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A pervasive sleep disorder named insomnia has been increasingly recognized as a major factor leading comorbidity in individuals suffering with mental health problems. The review article demonstrated the cause and impact of insomnia through literature on individuals who are already struggling with mental health issues. After a thorough database research, Studies evaluating the prevalence rates of insomnia across different mental health illnesses, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, were found. In addition to this, review article examines the duality of insomnia and mental health. It explains how insomnia worsens psychiatric symptoms while also exacerbating them. It also discusses how untreated insomnia can affect the development and prognosis of psychiatric disorders, as well as how treatment strategies can address both sleep disorders and psychiatric symptoms. Finally, it explores potential mechanisms that may be at play between insomnia and psychiatric disorders, including dysregulation of neurotransmitters, hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal functions, as well as cognitive and emotional processes. By understanding the complex relationship between insomnia and psychological health, holistic interventions can be developed that address both sleep disturbance and psychiatric symptoms, leading to improved well-being and overall quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum arabic also known as gum Acacia, Acacia Senegal and Arabic gum is a natural, edible, dietary fiber and polysaccharide consisting of an arabiono-galactan-protein complex. The term Arabic gum was proposed by European merchants. Two species of Acacia, Acacia seyal and Acacia Senegal are recommended to produce a gum. 80% gum is produced from Acacia Senegal which is widely distributed to Sudan, Africa, Japan, Nepal, and many other tropical and subtropic regions of the world. From ancient times, it has been used for many beneficial purposes. Anciently it was used to make mummies and in painting. Currently, it is widely used for food applications, clinical uses, and non-food applications. In food approaches, it is used as a flavoring agent, stabilizer, sweetener, and thickening agent. It is used for the formulation of ice creams, candies, jellies, soft drinks, beverages, desserts, and soup. In clinical uses, it is used due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diarrhea, immune-stimulant, analgesic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, renal protective, anticancerous, anti-ulcerative and for many other purposes due to diversity of potential. In non-food applications, it is used for the synthesis of syrups, tablets, lozenges, creams, lotions, paint, ink, glue, and ceramics. This review briefly covered the all area in which gum arabic is used widely due to its beneficial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non-pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. The suggested mechanisms by which probiotics exert their action include; competitive exclusion of pathogens for adhesion sites, improvement of the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut immunomodulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. This review emphasizes the recent advances in the health benefits of probiotics and the emerging applications of probiotics in the food industry. Due to their capability to modulate gut microbiota and attenuate the immune system, probiotics could be used as an adjuvant in hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. After developing the latest techniques by researchers, probiotics can now survive within harsh processing conditions and withstand GI stresses quite effectively. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cichoriumintybus L., often known as chicory, is a Mediterranean plant species that is a member of the Asteraceae family. It has been known to have therapeutic benefits for a very long time. C. intybus is unique among the six species of Cichorium that are grown in Europe and Asia because of its wide range of uses in conventional medicine. The plant has been used in many traditional medical systems, especially in India, where it has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to wounds. Chicory contains a wide range of phytoconstituents, including cellulose, proteins, sugar, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, fatty acids, cholins, benzo-isochromenes, alkaloids, vitamins, and minerals. The diverse ranges of therapeutic benefits associated with C. intybus are partly ascribed to this phytochemical composition. The pharmacological actions of chicory, which have been demonstrated to range from hepatoprotective to anti-inflammatory, demonstrate the plant's versatility and its potential to treat a variety of illnesses. This article offers a thorough investigation of C. intybus L.'s phytochemistry and pharmacological applications. This review attempts to be a useful resource for researchers, medical professionals, and practitioners interested in using Cichoriumintybus's medicinal properties for improving human health by compiling the body of knowledge on the botanical and chemical aspects of chicory as well as its therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An annual herb is known as "Fumitory," Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley (Fumariaceae), is a widespread weed in Pakistan's and India's plains. The plantis frequently employed in the Unani and Ayurvedic medical systems, both as a single herb and in different polyherbal preparations. It is helpful for aches, diarrhea, fever, influenza, liver issues, dyspepsia, constipation, vomiting, diuretic, anthelmintic, leukoderma, diaphoretic, blood