently reported in prior studies. Additionally, it emphasizes sustainability by offering a plant-based alternative that addresses the growing consumer demand for vegan and eco-friendly products while providing enhanced nutritional benefits that support potential health claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-oil as a substitute or modifier for petroleum asphalt has significant environmental, economic, and sustainable development implications. However, the insufficient high-temperature and anti-aging characteristics of bio-asphalt lead to the limited application of bio-oil in road engineering. In this study, the characteristics of bio-asphalt were reinforced by nano-Al2O3 and nano-SiO2. The nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt was evaluated using basic characteristics, viscosity, and high- and low-temperature rheological characteristic tests. Meanwhile, the road behavior of nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt mixtures was assessed. The test results demonstrated that incorporating bio-oil improved the low-temperature performance of PA. Compared with PA, BA's ductility was increased by 83.87%. Nano-Al2O3 and nano-SiO2 positively affected the bio-asphalt's temperature sensitivity and high-temperature and anti-aging characteristics but inhibited the low-temperature characteristics. Combining the results of the high- and low-temperature characteristics of nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt, a nano-Al2O3 dosage between 4 and 6% or a nano-SiO2 dosage between 6 and 8% can realize the enhancement of high-temperature and anti-aging characteristics of bio-asphalt, and the low-temperature characteristics are better than those of petroleum asphalt. Meanwhile, the dynamic stability, crack resistance, and water loss resistance of the nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt mixtures meet the specification requirements. The adjustable and designable high- and low-temperature characteristics of bio-asphalt can be realized by adjusting the dosage of nanomaterials. The application of bio-oil and nanomaterials promotes the resourceful utilization of waste and provides new possibilities for road engineering materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread application of bitumen emulsion, especially in surface treatment as the commonest approach to road maintenance in the world, indicates the necessity of finding ways to improve the bitumen emulsion performance. The present research is aimed at investigating the effect of polyphosphoric acid (PPA), as an admixture, on rheological characteristics of the bitumen emulsion. For this purpose, PPA was used at different dosages (i.e., 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 wt.% by weight of the residual bitumen emulsion) to modify the bitumen emulsion. Evaluation of the modified bitumen emulsion samples was performed based on a number of physical parameters (Saybolt Furol viscosity, softening point, penetration, and thermal sensitivity) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. Results of the bitumen tests showed that the use of PPA improved the bitumen emulsion characteristics in terms of reduced penetration, increased softening point, and decreased thermal sensitivity. With increasing the PPA dosage to up to 0.8 wt.% by weight of residual bitumen emulsion, the resultant changes in the penetration and softening point were significant and improved the bitumen emulsion performance. It was also observed that the value of G*/sin ( ), as a measure of resistance to bleeding in hot weather, increases with PPA dosage in all samples, with the best performance obtained with the samples containing PPA at 0.8 and 1.2 wt.%. An increase in the operating temperature of the PPA-modified samples was seen, so that the sample containing PPA at 0.8 wt.% exhibited 28.6% higher operating temperature than the control sample. The values of R% and %Rdiff parameters increased with the PPA dosage. The observed reduction of percent recovery due to increased temperature in the modified sample indicated the lower sensitivity of the modified bitumen emulsion to temperature rise. The value of Jnr parameter decreased with increasing the PPA dosage, indicating a boost in the resistance of the bitumen emulsion to bleeding.

This research aims at studying the effect of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the rheological characteristics of crumb rubber (CR)–modified asphalt. For this purpose, the apparent viscosity, temperature sweep, frequency sweep, multiple stress creep and recovery, and beam bending rheological tests were employed. To characterize the low-temperature rheological characteristics of the asphalts, the Zener model was utilized to fit the characterizations. The test results indicated that added CNTs or GNPs increased the apparent viscosity of CR-modified asphalt. Also, the viscosity-temperature index (VTS) values of CR/CNTs composite-modified asphalt and CR/GNPs composite-modified asphalt decreased by 25% and 19% compared with that of CR-modified asphalt, which demonstrated that the two nanomaterials improved the temperature sensibility of the asphalt. Adding the two carbon nanomaterials was helpful for enhancing the permanent deformation resistance and creep-recovery characteristics of CR-modified asphalt at high temperatures. In addition, the CNTs/CR composite-modified asphalt had a better effect on the rheological properties at high temperatures. Lastly, the S and m values of CR/CNTs composite-modified asphalt and CR-modified asphalt met the requirements at −18°C. Besides, the m value of CR-modified asphalt was higher than that of the two composite-modified asphalts at all three test temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheological properties and seepage laws of fractured rock masses have a highly significant impact on the long-term stability of engineering rock masses. To study the rheological properties and seepage laws, rheological experiments under different loading paths were designed and conducted on sandstone samples with pre-fabricated single fractures. The results indicated that (1) as the axial stress or pore pressure increases, or the confining pressure decreases, the creep strain (both axial and radial directions) during the creep tests increases, and their stain rate decreases; (2) compared to the pore pressure, the axial stress and confining pressure have a more significant influence on the flow rate during the creep process. As the axial stress increases or the confining pressure decreases, the flow rate shows an increasing trend; (3) the higher connectivity results in higher final flow in an exponential function, indicating that the connectivity ratios can well reflect the permeability of the fractures; (4) the changes in the stress field may lead to the transition of the surrounding rock from a stable state to an unstable state, i.e., the occurrence of creep failure, or water inrush. Therefore, when the state of the surrounding rock changes, strengthened monitoring and proper preventive measures should be implemented.

