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1. MobRISK: a model for assessing the exposure of road users to flash flood events

Author

S. Shabou, I. Ruin, C. Lutoff, S. Debionne, S. Anquetin, J.-D. Creutin, and X. Beaufils

Subjects
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Recent flash flood impact studies highlight that road networks are often disrupted due to adverse weather and flash flood events. Road users are thus particularly exposed to road flooding during their daily mobility. Previous exposure studies, however, do not take into consideration population mobility. Recent advances in transportation research provide an appropriate framework for simulating individual travel-activity patterns using an activity-based approach. These activity-based mobility models enable the prediction of the sequence of activities performed by individuals and locating them with a high spatial–temporal resolution. This paper describes the development of the MobRISK microsimulation system: a model for assessing the exposure of road users to extreme hydrometeorological events. MobRISK aims at providing an accurate spatiotemporal exposure assessment by integrating travel-activity behaviors and mobility adaptation with respect to weather disruptions. The model is applied in a flash-flood-prone area in southern France to assess motorists' exposure to the September 2002 flash flood event. The results show that risk of flooding mainly occurs in principal road links with considerable traffic load. However, a lag time between the timing of the road submersion and persons crossing these roads contributes to reducing the potential vehicle-related fatal accidents. It is also found that sociodemographic variables have a significant effect on individual exposure. Thus, the proposed model demonstrates the benefits of considering spatiotemporal dynamics of population exposure to flash floods and presents an important improvement in exposure assessment methods. Such improved characterization of road user exposures can present valuable information for flood risk management services.

Published
2017
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2. MobRISK: a model for assessing the exposure of road users to flash flood events

Author

Sandrine Anquetin, Céline Lutoff, S. Debionne, Isabelle Ruin, Saif Shabou, Jean-Dominique Creutin, Xavier Beaufils, Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales (PACTE), Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
Geographic mobility, Mobility model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Microsimulation, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TD1-1066, 0502 economics and business, Flash flood, Forensic engineering, Hydrometeorology, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Exposure assessment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, 050210 logistics & transportation, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Event (computing), business.industry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 05 social sciences, Environmental resource management, Flooding (psychology), lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, 021107 urban & regional planning, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract

Recent flash flood impact studies highlight that road networks are often disrupted due to adverse weather and flash flood events. Road users are thus particularly exposed to road flooding during their daily mobility. Previous exposure studies, however, do not take into consideration population mobility. Recent advances in transportation research provide an appropriate framework for simulating individual travel-activity patterns using an activity-based approach. These activity-based mobility models enable the prediction of the sequence of activities performed by individuals and locating them with a high spatial–temporal resolution. This paper describes the development of the MobRISK microsimulation system: a model for assessing the exposure of road users to extreme hydrometeorological events. MobRISK aims at providing an accurate spatiotemporal exposure assessment by integrating travel-activity behaviors and mobility adaptation with respect to weather disruptions. The model is applied in a flash-flood-prone area in southern France to assess motorists' exposure to the September 2002 flash flood event. The results show that risk of flooding mainly occurs in principal road links with considerable traffic load. However, a lag time between the timing of the road submersion and persons crossing these roads contributes to reducing the potential vehicle-related fatal accidents. It is also found that sociodemographic variables have a significant effect on individual exposure. Thus, the proposed model demonstrates the benefits of considering spatiotemporal dynamics of population exposure to flash floods and presents an important improvement in exposure assessment methods. Such improved characterization of road user exposures can present valuable information for flood risk management services.

Published
2017
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3. Assessment of commuters’ daily exposure to flash flooding over the roads of the Gard region, France

Author

Céline Lutoff, Isabelle Ruin, S. Debionne, Jean-Dominique Creutin, Saif Shabou, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales (PACTE), Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ANR, ANR-12-SENV-0002,MobiClimEx,Dynamique des mobilités quotidiennes et résidentielles face aux extrêmes hydrométéorologiques en contexte de changement climatique(2012), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
Estimation, Hydrology, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Flood myth, Flooding (psychology), 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 01 natural sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Transport engineering, Geography, 13. Climate action, Kilometer, 11. Sustainability, Flash flood, Rural area, Natural disaster, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Exposure assessment
Abstract