purification, and for jaundice when combined with black pepper. It has several different chemical components, including carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phytosterols, fixed oils, saponins, steroids, tannins, and more. According to research investigations, this plant has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, and therapeutic effects on biliary disorders and irritable bowel syndrome. This review focused on the chemical components and pharmacological properties of this plant, which may be useful in future molecular and phytochemical research for the development of medication formulations for the treatment of various ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoidans are promising sulfated polysaccharides isolated from marine sources that have piqued the interest of scientists in recent years due to their widespread use as a bioactive substance. Bioactive coatings and films, unsurprisingly, have seized these substances to create novel, culinary, therapeutic, and diagnostic bioactive nanomaterials. The applications of fucoidan and its composite nanomaterials have a wide variety of food as well as pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-thrombic, anti-coagulant, immunoregulatory, and anti-viral properties. Blends of fucoidan with other biopolymers such as chitosan, alginate, curdlan, starch, etc., have shown promising coating and film-forming capabilities. A blending of biopolymers is a recommended approach to improve their anticipated properties. This review focuses on the fundamental knowledge and current development of fucoidan, fucoidan-based composite material for bioactive coatings and films, and their biological properties. In this article, fucoidan-based edible bioactive coatings and films expressed excellent mechanical strength that can prolong the shelf-life of food products and maintain their biodegradability. Additionally, these coatings and films showed numerous applications in the biomedical field and contribute to the economy. We hope this review can deliver the theoretical basis for the development of fucoidan-based bioactive material and films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with learning disabilities (LDs) sometimes struggle with mental health concerns, which can make it difficult for them to live happy lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various therapies and reasonable adaptations that can be done to assist people with learning disabilities and mental health issues. Individuals with learning disabilities and mental health issues frequently encounter considerable barriers to adequate care and assistance owing to a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments. The study opens by underlining the prevalence of learning disabilities and mental health disorders in the population, as well as the difficulties that people with these conditions confront. It then looks at the many interventions and reasonable adaptations that can be done in various settings, such as healthcare, education, and employment, to help individuals with learning disabilities and mental health issues. Environmental modifications, such as creating sensoryfriendly environments, communication adjustments, such as utilizing plain language and visual aids, and psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and social skills training, are among the interventions available. The study also emphasizes the significance of including people with learning disabilities and mental health issues in decision-making and planning, as well as the need for a person-centered approach to care. This study intends to contribute to the development of more effective and inclusive ways to care and support for this group by analyzing the many interventions and reasonable changes that can be made to support people with learning disabilities and mental health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants with their ingredients, extract, seeds, oils and fruit are gradually used in the treatment of many diseases. Inflammation is a pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytological and chemical reactions. The medicinal plants reduce inflammation by blocking the inflammatory process, blocking the arachidonic acid metabolism, blocking enzymes, and blocking the inflammatory cells. Curcuma long, Zingiber officinale, Rosa canina, cassia fistula, salvia officinale, Borago officinale, Rosmarinus officinale, evening primrose, Ribesnigrum, Oleaeuropea, Herpagophytum, Elaeagnusangustifolia are some plants discussed in this study with their anti-inflammatory mechanism. Since the treatment of inflammation is not a single configuration relief, in this review article we tried to introduce to approach multidimensional medicinal access to treat inflammation, with the help of anti-inflammatory plants and by modification our life style by exercise and diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of people around the world suffer from gout, a form of arthritis characterized by excruciating inflammation brought on by the build-up of uric acid crystals in the joints. Pharmaceutical interventions are frequently used in traditional therapy methods to control symptoms and lower uric acid levels. However, the use of herbal remedies as supplemental or alternative gout treatments is growing in popularity. It is well recognized that medicinal plants contain bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory characteristics, which may help to reduce the pain and inflammation associated with gout. These plants have long played a significant role in traditional medical systems around the world. Recent research projects have produced encouraging findings that support the potential effectiveness of herbal treatments in preventing