The disposal of tailings has always been a focal point in the mining industry. Semi-dry tailings stockpiling, specifically high-concentration tailings stockpiling, has emerged as a potential solution. To enhance the stability of tailings stockpiling and minimize its costs, the incorporation of a low-cost curing agent into high-concentration tailings is essential. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of a curing agent for high-concentration unclassified tailings stockpiling. The composition of a low-cost curing agent system is determined based on theoretical analysis, and the curing reaction mechanisms of each composition are researched. Subsequently, an orthogonal experiment is designed, and the strength of the modified unclassified tailings solidified samples at different curing ages is measured. Furthermore, the rheological properties of the modified unclassified tailings slurries are tested, and the feasibility of industrial transportation of the unclassified tailings slurries modified with the optimized curing agent is analyzed. Lastly, the microscopic morphologies of each material and the modified unclassified tailings solidified samples are characterized, their chemical compositions are tested, and the action mechanism of the curing agent in the curing system is further investigated. The results show that the optimal proportions of each material in the curing agent are as follows: slag, 58%; quicklime, 15%; cement, 8%; gypsum, 9%; and bentonite, 10%. The dominance of industrial waste slag exceeding 50% reflects the low-cost nature of the curing agent. Under this condition, the modified unclassified tailings slurry with a mass concentration of 75% exhibited a yield stress of 43.62 Pa and a viscosity coefficient of 0.67 Pa·s, which is suitable for pipeline transportation. These findings lay a foundation for subsequent decisions regarding stockpiling processes and equipment selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the possibilities for improving the characteristics of water-coal fuel suspensions (WCFS) based on high-ash coals from Uzbekistan. Investigations indicate that the incorporation of stabilizing and plasticizing additives, such as sodium and calcium hydroxides, can result in notable enhancements in both rheological characteristics and calorific value of WCFS. These results are important for optimizing production and increasing the technological suitability of WCFS based on high-ash coals from Uzbekistan, which allows them to be used as highly effective fuels. This investigation is a significant advancement towards the progress and enhancement of fuel blends and can be valuable for engineers and manufacturers who are engaged in the manufacturing process of WCFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa products namely cocoa powder (CP), cocoa butter (CB) and cocoa mass (CM) were selected for their utilization in soft dough biscuits. CP was blended with the refined wheat flour (WF—0, 5, 10 and 15% levels) and rheological and quality characteristics of biscuits were studied. The spread ratio decreased (10.1–8.8), density (0.49–0.52 g/cm3) and breaking strength values (1127–1369 g force) increased gradually with increase in CP. Combination of GMS and SSL at 0.25% each improved the quality of biscuits at 10% incorporation of CP. Further the biscuit fat (BF) was replaced with CB (0, 25, 50 and 75%). Later the biscuits with CM were prepared by replacing the flour (15%) and BF (0, 25, 50 and 75%). Acceptability of the CM based biscuits was better when compared to CB based biscuits. The total polyphenol content in control biscuits was 55.55 mg/100 g and was in the range between 81.98 and 102.05 mg/100 g for cocoa based biscuits. The protein content in cocoa based biscuits was marginally higher than the control biscuit. Though there was a wide variation in the fat content and different fatty acids in raw materials, interestingly, the values varied narrowly in biscuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of modifying the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of bitumen binders with polyethylene wax additives is considered. Based on the study of physicochemical and rheological properties, it is shown that the addition of these modifiers results in binders with improved characteristics, such as the softening temperature, rutting resistance, and fatigue cracking. Taking into account the quantitative estimate for the degree of change in the properties of modified bitumen binders, optimal doses of modifiers are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

pH, NaCl and temperature are important process parameters for the manufacturing of soybean protein isolate (SPI). pH and NaCl affect protein aggregation by modifying the surface charge and electrostatic repulsion, whereas temperature affects protein aggregation by changing the surface hydrophobicity and/or disulfide bonding, which in turn changes the particle size and compactness and then the rheology and downstream application characteristics of SPI. This paper reviews the effects and possible mechanisms of pH, NaCl, and temperature on the denaturation, aggregation, and rheological properties of SPI and its components glycinin and β-conglycinin with respect to interaction, thermal stability, degree of aggregation, and gelling properties. The relationship between the degree of protein aggregation, gel strand thickness, gel strand curvature and gel network continuity and gel strength is discussed, and the differences among the effects of pH, NaCl and temperature on protein aggregation are summarized for the purpose of providing an assistance in regulating the degree of SPI aggregation by preparation parameters.

