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Background: People with mental illnesses commonly experience stigma, discrimination, and prejudice from the general public and medical professionals around the world. Numerous research has looked into the unfavourable perceptions that medical students have of those who suffer from mental illness. Objective: The objective was to study the attitude of undergraduate medical students towards patients with psychiatric illnesses. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among undergraduate medical students who were exposed (n = 69) to 2-week psychiatry posting and attended lectures and those who were not exposed (n = 163) to psychiatry training using self-reported Attitude Scale for Mental Illness (ASMI) questionnaire via Google form distributed among medical students. Results: The findings indicate there is no change in attitude toward the patient with psychiatric illness after exposure to psychiatry training among medical students. However, urban residence and female gender were the factors found to be influencing students’ attitudes towards patients with psychiatric illnesses. Conclusions: There was no change in attitude towards patients with psychiatric illness after psychiatry exposure. Students belonging to urban domicile and female students showed more sympathetic attitudes toward those with mental illnesses.

Leading digital circuits namely register, flipflops, state machines and counters drive operational aspects and potential applications in Integrated Circuit (IC) industry. MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) based implementations with rapid response and simultaneous generation of complemented output is all set to become indispensable in nano regime industry. This paper attempts to optimize and address performance-based analysis of digital circuits namely NAND, D flipflop and 3-bit asynchronous counter by practicing MCML based implementation. These circuits are contemplated on four design parameters namely delay (t_p), power (pwr), Power Delay Product (PDP) and Energy Delay Product (EDP). This research focuses on relative analysis and emanate a salient optimal application of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) and Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNFET) based 3-bit asynchronous counter. In addition to this, the two configurations of the MCML counter are then compared against applied V_DD at 16-nm technology nodes using HSPICE simulator. CNFET based 3-bit MCML counter is observed to be much faster (9.75x), significant improvement in gross power dissipation (11.93x), material refinement in PDP and EDP (116.39x and 1165x) respectively as compared to the conventional counterpart. Therefore, CNFET based implementations comes to the fore as resilient technology supporting high level integration in nano scale regime.

Anatomical fusion abnormalities of the urinary system and ureters are not uncommon. However, triplication of the ureter is very rare. A boy with this abnormality is being presented in view of its rarity. The importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation is being projected that may help us to choose the best management avenue.

India consists of 16% of the world's population, but sustains only 2.4% of land resources. The agriculture sector is the only livelihood to two-third of its population, which gives employment to 57% of the workforce and is a raw material source to a large number of industries. Farmer suicides account for approximately 10% of all suicides in India. The national suicide rate is 10.6/lac, whereas in Maharashtra it is 14.2/lac, in Andhra Pradesh 12.1/lac, in Telangana 27.7/lac, and in Chhattisgarh 27.7/lac. The National Crime Records Bureau data from 1995 to 2006 show that 200,000 farmers had committed suicide, with an average rate of 16,000/year. Every 7th suicide in the country is a farmers' suicide. The first state where suicides were reported was Maharashtra with particularly in the Vidarbha region. In Maharashtra, farmers' suicide rate is 60% higher than the general suicide rate. Every 5th farmers' suicide committed in the country had occurred in Maharashtra, Vidarbha being a particularly sensitive region but also in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka. In a country of 70 million farmers, 10 in every 100,000 farmers commit suicide. Many inquiry commissions were formed and recommendations were implemented, especially in Punjab. The problem of suicide is not only reported in India but also reported in different parts of the world like England and Wales. We adopted the psychological autopsy approach to offer some insight into the reason why these individuals resorted to such a drastic step.

Spine radiograph is an essential component of a skeletal survey. It provides important diagnostic clues to various types of skeletal dysplasia. In some conditions, a spine radiograph alone may be diagnostic and characteristic; but mostly, it yields more value as a part of the complete skeletal survey. In this article we will discuss about a few common lethal and non-lethal skeletal dysplasias and their characteristic imaging findings; primarily focusing on the spine radiograph.

Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (sABC) is an extremely rare, reactive and non-neoplastic osseous lesion. On imaging it presents as a diaphyseal aggressive, eccentrically placed lytic and expansile lesion. However, differentiating this entity from the other possible malignant differentials is confounded by the histopathology mimicking several commoner lesions. We describe the distinctive MRI features of sABC of long bones from a series of four cases and briefly review the literature. We hope this review will educate all radiologists about this rare entity increasing their diagnostic confidence while formulating differentials for similar appearing lesions.

Introduction: An important component in the management of schizophrenia is insight. Schizophrenia patients that lack insight have poor clinical outcomes. Chronic patients of chronic schizophrenia lacking insight more often require hospitalisation than those recognising their illness. Poor insight is a good indicator of poor compliance and can predict the prognosis of any psychiatric patient including schizophrenia. Aim: This study was aimed at contrasting the gain in insight after treatment among various sub-groups of patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural Hospital, Wradha, Maharashtra. The sample size was collected for a period of 1 year, during which all the patients admitted to the psychiatry ward were screened, of which 100 eligible patients with schizophrenia were identified using prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients of both sexes aged above 18 years and attendants that provided consent were included in the study. The Schedule for Assessment of Insight Scale (SAI) was used to determine the patient’s level of insight. The proportion of patients with distinct socio-demographic characteristics, clinical profile, psychiatric diagnosis and SAI scores were calculated. A paired t-test was used for elaborating the results. The p-value

Marriage can be defined as the state of being united as spouses in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law. The general population generally believes marriage to be a solution to mental illnesses. It can be agreed that mental disorders and marital issues have some relation. Parents of patients with psychoses expect that marriage is the solution to the illness and often approach doctors and seek validation about the success of the marriage of their mentally ill child, which is a guarantee no doctor can give in even normal circumstances. Evidence on sexual functioning in patients of psychosis is limited and needs further understanding. Studies show about 60%–70% women of the schizophrenia spectrum and illness to experience sexual difficulties. Based on available information, sexual dysfunction in population with psychosis can be attributed to a variety of psychosocial factors, ranging from the psychotic symptoms in itself to social stigma and institutionalization and also due to the antipsychotic treatment. Despite the decline in sexual activity and quality of life in general, it is very rarely addressed by both the treating doctor and by the patient themselves hence creating a lacuna in the patient’s care and availability of information regarding the illness’ pathophysiology. Patients become noncompliant with medications due to this undesirable effect and hence it requires to be given more attention during treatment. It was also found that paranoid type of schizophrenia patient had lower chances of separation than patients with other types of schizophrenia. The risk of relapse in cases with later age of onset of the disease, lower education, a positive family history of psychosis or a lower income increased more than other populations.

Background: In today′s ultra competitive environment, students face more stress than ever - be it related to studies, examination, peer, teachers or parent′s pressure. Stress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment. On one hand, stress compels us to action. However, it can result in feelings of rejection, anger, and depression, leading to health problems such as headaches, upset stomach rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 100 randomly selected students each from Medical College Engineering College and 50 Nursing College was done. For reliability, anonymity and confidentiality were maintained. Stress was measured by using stress measurement scale having 24 Yes/No questions. The questionnaire was in English and Hindi so that language would not be problem. Results: Stress as an entity is universally present among students of all three streams, irrespective of age, sex, and other variables. Students in all three streams have shown denial to existence of problems, with maximum among nursing students. Medical and Engineering students had stress level of such a degree that requires clinical attention, while none of the nursing students belonged to this category. Conclusions: There is attitude among students of turning a blind eye toward existing stress which is a serious problem and may be harbinger of serious mental and psychosocial problems.

Different evolutionary algorithms (EAs), namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and PSO-GA hybrid optimization, have been used to optimize digital differential operators so that these can be better fitted to exemplify their new improved fractional order differentiator counterparts. First, the paper aims to provide efficient 2nd and 3rd order operators in connection with process of minimization of error fitness function by registering mean, median, and standard deviation values in different random iterations to ascertain the best results among them, using all the abovementioned EAs. Later, these optimized operators are discretized for half differentiator models for utilizing their restored qualities inhibited from their optimization. Simulation results present the comparisons of the proposed half differentiators with the existing and amongst different models based on 2nd and 3rd order optimized operators. Proposed half differentiators have been observed to approximate the ideal half differentiator and also outperform the existing ones reasonably well in complete range of Nyquist frequency.