acute gout attacks and treating the ailment while it is in remission. In order to highlight their potential to increase therapeutic options and reduce adverse effects associated with pharmaceuticals in the management of gout, this review examines the historical use and mechanisms of action of medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare delivery, management, and optimization have undergone a radical change as a result of the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) into the sector. This review article examines the diverse effects of AI in healthcare, encompassing a wide range of applications from administrative and operational improvements to support for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The analysis goes into the most recent developments in AI technologies, including computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning, and how they might change the face of healthcare. We also discuss the ethical and legal issues raised by the expansion of AI in healthcare and provide predictions for the future. The enormous potential for AI to revolutionize healthcare is highlighted in this review, but it also stresses the need for responsible and ethical deployment to guarantee the greatest results for patients and healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agonising disorder known as dysmenorrhea, which is characterized by painful menstruation, affects women all over the world. Due to their apparent efficacy and lack of side effects, traditional and herbal treatments for the management of dysmenorrhea have attracted increasing interest in recent years. The goal of this review is to offer a thorough examination of the most recent scientific research on the use of herbal remedies for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. We thoroughly investigate a wide range of medicinal plants, their active ingredients, their modes of action, and the clinical data demonstrating their effectiveness. This review emphasises the potential of medicinal plants as alternative or complementary options for the management of dysmenorrhea through an in-depth examination of botanical interventions. The dearth of comprehensive clinical trials and disparities in study design, however, highlight the need for more investigation into the safety and effectiveness of these therapies. This study provides a helpful resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals looking for alternative methods to lessen the burden of dysmenorrhea by highlighting the knowledge gaps now in existence and providing insights into prospective future research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory disorders and auto-inflammatory diseases are multifaceted ailments marked by dysregulated immune responses and chronic inflammation. Understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders and creating successful treatment techniques are major areas of research and clinical interest. This review article gives an updated summary of the pathophysiology of inflammatory illnesses and auto-inflammatory diseases, as well as current therapeutic techniques. These diseases are caused by a complex interaction of genetic predisposition, environmental stimuli, and immune system dysregulation. Abnormal cytokine signaling, immune cell malfunction, and tissue damage induced by chronic inflammation are all important mechanisms. Insights into the pathogenic processes that underpin disease have paved the way for the development of specific treatment approaches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, biologic therapy, targeted therapies, and immunomodulatory therapies are all used to treat inflammatory disorders and auto-inflammatory diseases. Traditional treatments alleviate symptoms, whereas newer biologic and targeted medications selectively target immune system components to control the inflammatory response. Immunomodulatory medicines attempt to rebalance the immune system and control abnormal immunological activity. This review focuses on the most recent developments in treatment techniques, such as the use of biologics that target specific cytokines and cellular pathways, as well as targeted therapies that target key molecular targets implicated in inflammation and autoimmune. Furthermore, the ability of immunomodulatory medicines to modify immune response is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known medicinal plant milk thistle (Silybummarianum) has a long history of traditional use, and a growing body of scientific study is demonstrating its therapeutic potential. In-depth information about milk thistle's phytochemistry, pharmacology, and customary usage is provided in this review article. We explore the numerous phytochemicals present in milk thistle with a focus on silymarin, which is thought to be the main bioactive component. Examining milk thistle's pharmacological attributes entails learning about its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. We also go into the traditional and mainstream applications of milk thistle, such as detoxification, liver problems, and dietary supplements. We also highlight recent developments in the realm of complementary and alternative medicine as well as potential future uses for milk thistle. The goal of this review is to present a thorough and current understanding of milk thistle, making it a useful tool for researchers, medical experts, and those curious about the possible health advantages of this remarkable botanical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinal blood vessels have become promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis and evaluation of systemic disorders, including myocardial infarction (heart disease) and cerebrovascular diseases. With an emphasis