Summary Flash floods are responsible for a majority of natural disaster fatalities in the USA and Europe and most of them are vehicle-related. If human exposure to flood is generally assessed through the number of inhabitants per buildings located in flood prone zone, it is clear that this number varies dramatically throughout the day as people move from place to place to follow their daily program of activities. Knowing the number of motorists exposed on flood prone road sections or the factors determining their exposure would allow providing a more realistic evaluation of the degree of exposure. In order to bridge this gap and provide emergency managers with methods to assess the risk level for motorists, this paper describes two methods, a simple rough-and-ready estimate and a traffic attribution method, and applies both of them on datasets of the Gard departement, an administrative region of Southern France with about 700 000 inhabitants over 5875 km2. The first method to obtain an overall estimation of motorists flood exposure is to combine (i) the regional density of roads and rivers to derive a count of potential road cuts and (ii) the average daily kilometers driven by commuters of the study area to derive the number of people passing these potential cuts. If useful as a first approximation, this method fails to capture the spatial heterogeneities introduced by the geometry of river and road networks and the distribution of commuters’ itineraries. To address this point, this paper (i) uses a pre-established detailed identification of road cuts (Naulin et al., 2013) and (ii) applies a well-known traffic attribution method to existing and freely available census datasets. Both methods indicate that commuters’ exposure is much larger than the number of commuters itself, illustrating the risk amplification effect of mobility. Comparing the results from both methods shows that (i) the road network geometry plays a significant role in reducing the risk of river-road dangerous intersections and (ii) not all commuters are equally exposed. Evidently commuters who have longer routes are more exposed, but residents of rural municipalities as well as professionals with highly qualified jobs are also more exposed. Finally, these exposure assessment methods applied to the Gard area allows locating road sections where commuters’ exposure to flood is high. It also sets the first step toward the implementation of a modeling platform able to combine the estimation of daily travel patterns exposure and behavioral response of motorists to road flooding, a critical input for emergency services and services in charge of the management of road networks in flash flood prone areas.

Published
2016
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4. Assessing anthropogenic influence on the hydrology of small peri-urban catchments: Development of the object-oriented PUMMA model by integrating urban and rural hydrological models

Author

P. Viallet, Isabelle Braud, Flora Branger, Fabrice Rodriguez, S. Jankowfsky, S. Debionne, Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Eau et Environnement (IFSTTAR/GERS/EE), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), HYDROWIDE (FRANCE), and Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)

Subjects
Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Stormwater, HYDROLOGIE, Drainage basin, OBJECT ORIENTED, 6. Clean water, EAU DE RUISSELLEMENT, PERI URBAN, BASSIN VERSANT, Hydrology (agriculture), Retention basin, SEWER OVERFLOW DEVICE, Impervious surface, Environmental science, Sanitary sewer, Drainage, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Surface runoff, DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELING, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Summary Distributed hydrological models are useful tools for process understanding and water management, especially in peri-urban catchments where the landscape heterogeneity is large, caused by a patchwork of natural and urbanized areas. This paper presents the Peri-Urban Model for landscape MAnagement (PUMMA) built within the LIQUID® modeling framework, specifically designed to study the hydrology of peri-urban catchments. It combines rural and urban hydrological models, and is used for process understanding. The originality of PUMMA is to follow a fully object-oriented approach, for both model mesh building and process representation. Urban areas, represented by cadastral units and rural areas divided in Hydrological Response Units are thus modeled with different interacting process modules. This provides a detailed representation of the runoff generation on natural and impervious areas. Furthermore, the exchange between process modules facilitates the simulation of subsurface and overland flow, as well as groundwater drainage by sewer pipes. Several drainage networks can coexist and interact (e.g. via storm water overflow devices) and water can be stored in retention basins, which allows the modeling of complex suburban drainage systems with multiple outlets. The model is then applied to the Chaudanne catchment (2.7 km 2 ), located in the suburbs of Lyon, France. The uncalibrated model results show the importance of surface runoff from impervious areas for summer events and flow contributions from rural zones for winter events. Furthermore, the model reveals that the retention capacity of the Chaudanne catchment is larger than for classical urban catchments due to the peri-urban character of the catchment.

Published
2014
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5. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering

Author

Raúl F. Vázquez, P. Viallet, Isabelle Braud, J. Dehotin, and S. Debionne

Subjects
Physics, Hydrologic Models, 0207 environmental engineering, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, 02 engineering and technology, Grid Systems, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Boussinesq Equation, Groundwater Flow, Calculus, Environmental Chemistry, Grid system, 0101 mathematics, Heterogeneity, 020701 environmental engineering, Humanities, General Environmental Science, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

18 Pags., To better handle landscape heterogeneities in distributed hydrological modeling, an earlier work proposed a discretization based on nested levels, which leads to fully unstructured modeling meshes. Upon such a discretization, traditional numerical solutions must be adapted, especially to describe lateral flow between the unstructured mesh elements. In this paper, we illustrated the feasibility of the numeric solution of the diffusion equation, representing groundwater flow, using unstructured meshes. Thus, a two-dimensional (2D) groundwater model (BOUSS2D), adapted to convex unstructured and irregular meshes was developed. It is based on the approximation of the 2D Boussinesq equation using numeric techniques suitable for nonorthogonal grids. The handling of vertical and horizontal aquifer heterogeneities is also addressed. The fluxes through the interfaces among joined mesh elements are estimated by the finite volume method and the gradient approximation method. Comparisons between the BOUSS2D predictions and analytical solutions or predictions from existing codes suggest the acceptable performance of the BOUSS2D model. These results therefore encourage the further development of hydrological models using unstructured meshes that are capable of better representing the landscape heterogeneities.