Shear thickening fluid (STF), a type of non-Newtonian fluid, becomes more viscous as the strain rate rises. Due to their unique rheological properties, STFs have outstanding vibration-damping and energy-absorbing capabilities and have tremendous engineering applications. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of STFs, a review of aspects from the principle and composition, theoretical expression to application of STFs is presented on what are in this paper. In terms of principle of STFs, the thickening theory and thickening mechanism are explained firstly. The rheological characteristics and mechanical properties of STFs are reviewed. Subsequently, typical composition and preparation methods of STFs are enumerated. In terms of theoretical expression, theoretical modelling methods towards the viscosity of STFs are summarized. In terms of application, influencing factors on the thickening properties are examined. Furthermore, current engineering applications of STFs are presented. Finally, future perspectives on the research of STFs are put forward in the conclusion. The work of this article provides a systematic study and thorough knowledge of STFs, which is beneficial for numerous potential engineering applications of STFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, quinoa has gained renewed relevance as an alternative crop to cereals due to its excellent nutritional value. The aim of this work was to utilize quinoa seed flour as a substitute supplementation for wheat biscuits. The physicochemical properties of quinoa seed flour were studied. Wheat flour was substituted with 25, 50 and 75% of quinoa seed flour. The obtained results declared that the rheological characteristics of the mixtures dough were altered by increasing the ratio of quinoa seed flour. Substitution with 25 and 50% quinoa seed flour had the best results which were relatively close to that of the control sample. The physicochemical properties of biscuits enriched by quinoa seed flour that characterized by increasing density, texture, water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity. The chemical composition of enriched biscuits, for moisture, ash, dietary fiber, protein and minerals content were increased while fat and available carbohydrate content lowered. Sensory evaluation showed that substitution with 25% and 50% quinoa seed flour had the best sensory characteristics, and increased its content of protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic transportation of lignite and high ash coal (HAC) is economically unviable due to their poor slurryability and stability. The study suggests and shows how the proper selection of appropriate size range and proportion of anthracite for blending can aid in the economical preparation of highly concentrated HAC slurry. Fine (+0–53 µm), coarse (+53–106 µm), and coarser (+106–150 µm) anthracite particles were added to the HAC sample. The proportion of anthracite particles was varied in the range of 10–40% (by weight), to obtain 12 blended tetra-modal samples. To determine the optimum size range and proportion of anthracite, the stability and rheological characteristics of both tri-modal HAC and blended tetra-modal coal samples were assessed. The addition of a fine anthracite sample (+0–53 µm) has an adverse impact on the rheological characteristics. The optimum size range and proportion of anthracite particles for enhanced slurryability and low apparent viscosity are found to be +106–150 µm and 30%, respectively. Optimal blending yields a 68% maximum solid concentration slurry. By taking advantage of both the tetra-modal particle size distribution and anthracite's high slurryability characteristics, the maximum achievable solid concentration of HAC slurry increases by 17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bitumen rejuvenators are increasingly being used to restore aged bitumen and improve its long-term performance in pavement construction projects. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of different recycling agents (naphthenic oil, paraffinic oil, and aromatic extract) on restoring aged bitumen and improving its long-term performance. The optimal percentage of each agent was determined by penetration and softening point tests and then added to aged bitumen to obtain restored bitumen samples. The restored bitumen samples were then aged again with RTFO and PAV tests, and compared with aged and virgin bitumen samples using various chemical, physical and rheological tests. The long-term performance of the samples was examined through various tests, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity (RV), linear amplitude sweep and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. The FTIR test showed that recycling agents reduced the sulfoxide and carbonyl indexes of aged bitumen. The findings indicated that compared to naphthenic oil, paraffinic and aromatic oils had a higher penetration index value, thereby decreasing the temperature sensitivity of bitumen. Adding naphthenic oil, paraffinic oil, and aromatic extract to aged bitumen resulted in a decrease in the RV value by 54%, 52%, and 46%, respectively. Comparing the fatigue life of bitumen samples at a 5% strain level showed that aromatic extract and paraffinic oil increased the fatigue life of aged bitumen by 4.21 and 3.84 times, respectively. In the MSCR test, among the samples, the restored bitumen by paraffinic oil indicates better resistance to rutting. Also, the statistical analysis showed that mixture and temperature will have a significant effect on the characteristics of rutting relative to other parameters. The utilization of recycling agents improved the restored bitumen performance similar to virgin bitumen, with paraffinic oil showing the best long-term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil pipeline transportation of highly waxy oils when it is cold is accompanied by the deposition of paraffins in the inner surface of the pipeline. This study of the initial properties of the oil; the composition, structure, and nature of the components of normal alkanes in oil; and their influence on the aggregative stability of the resulting system makes it possible to find the best solutions to optimize the conditions of oil transportation with the lowest energy costs. This study shows that, according to the content of solid paraffin (14.0–16.2%), the oils of the Kumkol group of fields in Kazakhstan are highly waxy. They are characterized by high yield loss temperature values (+9–+12 °C), which also correlate with the values of the rheological parameters (τ0 1.389 Pa, 3.564 Pa). The influence of the temperature and shear rate on the shear stress and effective viscosity of the initial oils was studied. At temperatures below 20 °C, depending on the shear rate, there is an increase in the effective viscosity values (0.020 Pa∙s, 0.351 Pa∙s). The influence of the nature of solid hydrocarbons on the parameters of the paraffinization process and of the intensity of the paraffinization of the metal surfaces was studied. Our study shows that the main share of n-alkanes in the Kumkol and Akshabulak oils falls on paraffins of the C15–C44 group. The greater the temperature difference between the oil and the cold steel surface (≤40 °C), the lesser the amount of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) that fall out on the surface of the rod, although the content of long-chain paraffins prevails in these ARPDs. At the same time, the consistency of the released asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) becomes denser, which makes their mechanical removal more difficult. Furthermore, the results of this study of the cooling rate shows that the rapid cooling of oils leads to the formation of a large number of crystallization centers, which leads to an increase in the values of the yield loss temperature and kinematic viscosity of the oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an oil-in-water emulsion formulated from water and seed and nut oils as a substitute for butter in the formulation of brioche bread. First, the selected oils were physicochemically characterized. In the brioche, animal fat was fully and partially replaced, and the effects were analyzed at the physical, chemical, and sensory levels. The new formulations exhibited increased lightness, a softer crumb, improved cohesiveness, and greater expansion compared to the control, resulting in fluffier and lighter brioches. Nutritionally, the seed and nut oil brioches showed a lower fat content and lower energy value, but higher protein and carbohydrate levels. The lipid profile was enhanced, with a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which positively impacted two heart-friendly indices and increased the vitamin E content. This improvement potentially allows the food industry to apply health claims to product labeling. Regarding sensory analysis, in all cases, the reformulated brioches scored higher than the control sample in terms of external appearance, although there remained a preference for the flavor and aroma of the traditional version, which could be mitigated by adding flavor compounds such as diacetyl. This study differs from previous research by using a seed and nut oil emulsion instead of non-emulsified oils, improving the texture and stability of brioche bread, an achievement not consistently reported in prior studies. Additionally, it emphasizes sustainability by offering a plant-based alternative that addresses the growing consumer demand for vegan and eco-friendly products while providing enhanced nutritional benefits that support potential health claims.