on current developments in retinal imaging techniques and their importance in identifying early vascular changes connected to both diseases, this review article explores the relationship between retinal blood vessels and these two significant systemic ailments. The benefits and drawbacks of several non-invasive imaging techniques for documenting retinal vascular changes, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are discussed. The study examines a variety of information that connects myocardial infarction risk, occurrence, and development to retinal vessel characteristics like calibre, tortuosity, and branching patterns. The underlying processes that might connect retinal vascular alterations to these systemic diseases are also perhaps investigated. In addition, common risk factors and systemic diseases that affect both the retinal and systemic vasculature are described as shared pathophysiological pathways. The promise of retinal vessel analysis as a non-invasive method for risk assessment, diagnosis, and monitoring of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses is highlighted by these findings. Retinal vascular analysis has the potential for improved patient outcomes through prompt interventions because of its affordability, accessibility, and non-invasive nature. To fully realize the clinical potential of this strategy, a number of issues, such as the standardization of imaging methods and the requirement for extensive longitudinal investigations, must be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor dental health has an impact on the general population's quality of life and everyday functioning, particularly in people with mental health conditions. Because of the huge burden of oral healthassociated quality of life in patients with mental health issues, nurses must understand how they can assist patients at an early stage. The purpose of this review was to discover and evaluate oral health interventions in patients suffering from mental illness. The study incorporates existing literature from a variety of sources, including research articles, therapeutic guidelines, and professional publications. It investigates the difficulties that individuals with mental health issues encounter in maintaining oral hygiene, as well as the consequences for their overall health and well-being. It also looks into the current research on the efficacy of oral hygiene therapies delivered by nurses in this setting. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the significance of addressing oral health issues in this vulnerable group, as well as the critical role that nurses may play in promoting and implementing dental hygiene programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural sweetener honey has been valued for generations for its delectable flavor and therapeutic benefits. This mini-review examines the various medicinal advantages of the bioactive substances present in honey. Although sugars are the main component of honey, it also contains a variety of secondary metabolites, including phenolic chemicals, flavonoids, enzymes, and peptides. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and wound-healing effects of honey are a result of these bioactive substances. Traditional medicine has used honey to cure a variety of illnesses, and modern scientific investigations have offered strong evidence in favor of honey's therapeutic potential. In order to highlight honey's promising potential as a natural medicine, this article provides an overview of the present level of knowledge on its bioactive chemicals and their applications in human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are the prebiotic constituents with various functional qualities that promote the optimal proliferation of gut microbiota and are consequently beneficial to human health. GOS are not absorbed by humans and animals, but they play numerous health-related positive roles in the human body. Currently, their production has occupied much attention due to the increasing demand for functional foods. It could be produced by enzymatic and chemical approaches. Many microbial enzymes have been utilized for GOS production but the main source of these enzymes is lactose. Moreover, characterization of GOS structures is also a necessary and critical effort for understanding their mechanism of action. Hence, this review is written to understand the extensive but related features for the synthesis of GOS which includes: the enzymatic production of GOS through various enzymes and the types of enzymes such as free, immobilized, recombinant, crude, and purified enzymes that are involved in their synthesis, the techniques used in the purification of GOS, the analysis and quantification of GOS through various practices, and the functional properties of GOS are also discussed in this review. It also aims to combine new findings with current information in order to improve understanding of GOS formation and other factors related to its functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes and cancer are two complicated and common diseases that have received a lot of attention in the fields of medical and public health. The goal of this in-depth review article is to offer a full analysis of the complex connection between cancer and diabetes. The review starts out by exploring the epidemiological data connecting these two illnesses, underlining the elevated risk of cancer among those with diabetes. The various underlying mechanisms are then explored, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, persistent inflammation, and common risk factors including obesity. This article additionally explores how managing diabetes affects cancer outcomes and vice versa. It highlights the value of interdisciplinary