Published
2011

6. Towards multi-scale integrated hydrological models using the LIQUID® framework. Overview of the concepts and first application examples

Author

Isabelle Braud, Yves Nedelec, J. Dehotin, Hocine Henine, S. Debionne, Flora Branger, Sandrine Anquetin, P. Viallet, Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Hydrowide, HYDROWIDE, Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés (UR HBAN), HMCI, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), European Project, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hydrosystèmes et bioprocédés (UR HBAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Engineering, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Discretization, HYDROLOGICAL MODELS, DISCRETISATION, INTEGRATED MODELLING, SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION, Process (engineering), MODULARITE, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Modularity, FEEDBACK SIMULATION, MODELE HYDROLOGIQUE, LIQUID®, 020701 environmental engineering, Temporal scales, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Flexibility (engineering), MODELE DISTRIBUE, Management science, business.industry, Ecological Modeling, Scale (chemistry), FRAMEWORK, 6. Clean water, Variety (cybernetics), MODULARITY, Variable (computer science), SIMULATION NUMERIQUE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Systems engineering, business, Software
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; Distributed hydrological models are valuable tools that can be used to support water management in catchments. However, the complexity of management issues, the variety of modelling objectives, and the variable availability of data require a flexible way to customize models and adapt them to each individual problem. Environmental modelling frameworks offer such flexibility; they are designed to build and run integrated models on the basis of reusable and exchangeable components. This paper presents the LIQUID® framework, developed by Hydrowide since 2005. The purpose of developing LIQUID® was to provide both easier integration of hydrological processes and preservation of their characteristic temporal and spatial scales. It suits a wide range of applications, both in terms of spatial scales and of process conceptualisations. LIQUID® is able to synchronize different time steps, to handle irregular geometries, and to simulate complex connections between components, in particular involving feedback. The paper presents the concepts of LIQUID® and the technical choices made to meet the above requirements, with focuses on the simulation run system and on the spatial discretization of process components. The use of the framework is illustrated by five application cases associated with contrasted spatial and temporal scales.

Published
2010
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7. Application of signal separation to diffraction image compression and serial crystallography.

Author

Kieffer J, Orlans J, Coquelle N, Debionne S, Basu S, Homs A, Santoni G, and De Sanctis D

Abstract

We present here a methodology for real-time analysis of diffraction images acquired at a high frame rate (925 Hz) and its application to macromolecular serial crystallography at ESRF. We introduce a new signal-separation algorithm, able to distinguish the amorphous (or powder diffraction) component from the diffraction signal originating from single crystals. It relies on the ability to work efficiently in azimuthal space and is implemented in pyFAI , the fast azimuthal integration library. Two applications are built upon this separation algorithm: a lossy compression algorithm and a peak-picking algorithm. The performances of both are assessed by comparing data quality after reduction with XDS and CrystFEL ., (© Jérôme Kieffer et al. 2025.)

Published
2025
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8. Advancing macromolecular structure determination with microsecond X-ray pulses at a 4th generation synchrotron.

Author

Orlans J, Rose SL, Ferguson G, Oscarsson M, Homs Puron A, Beteva A, Debionne S, Theveneau P, Coquelle N, Kieffer J, Busca P, Sinoir J, Armijo V, Lopez Marrero M, Felisaz F, Papp G, Gonzalez H, Caserotto H, Dobias F, Gigmes J, Lebon G, Basu S, and de Sanctis D

Abstract

Serial macromolecular crystallography has become a powerful method to reveal room temperature structures of biological macromolecules and perform time-resolved studies. ID29, a flagship beamline of the ESRF 4th generation synchrotron, is the first synchrotron beamline in the world capable of delivering high brilliance microsecond X-ray pulses at high repetition rate for the structure determination of biological macromolecules at room temperature. The cardinal combination of microsecond exposure times, innovative beam characteristics and adaptable sample environment provides high quality complete data, even from an exceptionally small amount of crystalline material, enabling what we collectively term serial microsecond crystallography (SµX). After validating the use of different sample delivery methods with various model systems, we applied SµX to an integral membrane receptor, where only a few thousands diffraction images were sufficient to obtain a fully interpretable electron density map for the antagonist istradefylline-bound A 2A receptor conformation, providing access to the antagonist binding mode. SµX, as demonstrated at ID29, will quickly find its broad applicability at upcoming 4th generation synchrotron sources worldwide and opens a new frontier in time-resolved SµX., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Published
2025
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