The gel-state grease plays a vital and indispensable role in the long-term operation of wind turbines. To reduce carbon emissions and increase the reliability of wind turbines, this paper takes the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease as the study object. Firstly, the rheological properties of the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease were investigated using the Anton Paar MCR302 rotational rheometer. Secondly, the rheological characteristics of three different gel states of the Mobil SHC 461WT grease (additive content of 0.1% of RFM3000, SK3115, and PV611, respectively, in the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease) were optimized under the same conditions. Finally, according to the experimental results and the Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model, the RFM3000 additive has the best effect on improving the rheological characteristics of the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease. This research provides a new idea and direction for the technological advancement of the gel-state grease industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel high performance multi-walled carbon nano-polyvinylpyrrolidone/silicon-based shear thickening fluid (MWCNTs-PVP/SiO2-STF), abbreviated and subsequently referred to as MPS-STF, is developed in this paper. The rheological properties of the MPS-STF are investigated, and the viscosity model of MPS-STF is established. Furthermore, the MPS-STF based viscous fluid damper (MPS-STF-VFD) is designed according to the rheological characteristics of the novel fluid. The impact of loading frequencies, displacement amplitudes and the numbers of piston holes on the dynamic performance of the damper is studied through sophisticated multiple cases loading tests using MTS facility. The test results show that the loading frequency, displacement amplitudes and the number of piston holes have great influence on the rheological properties of MPS-STF. This directly affects the maximum damping force and heat dissipation capacity of MPS-STF-VFD. Finally, the mechanical model of the damper is established based on the principle of fluid mechanics. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data. The high damping performance of the MPS-STF-VFD can be achieved based on the characteristics of the modified fluid. Relevant results reported in this paper can provide an important solution for the development and application of damping technology in engineering structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the impact of quartz, mullite, spinel, and corundum fillers on the rheological properties and extrudability of silica glass suspension-based compositions. The results indicate that materials containing mullite, spinel, and corundum exhibit dilatant flow behavior, which impedes their use as inks in 3D printing. Conversely, suspensions containing quartz filler display a nonlinear viscoplastic flow. The addition of polyvinyl alcohol to compositions with quartz filler enhances their shape retention factor during extrusion by increasing their yield stress and viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax notoginseng saponins (PNSs) have been used as a nutritional supplement for many years, but their bitter taste limits their application in food formulations. The effects of PNS (groups B, C, and D contained 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mg/mL of free PNS, respectively) or Panax notoginseng saponin-polymerized whey protein (PNS-PWP) nanoparticles (groups E, F, and G contained 26.68, 33.35 and 40.03 mg/mL of PNS-PWP nanoparticles, respectively) on the rheological, textural properties and bitterness of yogurt were investigated. Group G yogurt showed a shorter gelation time (23.53 min), the highest elastic modulus (7135 Pa), higher hardness (506 g), higher apparent viscosity, and the lowest syneresis (6.93%) than other groups, which indicated that the yogurt formed a stronger gel structure. The results of the electronic tongue indicated that the bitterness values of group E (−6.12), F (−6.56), and G (−6.27) yogurts were lower than those of group B (−5.12), C (−4.31), and D (−3.79), respectively, which might be attributed to PNS being encapsulated by PWP. The results indicated that PWP-encapsulated PNS could cover the bitterness of PNS and improve the quality of yogurt containing PNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grease in the normal operation of the rotate vector (RV) reducer has a role that cannot be ignored, for the variable working conditions of the RV reducer, the performance of the lubricant changes directly affect its reliable operation. Therefore, the study of the rheological properties of the grease has become the focus of the study of RV reducer performance. Here, SK‐1A grease is taken as the research object, and its rheological characteristics under wide temperature range working conditions (−20–40°C) are investigated through rheological experiments to analyze the potential influence of the performance of RV reducer. However, the ordinary way of research is too complicated to better research the rheological properties of grease for a variety of working conditions. The Elman neural network (ENN) model was used to predict the rheological properties, and the results were compared with those of back propagation (BP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The results demonstrate that the ENN model demonstrates high prediction accuracy for grease rheological property prediction by comparing three types of predictions. This method can provide a theoretical reference for the accurate prediction of the rheological properties of lubricating grease affected by complex multifactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to Portland cement (PC), magnesium-silicate-hydrate (MgO-SiO2) cement mixes offer a significant advantage due to their lower calcination temperature requirement during production, reduced carbon footprint and energy consumption linked with the manufacturing process. This study presents a detailed investigation of the rheological characteristics and strength development of magnesium-silicate-hydrate cement mixes, along with a series of microstructural analyses to examine the hydration process and phase compositions of the prepared mixes. Results indicated that an increase in the water-to-binder (w/b) ratio decelerated the growth rate of both storage and loss moduli over time. Samples with magnesia-to-silica (m/s) ratios of 4:6 exhibited not only the highest modulus during the initial stages of hydration, but also the most rapid increase. The reaction of MgO and dissolution of SiO2 were limited in the fresh state, initially resulting in low brucite and M-S-H contents. Although samples with m/s ratios of 5:5 exhibited the highest 28-day compressive strength (38.5 MPa), those with m/s ratios of 4:6 had the highest M-S-H content at 28 days. These findings contributed to existing knowledge by revealing the relationship between rheological characteristics, reaction mechanisms and strength development within MgO-SiO2 system and highlighted the impact of key factors such as w/b and m/s ratios on both the fresh and hardened properties.