care approaches and clarifies the difficulties faced by those who deal with both disorders. The review also emphasizes recent advances in the field, such as the use of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as the possibility of precision medicine to personalize care for those who have both cancer and diabetes. This comprehensive review highlights the complex interactions between cancer and diabetes and stresses the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach to care, early detection, and management techniques that address both disorders simultaneously. For those who are impacted by these difficult co-morbidities, the changing landscape of research in this area offers promise for improved outcomes and a higher quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climacteric syndrome, commonly known as menopause, is a normal stage of a woman's life that is characterised by numerous physiological and psychological changes. These modifications might cause symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, cognitive impairments, and genitourinary issues, which can interfere with daily life. The search for efficient therapies has raised interest in natural medicines as women navigate this transitional phase, with vitamin E emerging as a leading contender. This mini review explores the intriguing connection between climacteric sickness and vitamin E in an effort to give readers a thorough evaluation of what is known at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms have long been linked to celiac disease, a complex autoimmune illness brought on by gluten consumption. A growing corpus of research, however, indicates that a sizable fraction of those who have celiac disease can experience mild or even no symptoms at all. The article investigates the mysterious idea of "Celiac Disease with No Symptoms," illuminating its prevalence, diagnostic difficulties, and clinical ramifications. We look at the potential long-term effects of untreated silent celiac disease as well as its potential public health implications. With an emphasis on the significance of early detection and intervention to lessen the pernicious effects of this frequently elusive disorder, this review highlights the need for increased awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non-pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. The suggested mechanisms by which probiotics exert their action include; competitive exclusion of pathogens for adhesion sites, improvement of the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut immunomodulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. This review emphasizes the recent advances in the health benefits of probiotics and the emerging applications of probiotics in the food industry. Due to their capability to modulate gut microbiota and attenuate the immune system, probiotics could be used as an adjuvant in hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. After developing the latest techniques by researchers, probiotics can now survive within harsh processing conditions and withstand GI stresses quite effectively. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of disease management has undergone a revolution because to nanotechnology, which has created new instruments and unique tactics for focused therapies. The various roles that nanoparticles play in the treatment of diseases are thoroughly examined in this review paper. Nanoparticles have special physicochemical characteristics that make them useful platforms for therapeutic treatments, imaging, and drug administration. This study emphasises the uses of nanoparticles in diverse illness contexts, such as cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular ailments, through a methodical consideration of current developments. The research paper also explores challenges associated with nanoparticle-based medicines, including potential toxicity and regulatory barriers. This review contributes to the understanding of how nanoparticles can change the healthcare landscape by offering insights into the current status of nanoparticle research and its possible implications for future disease management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare service delivery is fundamentally difficult since it involves nuanced interactions between many different parties, cutting-edge technology, and complex clinical procedures. The vital necessity of patient safety and the reduction of potential dangers are becoming more and more obvious as the healthcare landscape changes. In order to promote a culture of safety within the realm of healthcare and nursing, this review paper critically analyses the function of risk management. In this comprehensive review, we examine the various facets of risk management and how critical it is to patient care. With a focus on patient-centeredness and on-going quality improvement, the transformation of healthcare systems from fragmented and episodic treatment models to integrated and preventative paradigms is the main objective of present study. Given their frontline presence and crucial role in patient care, the review clarifies the essential role of nursing professionals in risk management. It looks at how nurses' roles have evolved to include clinical practice, drug administration, infection control, and communication in detecting, assessing, and managing risks. The paper also emphasizes the need of interdisciplinary cooperation by demonstrating how effective risk management transcends conventional barriers and necessitates a group commitment to patient safety. Ultimately, the delivery of high-quality care is the cornerstone of the environment that healthcare organizations and nursing professionals may jointly establish by adopting a