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The article is dedicated to the relevant aspects of complex diagnosis and treatment of cognitive disorders in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) sequelae in the long term. Traumatic brain injury is one of the most important issues of the modern neuroscience due to high incidence rate and incapacitation severity. A steady increase in TBI sequelae, many of which are cognitive disorders (cerebro-asthenic and psychoorganic syndromes, post‑traumatic dementia) accompanied by various symptoms of vegetative dysfunction syndrome, has been observed in children in the recent years. The factors affecting severity of TBI sequelae in children are severity of the injury, age at the injury, time elapsed since the injury and localization of the lesion. Disturbances of memory and attention (75%), hand-eye coordination, cerebro-asthenic disorders (88%) and chronic headaches (95%) are prevalent in the structure of cognitive disorders after a minor TBI. Severer cognitive dysfunctions accompanied by pathological neurological symptoms resulting in difficulties in learning, self‑service and negatively affecting social adaptation in general are observed in 94-100% of the children having suffered moderate or severe TBI. The article discusses the modern methods of complex diagnosis and pathogenetically substantiated techniques of drug therapy of cognitive disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury sequelae in detail.

The article deals with psychological aspects of complex medical and social rehabilitation of disabled children with cerebral palsy in detail. Residual-organic cerebral insufficiency at cerebral palsy may be a basis for development of both cognitive disorders and psychogenic reactions, pathological personality formations due to the adverse psychosocial influences caused by disorders of motor and mental functions, which is necessary to take into consideration when conducting rehabilitation measures. The authors considered actual problems of diagnosing and treating the psychological disorders at cerebral palsy and suggested a system of complex mental pathology rehabilitation for this disease, which is aimed at correcting psychoemotional, cognitive and behavioral disorders and also restoring the social adaptation of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.