Bio-oil as a substitute or modifier for petroleum asphalt has significant environmental, economic, and sustainable development implications. However, the insufficient high-temperature and anti-aging characteristics of bio-asphalt lead to the limited application of bio-oil in road engineering. In this study, the characteristics of bio-asphalt were reinforced by nano-Al2O3 and nano-SiO2. The nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt was evaluated using basic characteristics, viscosity, and high- and low-temperature rheological characteristic tests. Meanwhile, the road behavior of nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt mixtures was assessed. The test results demonstrated that incorporating bio-oil improved the low-temperature performance of PA. Compared with PA, BA’s ductility was increased by 83.87%. Nano-Al2O3 and nano-SiO2 positively affected the bio-asphalt’s temperature sensitivity and high-temperature and anti-aging characteristics but inhibited the low-temperature characteristics. Combining the results of the high- and low-temperature characteristics of nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt, a nano-Al2O3 dosage between 4 and 6% or a nano-SiO2 dosage between 6 and 8% can realize the enhancement of high-temperature and anti-aging characteristics of bio-asphalt, and the low-temperature characteristics are better than those of petroleum asphalt. Meanwhile, the dynamic stability, crack resistance, and water loss resistance of the nanomaterial-modified bio-asphalt mixtures meet the specification requirements. The adjustable and designable high- and low-temperature characteristics of bio-asphalt can be realized by adjusting the dosage of nanomaterials. The application of bio-oil and nanomaterials promotes the resourceful utilization of waste and provides new possibilities for road engineering materials.

Abstract Grease in the normal operation of the rotate vector (RV) reducer has a role that cannot be ignored, for the variable working conditions of the RV reducer, the performance of the lubricant changes directly affect its reliable operation. Therefore, the study of the rheological properties of the grease has become the focus of the study of RV reducer performance. Here, SK‐1A grease is taken as the research object, and its rheological characteristics under wide temperature range working conditions (−20–40°C) are investigated through rheological experiments to analyze the potential influence of the performance of RV reducer. However, the ordinary way of research is too complicated to better research the rheological properties of grease for a variety of working conditions. The Elman neural network (ENN) model was used to predict the rheological properties, and the results were compared with those of back propagation (BP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The results demonstrate that the ENN model demonstrates high prediction accuracy for grease rheological property prediction by comparing three types of predictions. This method can provide a theoretical reference for the accurate prediction of the rheological properties of lubricating grease affected by complex multifactors.

This study comprehensively examines the influence of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) on the performance of base asphalt and its mixtures for road applications, emphasizing its innovative use in enhancing pavement quality. Optimal PF content was determined through the evaluation of standard indicators and rotational viscosity. In-depth analyses of PF-modified asphalt's high- and low-temperature rheological properties and viscoelastic behavior were conducted using dynamic shear rheometers and bending beam rheometers. Aging resistance was assessed through short-term aging and performance grade (PG) grading. Moreover, Marshall and water stability tests were performed on PF-modified asphalt mixtures. Findings indicate that the uniform dispersion of PF particles effectively inhibits asphalt flow at high temperatures, impedes oxygen penetration, and delays the transition from elasticity to viscosity. These unique properties enhance the high-temperature stability, rutting resistance, and aging resistance of PF-modified asphalt. However, under extremely low temperatures, PF's brittleness may impact asphalt flexibility. Nonetheless, the structural advantages of PF-modified asphalt, such as improved mixture density and stability, contribute to enhanced high-temperature performance, water stability, adhesion, and freeze–thaw cycle stability. This research demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using PF to enhance the overall performance of base asphalt and asphalt mixtures for road construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of sweet potatoes in Central Europe has been increasing recently, mainly the high-quality, perfect, fresh tubers are in demand. However, out of class grade tubers could be marketed in dried, grounded form as sweet potato flour. The aim of this study was to characterise some important nutritional properties of flours of three sweet potato genotypes with different tuber colours (white, purple, and orange) and to investigate how this raw material affects the rheological properties of sweet potato-wheat flour blends. Dietary fibres are present in sweet potatoes in a significant proportion, orange coloured flour showed the highest values. The main free sugars were sucrose, glucose, and fructose, but sucrose was the dominant one. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content also varied considerably, the purple flour had the highest values. Mineral composition showed significant variability, the purple flour contained the highest level of minerals. It was confirmed that adding sweet potato flour to wheat flour affected its rheological properties, however in a varied manner. For the orange flour these properties have lightly decreased, though it had no significant effect on dough quality, while the white and purple flours with a dosage of 5, 10 and 15% could improve the dough behaviour. Thus, sweet potato in this form is a valuable raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Three‐dimensional (3D) food printing is widely investigated in the food sectors, such as customised food designs, personalised nutrition and simplifying the supply chain. This study aimed to investigate the rheological properties and filament geometry of buttermilk‐mashed potatoes (BMP) to print 3D animal‐shaped foods through a syringe extrusion 3D printing technique using BMP as the printing material. The rheological studies showed that the BMP made with different weight ratios of mashed potato powder to milk‐water‐butter (BMP 1:4, 1:4.5, 1:5, 1:5.5 and 1:6) showed shear‐thinning properties that were suitable for 3D printing. The addition of liquid component is helpful in decreasing the viscosity of the BMP to flow through nozzles. Furthermore, water‐holding capacity decreased with an increased liquid ratio. The BMP 1:5 was optimal with high accuracy in all nozzles, and the optimal nozzle was 21G. It represented excellent shape fidelity and geometry. BMP1:5 with nozzle size 21G demonstrated 103.3% ± 1.3% active ingredient content, accurate ingredient content in various sizes of 3D‐printed objects and precision in weight. This study suggested that 3D printing based on BMP could produce complex‐shaped food patterns for further development and applications for active ingredient administration in children by a food base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheological property of asphalt is an important factor affecting the pavement performance of asphalt binder, and the fundamental reason for the change of asphalt rheological property is the strong evolution of asphalt material meso structure. However, the internal mechanism of rejuvenated asphalt mastic system is complex and its rules are difficult to grasp. Aiming to study the relationship between meso mechanical parameters and rheological parameters of rejuvenated asphalt mastic, the meso structure model of rejuvenated asphalt mastic was established and improved based on the discrete element method. Moreover, the meso parameters of the model were obtained by the objective function method, and then the influences of various factorswere studied to construct the mathematical constitutive model of rheological parameter modulus and meso mechanical parameters. Combing with the reliability of the improved Burgers model was verified based on the rheological test results of rejuvenated asphalt mastic. In addition, the virtual test of dynamic shear rheological dynamic frequency scanning was carried out on the asphalt mastic sample by particle flow software. By adjusting the mesomechanical parameters, the simulation results (complex shear modulus and phase angle)were consistent with the test results. This study clarified the relationship between mesomechanics and macro performance, and this model could be used to obtain the complex shear modulus of rejuvenated asphalt mastic under different types, filler-asphalt ratio and external force environments by adjusting particle flow, wall boundary and other conditions, which can greatly save the workload for the later research and provide a theoretical basis for production experiments.