proactive approach to risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, concerns have been raised about the possible effects of video games on mental health, especially the well-known battle royale game Player Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG). The complex relationship between video games, particularly PUBG, and the risk of suicide is the subject of this review study. We identify the causes causing the PUBG paradox--a situation where a type of amusement appears to have negative effects--through a thorough study of the body of existing literature. We look into the psychological factors--such as gaming immersion, social connections, competitive stress, and pre-existing mental health conditions--that relate PUBG to suicide risk. This review additionally investigates at the way psychological variables and gaming culture affect mental health outcomes. We look at how gaming communities function, harmful practices, and cyber bullying in the context of gaming, as well as how risky behavior among gamers has become normalized. We also talk about moderating and mediating factors that might either increase or decrease the risk of suicide, such as age, gender, gaming habits, coping mechanisms, and familial support. Additionally, this article offers various intervention tactics to deal with the PUBG paradox, like as awareness campaigns, in-game mental health assistance, and rules for responsible gaming. The ethical issues surrounding appropriate reporting and avoiding stigmatizing gamers are examined in the final section. We hope to provide a thorough knowledge of the PUBG paradox and contribute to a safer and healthier gaming environment by synthesizing existing findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed oils are the richest source of vitamin-E-active compounds, which contribute significantly to antioxidant activities. Cottonseed oil (CS-O) is attaining more consideration owing to its high fiber content and stability against auto-oxidation. CS-O has gained a good reputation in the global edible oil market due to its distinctive fatty acid profile, anti-inflammatory, and cardio-protective properties. CS-O can be extracted from cottonseed (CS) by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), aqueous/solvent extraction (A/SE), aqueous ethanol extraction (A-EE), subcritical water extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2), and enzyme-assisted extraction (E-AE). In this review, the importance, byproducts, physicochemical characteristics, and nutritional profile of CS-O have been explained in detail. This paper also provides a summary of scientific studies existing on functional and phytochemical characteristics of CS-O. Its consumption and health benefits are also deliberated to discover its profitability and applications. CS-O contains 26-35% saturated, 42-52% polyunsaturated, and 18-24% monounsaturated FA. There is approximately 1000 ppm of tocopherols in unprocessed CS-O, but up to one-third is lost during processing. Moreover, besides being consumed as cooking oil, CS-O discovers applications in many fields such as biofuel, livestock, cosmetics, agriculture, and chemicals. This paper provides a comprehensive review of CS-O, its positive benefits, fatty acid profile, extraction techniques, and health applications. CS-O is a rich source of exceptional fatty acids. Various techniques to extract the CS-O are discussed. Numerous physicochemical properties of CS-O for the potential market are assessed. It has a wide range of functional properties. Nutritional quality and health benefits are also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims l -Fuculose is a valuable rare sugar that is used to treat a variety of ailments, including HIV, cancer, Hepatitis B, human lysosomal disease (fucosidosis), and cardio-protective medications. The enzymatic approach for the production of l -fuculose using l -fucose as a substrate would be an advantageous method with a wide range of industrial applications. The objective of this study is the characterization of recombinant l -fucose isomerase from Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae (Pa-LFI) for the production of l -fuculose from an inexpensive and natural source (fucoidan) as well as its comparison with commercial l -fucose (Sigma-Aldrich). Methods and results Fucoidan, a fucose-containing polysaccharide (FPs), was isolated from Undaria pinnatifida , subsequently hydrolyzed, and characterized before the enzymatic production of l -fuculose. The results elaborate that FPs contain 35.9% of fucose along with other kinds of monosaccharides. The purified Pa-LFI exhibited a single band at 65 kDa and showed it as a hexamer with a native molecular mass of 396 kDa. The highest activity of 104.5 U mg−1 of Pa-LFI was perceived at a temperature of 50°C and pH 6.5 in the presence of 1 mM of Mn2+. The Pa-LFI revealed a melting temperature (T m) of 75°C and a half-life of 12.6 h at 50°C. It exhibited that Pa-LFI with aldose substrate (l -fucose), has a stronger isomerizing activity, disclosing K m, k cat, and k cat/ K m 86.2 mM, 32 831 min−1, and 335 min−1 mM−1, respectively. After reaching equilibrium, Pa-LFI efficiently catalyzed the reaction to convert l -fucose into l -fuculose and the conversion ratios of l -fuculose from 100 g L−1 of FPs and commercial fucose were around 6% (5.6 g L−1) and 30% (30.2 g L−1), respectively. Conclusions According to the findings of the current study, the Pa-LFI will be useful in the manufacturing of l -fuculose using an effective and easy approach that produces no by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, grape juice was concentrated through a microwave vacuum-assisted technique. The concentrate was prepared at different powers (30, 50, 80 W) and vacuum