The effect of hydroxypropylation and cross-linking on the pasting and rheological properties of α- amylase treated proso millet starch in granular as well as gelatinized state was investigated. The chemical modification of enzyme pre-treated starch showed significant changes (p < 0.05) in the swelling and solubility behavior. Amylose content and water binding capacity of the starches ranged from 16.72 to 21.26% and 1.23–1.53 g/g, respectively. The pasting profile of the modified starch gel (at 6% concentration) revealed a significant decline (p< 0.05) in peak viscosity. The Herschel-Bulkley model used to characterize the steady shear properties revealed that the flow behavior was non-Newtonian pseudoplastic. The flow behavior index (n) and consistency index (K) for starch pastes at 4% concentration ranged from 0.69 to 0.91 and 0.26 to 0.77 Pa.sn, respectively, whereas at 6% concentration, the values ranged from 0.45 to 0.71, and 0.46 to 11.35 Pa.sn, respectively. Dynamic rheological characteristics demonstrated that starch pastes exhibited dominant elastic behavior. The presence of hydroxypropyl groups was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, with the noticeable band stretching at OH, CH, and CO. This modification approach can be exploited to prepare proso millet starch with tailored functional characteristics for desirable food applications.

The increasing global population and urbanization have led to a pressing need for effective solutions to manage the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). High-solids anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) has garnered attention as a sustainable technology that offers reduced water demand and energy consumption, and an increased biogas production rate. However, challenges such as rheology complexities and slow mass transfer hinder its widespread application. To address these limitations, this review emphasizes the importance of process optimization and the mass transfer enhancement of HS-AD, and summarizes various strategies for enhancing mass transfer in the field of HS-AD for the OFMSW, including substrate pretreatments, mixing strategies, and the addition of biochar. Additionally, the incorporation of innovative reactor designs, substrate pretreatment, the use of advanced modeling and simulation techniques, and the novel conductive materials need to be investigated in future studies to promote a better coupling between mass transfer and methane production. This review provides support and guidance to promote HS-AD technology as a more viable solution for sustainable waste management and resource recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing consumption of polyurethane (PU) products, more and more waste polyurethane (WPU) needs to be handled, resulting in the inefficient utilization of post-consumer PU becoming a key problem in the recycling of waste polymers. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the properties of WPU modified asphalt and assess the feasibility of using WPU materials for asphalt pavement applications. At the same time, the conventional properties, rheological properties, stability, and microscopic properties of the modified asphalt were analyzed. The results show that the rheological properties and permanent deformation resistance of the modified asphalt are improved when the WPU content is increased from 5% to 25%, while the storage stability of the WPU modified asphalt decreases with the WPU content. The optimal amount of WPU modified asphalt is accordingly recommended to be 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the one‐dimensional rheological characteristics of multilayered saturated porous rock subjected to a ramp‐type heating is investigated. By introducing the fractional order parameter and material parameters, a viscoelastic constitutive model is proposed to describe the rheological characteristics of multilayered saturated porous rock. The general incomplete thermal contact model is established to predict the interfacial thermal contact resistance of multilayered saturated porous rock. Based on the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical theory, the semi‐analytical solutions of the excess pore water pressure, temperature increment and displacement are obtained by using the Laplace transform method. The accuracy of the present solutions is verified by comparing with the classic elastic and viscoelastic models, and existing solutions. In addition, the influence of fractional order parameter, material parameter ratio, thermal contact transfer coefficient and thermal partition coefficient on the excess pore water pressure, temperature increment and displacement of multilayered saturated porous rock are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthan gum is an important high polymer for turbulent drag reduction in fluid engineering applications, but the drag reduction characteristics will disappear with ultrahigh rotating shear. To further reveal this phenomenon, the average shear rate is proposed with the energy dissipation theory to explore drag reduction and rheological characteristics of the polymers in an ultrahigh rotating shear experimental system. The results indicate that the shear leads to the mechanical degradation of the polymer, further increasing the ultrahigh shear rate. A higher shear rate accelerates the degradation of the polymer solution and makes it approach Newtonian fluid, decreasing drag reduction characteristics. Besides, it is found that the ideal addition concentration is 3500 ppm, at which the relative degradation degree is globally slightest, and the relative degradation rate is locally smallest. Understanding these characteristics could help select the ideal concentration of polymers and add polymers regularly to maintain the drag reduction efficiency during ultrahigh rotating shear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to improve the effects on the physical, textural, and rheological characteristics of cake supplied with Ziziphus jujuba fruit powder at rates of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 10%. The Physicochemical and antioxidant as well as the antibacterial activity and sensory qualities of Z. jujuba fruits were also investigated. The highest levels reached the values of 245.15 mg GAE/g DW (phenol) and 180.23 mg RE/g DW (flavonoids). Pulp extracts were also subjected to HPLC analysis in order to identify and quantify the sugar composition. This technique allowed us to identify Mahdia as the richest provenance especially in glucose (136.51%) and sucrose (113.28%) contents. The antioxidant activities investigated using DPPH assay decreased slightly from 175 μg/mL (Sfax) to 55 μg/mL (Mahdia). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity indicated that the S. aureus was the most inhibited especially by Sfax powder extracts (from 12 to 20 mm). Our results showed that the incorporation of Z. jujuba powder ameliorated the physicochemical and rheological characteristics (humidity, gluten yield, tenacity, falling time, and configuration) of the dough. Sensory analysis showed that consumer scores were increased with the increasing supplementation powder levels. Highest scores attributed to the cake supplied with 3% jujube powder collected from Mahdia provenance and confirmed that Ziziphus fruit could be advised a part of our diet. These results could validate a novel method to conserve Z. jujuba fruits in order to avoid their soilages for a long period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their tunable functionality, structural flexibility, and biocompatibility, gels are widely utilized as active materials in applications, such as biomedical, sensors, and energy devices. Especially hydrogels, generally comprised of water over 80 vol%, are emphasized as attractive candidates for suggested applications. However, most devices based on hydrogels suffer from drying and freezing under practical operation environments. To overcome these issues, organohydrogels are proposed as good alternatives with improved durability. Although many organohydrogels with various polymer networks are reported, the effects of solvent system design on the properties of organohydrogels are still not conclusive. Here, we investigated the correlation between the solvent system design of organohydrogels and their properties, particularly in terms of rheological characteristics and ion conductivity. With increasing ethylene glycol content, the shear storage modulus and complex viscosity of the organohydrogels decrease sharply, possibly owing to the decrease in metal-carboxylate coordination in the gel network. The ion conductivity of the organohydrogels gradually decreases with increasing ethylene glycol content, owing to the ion conductivity trends of pure water and pure ethylene glycol ionic solution. Insight into the correlation between the solvent system design and properties of organohydrogels will enable the preparation of optimal organohydrogels for various processes and applications. To systematically investigate the correlation between solvent composition and materials properties, a series of organohydrogels is prepared with varied ethylene glycol content. The mechanical properties and ion conductivity of the functional organohydrogels gradually decreased as ethylene glycol content increased. The insight into the solvent composition and materials properties will enable optimal organohydrogels preparation for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brief review and analysis devoted to the problem of the degradation processes of materials, including fiber reinforced plastics, is carried out. As a specific object, a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic with [±45]2s lay-up under cyclic loading was selected. In the theoretical description of this process, it was assumed that the strain includes the elastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic components and the strain, formed as a result of the microdamages accumulation in the material. Modeling the degradation process is based on a phenomenological approach; moreover, the kinetic equation for the degradation parameter contains as the arguments both physical time and number of cycles transformed into a continuous variable. When determining the parameters from the experimental results, that are included in the constitutive relations for the strain components, the hypothesis is used, that with a small number of cycles, the strain caused by degradation is much less the strain caused by the rheological properties of the material. In addition, a number of hypotheses were introduced (a generalization of the Kachanov hypothesis, as well as the assumption that the rates of various inelastic strain cannot always be of the same order at all times of loading). It makes possible to simplify the problem of mechanical characteristics identification, as well as to reduce the variety and amount of experiments. The results of experiments and the problems solved for determining the parameters included in the physical relationships proposed were presented, and their good agreement was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately evaluating and characterizing the performance of emulsified asphalt is the basis of its application. The rheological properties of modified emulsified asphalt residues and its material action mechanism were studied. To achieve this goal, styrene butadiene styrene (SBS)- and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)-modified emulsified asphalt were prepared, and modified emulsified asphalt residues were prepared by the direct heating method (DHM) and two low-temperature evaporation methods (EN13074 and ASTM D7497-09). Then, the rheological properties and fatigue resistance of the modified emulsified asphalt residues were characterized through dynamic shear rheometry tests. Finally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis were conducted to monitor the curing behavior of modified emulsified asphalt residues. The results indicated that the incorporation of SBS and SBR latex into emulsified asphalt significantly improved its viscoelastic properties, high-temperature properties, and fatigue life, and reduced its temperature sensitivity. Under different evaporation conditions, the unmodified emulsified asphalt residues and SBS-modified emulsified asphalt residues obtained by the ASTM D7497-09 evaporation method had the best rutting resistance and recovery percentage, followed by the emulsified asphalt residues obtained by EN13074 and DHM. However, the rutting resistance of SBR-modified emulsified asphalt residues was not greatly affected by the evaporation method. Though prepared with different evaporation methods, unmodified emulsified asphalt residues had similar fatigue life, and the fatigue life of modified emulsified asphalt residues were ranked as Nf (ASTM D7497-09) >Nf (EN13074) >Nf (DHM). The emulsified asphalt residues obtained by DHM and EN13074 still contain moisture, and it is recommended to use the ASTM D7497-09 evaporation method to obtain emulsified asphalt residues for performance evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gel-state grease plays a vital and indispensable role in the long-term operation of wind turbines. To reduce carbon emissions and increase the reliability of wind turbines, this paper takes the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease as the study object. Firstly, the rheological properties of the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease were investigated using the Anton Paar MCR302 rotational rheometer. Secondly, the rheological characteristics of three different gel states of the Mobil SHC 461WT grease (additive content of 0.1% of RFM3000, SK3115, and PV611, respectively, in the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease) were optimized under the same conditions. Finally, according to the experimental results and the Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model, the RFM3000 additive has the best effect on improving the rheological characteristics of the gel-state Mobil SHC 461WT grease. This research provides a new idea and direction for the technological advancement of the gel-state grease industry.