pressures (35, 50, 70 kPa) for different time intervals to optimize the processing conditions. The highest evaporation rate (5.32 g/100 g min) and the lowest moisture ratio (0.18) were observed at a higher level of microwave power (80 W) and vacuum pressure (70 kPa). Moreover, different mechanistic models were used to predict the values of the moisture ratio. Among them, the Midilli (R2 = 0.999, SSE = 1.970 × 10−8, RPD = 0.012%) model best fits the experimental values. The effective diffusivity (1.69 × 10−14 m2/s), activation energy (1.56 W/kg), and extraction yield (69.30%) possessed maximum values at 80 W and 70 KPa. While concentrate had exhibited higher antioxidant activities (77.2%) than fresh juice (25.28%) at 30 W. Overall results indicated that the microwave-vacuum technique had significantly reduced the processing time and energy requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin, a natural anti‐microbial compound, used in several commercial foods, agriculture, environment, cosmetics, and medicines. However, it has poor mechanical strength, water vapor penetrability, and high molecular weight which can be overcome by blending it with other polymers. The usage of chitosan in the edible coating of cheese is gaining more interest because cheese is a nutrient‐rich dairy food and vulnerable to microbial, chemical, biochemical, and physical spoilage. Various types of cheeses have been tested previously with chitosan coatings to prolong its shelf life. Several cheese coatings made by the combination of chitosan with alginate, starch, gelatin, and essential oils with their potential benefits are discussed here. This review provides knowledge about the health benefits of chitosan along with its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is concluded that a blend of chitosan with other biopolymers (polyamides, gelatin, poly (acrylic acid), and cellulose) may act as an innovative coating and packaging material with antibacterial properties, good water resistance, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good thermal properties, as well as non‐toxicity. However, further research is still required to expand the applications of chitosan in food coatings and packaging areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthan gum (XG), a bacterial polysaccharide has numerous valuable characteristics in the food, biomedical, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture sector. However, XG has also its particular limitations such as its vulnerability to microbial contamination, inadequate mechanical and thermal stability, unusable viscosity, and poor water solubility. Therefore, XG's structure and conformation need to be modified enzymatically, chemically, or physically to improve its optimistic features and decrease the formation of crystals, increase antioxidant ability, and radical scavenging activity. We have found out different means to modify XG and elaborate the importance and significance of the modified structure of XG. In this review, different enzymes are reviewed for XG degradation, which modifies their structure from different points (main chain or side chain). This article also reviews various physical methods (ultrasound, shear, pressure, sonication, annealing, and heat treatments) based on prevailing publications to alter XG conformation and produce low molecular weight (LMW) and less viscous end-product. Moreover, some chemical means are also discussed that result in modified XG through crosslinking, grafting, acetylation, pyruvation, as well as by applying different chemical agents. Overall, the current progress on XG degradation is very auspicious to develop a new molecule with considerable uses, in various industries with future assessments. • The paper reviews various enzymatic, physical, and chemical modifications of XG. • The paper gives a comprehensive insight into the structural and physical alteration in XG conformation. • XG conformational and rheological properties were changed by the modification. • More types of XG modifying enzymes and combination of methods are required to be discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Fuculose and D-ribulose are kinds of rare sugars used in food, agriculture, and medicine industries. These are pentoses and categorized into the two main groups, aldo pentoses and ketopentoses. There are 8 aldo- and 4 ketopentoses and only fewer are natural, while others are rare sugars found in a very small amount in nature. These sugars have great commercial applications, especially in many kinds of drugs in the medicine industry. The synthesis of these sugars is very expensive, difficult by chemical methods due to its absence in nature, and could not meet industry demands. The pentose izumoring strategy offers a complete enzymatic tactic to link all kinds of pentoses using different enzymes. The enzymatic production of L-fuculose and D-ribulose through L-fucose isomerase (L-FI) and D-arabinose isomerase (D-AI) is the inexpensive and uncomplicated method up till now. Both enzymes have similar kinds of isomerizing mechanisms and each enzyme can catalyze both L-fucose and D-arabinose. In this review article, the enzymatic process of biochemically characterized L-FI & D-AI, their application to produce L-fuculose and D-ribulose and its uses in food, agriculture, and medicine industries are reviewed. • L-FI & D-AI are important L-fuculose, and D-ribulose producing enzymes are reviewed. • All the enzymatic properties of L-FI & D-AI are comprehensively discussed. • Mechanisms for aldose-ketose transformation are discussed. • Application of L-fuculose and D-ribulose is described. • Future prospects are required for further research to industrial uses of L-FI & D-AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]