Panax notoginseng saponins (PNSs) have been used as a nutritional supplement for many years, but their bitter taste limits their application in food formulations. The effects of PNS (groups B, C, and D contained 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mg/mL of free PNS, respectively) or Panax notoginseng saponin-polymerized whey protein (PNS-PWP) nanoparticles (groups E, F, and G contained 26.68, 33.35 and 40.03 mg/mL of PNS-PWP nanoparticles, respectively) on the rheological, textural properties and bitterness of yogurt were investigated. Group G yogurt showed a shorter gelation time (23.53 min), the highest elastic modulus (7135 Pa), higher hardness (506 g), higher apparent viscosity, and the lowest syneresis (6.93%) than other groups, which indicated that the yogurt formed a stronger gel structure. The results of the electronic tongue indicated that the bitterness values of group E (−6.12), F (−6.56), and G (−6.27) yogurts were lower than those of group B (−5.12), C (−4.31), and D (−3.79), respectively, which might be attributed to PNS being encapsulated by PWP. The results indicated that PWP-encapsulated PNS could cover the bitterness of PNS and improve the quality of yogurt containing PNS.

The foamed warm mix asphalt (FWMA) has been widely used as a sustainable construction technique in pavement engineering, yet has not yet been fully studied for its aging performance or durability. Here we aim to examine and evaluate the performance variation characteristic of FWMA compared with conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) under long-term service conditions. The performance evolution of FWMA core samples drilled from four highways was compared to that of ordinary HMA, which was simultaneously constructed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic shear rheology (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests were respectively performed to evaluate the aging degree, high-temperature, and low-temperature rheological characteristics. The results demonstrated that the aging resistance of foamed WMA was slightly diminished under construction conditions with no temperature reduction. With increased service time, the rheological characteristics of FWMA were enhanced at high temperatures, while deteriorated at low temperatures. The foaming water and service time were primary determinants of the aging as well as high and low-temperature rheological properties of FWMA without temperature construction reduction. Additionally, the aging degree of FWMA under short-term and long-term service was smaller than HMA when the construction temperature decreased. The rheological characteristics of FWMA were inferior to those of HMA during both short-term and long-term service stages. Under conditions of temperature reduction, foaming water and mixing temperature exhibited a considerable influence on the aging and rheological properties of FWMA at high and low temperatures. Therefore, the amount of water used for foaming and the temperature of production should be strictly control in the foamed warm mix asphalt technology.

Currently, there is a shortage of pediatric medicines on the market, and 3D printing technology can more flexibly produce personalized medicines to meet individual needs. The study developed a child-friendly composite gel ink (carrageenan-gelatin), created 3D models by computer-aided design technology, then produced personalized medicines using 3D printing to improve the safety and accuracy of medication for pediatric patients. An in-depth understanding of the printability of different formulations was obtained by analyzing the rheological and textural properties of different gel inks and observing the microstructure of different gel inks, which guided the formulation optimization. Through formulation optimization, the printability and thermal stability of gel ink were improved, and F6 formulation (carrageenan: 0.65%; gelatin: 12%) was selected as the 3D printing inks. Additionally, a personalized dose linear model was established with the F6 formulation for the production of 3D printed personalized tablets. Moreover, the dissolution tests showed that the 3D printed tablets were able to dissolve more than 85% within 30 min and had similar dissolution profiles to the commercially available tablets. This study demonstrates that 3D printing is an effective manufacturing technique that allows for flexible, rapid, and automated production of personalized formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional (3D) printing of hydrogel is an issue of interest in various applications to build optimized 3D structured devices beyond 2D-shaped conventional structures such as film or mesh. The materials design for the hydrogel, as well as the resulting rheological properties, largely affect its applicability in extrusion-based 3D printing. Here, we prepared a new poly(acrylic acid)-based self-healing hydrogel by controlling the hydrogel design factors based on a defined material design window in terms of rheological properties for application in extrusion-based 3D printing. The hydrogel is designed with a poly(acrylic acid) main chain with a 1.0 mol% covalent crosslinker and 2.0 mol% dynamic crosslinker, and is successfully prepared based on radical polymerization utilizing ammonium persulfate as a thermal initiator. With the prepared poly(acrylic acid)-based hydrogel, self-healing characteristics, rheological characteristics, and 3D printing applicability are deeply investigated. The hydrogel spontaneously heals mechanical damage within 30 min and exhibits appropriate rheological characteristics, including G′~1075 Pa and tan δ~0.12, for extrusion-based 3D printing. Upon application in 3D printing, various 3D structures of hydrogel were successfully fabricated without showing structural deformation during the 3D printing process. Furthermore, the 3D-printed hydrogel structures exhibited excellent dimensional accuracy of the printed shape compared to the designed 3D structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]