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These proceedings discuss recent jet measurements by the STAR experiment at RHIC to study jet substructure in p + p and jet quenching in Au + Au collisions at s NN = 2 0 0 GeV. Furthermore, STAR's future plans for precision jet measurements with the upcoming data-taking periods in 2023–2025 are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐plane Hyperbolic Phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are quasiparticles formed via coupling of photons and optical phonons in in‐plane hyperbolic materials and offer unique applications in sensing, thermal emitters and high‐resolution imaging. However, the large momentum mismatch between photons and these in‐plane HPhPs has restricted their technological potential as most experimental demonstrations rely on sophisticated and expensive near‐field detection schemes. In this work, using the example of α‐MoO3, it is demonstrated that by constructing photonic hypercrystals of this material, one can not only excite these in‐plane HPhPs in the far field but also tune the far field response via twisting the hypercrystal lattice with respect the lattice of α‐MoO3. The findings will pave the way for the development of practical in‐plane HPhP devices as well as provide access to new fundamental physics of such materials via conventional and well developed far‐field measurement techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Complete eradication of microorganisms from the root canal and three‑dimensional obturation of the canal space are necessary for a successful root canal therapy. In root canal failures, Enterococcus faecalis is the most often detected bacterium. Microorganisms can be eliminated with the aid of chemical irrigation. Objectives: The current research was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of triphala, neem, and chlorhexidine root canal irrigants. Materials and Method: Mueller‑Hinton agar plates were inoculated with the E. faecalis (ATCC) bacterial culture after it had been cultured overnight in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. Agar well diffusion was used to measure antibacterial inhibition. After being introduced to their appropriate wells in agar plates, the three research irrigants were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Every well’s bacterial inhibition zone was noted. After tabulating the results, statistical analysis was done. Result: When triphala and A. indica extract (neem) were added to chlorhexidine, the highest inhibitory zone against E. faecalis was observed. Conclusion: The herbal remedy triphala and the extract from A. indica exhibited an inhibitory zone when tested against E. faecalis. As a result, these irrigants might be utilized as a substitute for root canal irrigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the prevalence of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association of with microvascular complications and ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this cross‑sectional study, 100 T2DM patients were screened randomly for detection of fatty liver in ultrasonography. Patients with fatty liver (NAFLD group, n = 36) were compared with subjects without fatty liver (non‑NAFLD group, n = 64). Detailed clinical, biochemical, and imaging parameters like lipid profile, LFT, fasting plasma glucose, 2‑hour post‑prandial plasma glucose, HbA1C, fasting insulin, spot urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and 2‑D ECHO (M‑mode) were performed. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was found to be 36%. NAFLD group had significantly higher BMI, WHR, blood pressure, glycemic profile, and lipid parameters compared to non‑NAFLD group. HOMA IR was elevated significantly in NAFLD group (3.16 ± 1.96) compared to non‑NAFLD group (1.73 ± 1.59). There was significantly higher prevalence of all the diabetes‑related microvascular complications and LV diastolic dysfunction in NAFLD patients with higher odds for the occurrence of neuropathy (OR = 4.74; P = 0.001), nephropathy (OR = 3.92; P = 0.003), retinopathy (OR = 5.95; P = 0.002), and LV diastolic dysfunction (OR = 1.84; P = 0.043). Conclusions: NAFLD is significantly associated with various diabetes‑related microvascular complications as well as LV diastolic dysfunction in T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims We aimed to investigate the prevalence, pathology, and characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) in slaughtered pigs of India. Methods and results We collected 1254 morbid tissues (lungs—627 and spleen—627) and 627 heart-blood from 627 slaughtered pigs. The bacterial isolation, antibiogram, virulence gene profiling, and mouse pathogenicity testing were performed for the detection and characterization of SDSE. A total of 177 isolates (heart-blood—160 and tissues—17) were recovered from 627 slaughtered pigs with higher isolation rate in heart-blood (25.51%). The prevalence of SDSE was 11% in morbid tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Majority of isolates showed higher detection of streptolysin O, followed by streptokinase and extracellular phospholipase A virulence genes with higher degree of resistance to azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin antibiotics. Mouse pathogenicity testing confirmed virulence based on histopathological lesions and re-isolation of SDSE. Conclusions Our findings highlight the high prevalence of SDSE in slaughtered pigs. The presence of virulence genes and mouse pathogenicity testing confirm their pathogenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In countries where farming is largely subsistence, no pedigree records of farm animals are maintained at farmers' herd and scientific mating plans are not observed which leads to the accumulation of inbreeding and loss of production potential. Microsatellites have been widely used as reliable molecular markers to measure inbreeding. We attempted to correlate autozygosity estimated from microsatellite data with the inbreeding coefficient (F) calculated from pedigree data in Vrindavani crossbred cattle developed in India. The inbreeding coefficient was calculated from the pedigree of ninety-six Vrindavani cattle. Animals were further grouped into three groups viz. acceptable/low (F: 0–5%), moderate (F: 5–10%) and high (F: ≥10%), based on their inbreeding coefficients. The overall mean of the inbreeding coefficient was found to be 0.070 ± 0.007. A panel of twenty-five bovine-specific loci were chosen for the study according to ISAG/FAO. The mean FIS,FST, and FIT values were 0.0548 ± 0.025, 0.012 ± 0.001 and 0.0417 ± 0.025, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the FIS values obtained and the pedigree F values. The locus-wise individual autozygosity was estimated using the method-of-moments estimator (MME) formula for locus-specific autozygosity. The autozygosities ascribing to CSSM66 and TGLA53 were found to be significantly (p <.01 and p <.05, respectively) correlated with pedigree F values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference gene with stable copy number is essential for normalization in qPCR based copy number assay. Present study aims to identify a suitable reference gene in pigs for qPCR based relative copy number profiling of chromosomal genes. A total of 30 crossbred pigs of both sexes were cyto-screened and gDNA was extracted from the pigs having numerically normal karyotypes. The copy number stability was studied for 7 genes (FSHB, IL4, IGF1R, TCF24, BRMS1L, ARMC1 and SRSF4) selected on the basis of the chromosomal location, reports of single copy and lack of involvement in structural chromosomal abnormalities. The copy number was estimated from Ct values in 3 technical replicates using 6 animals from either sex for each gene. The stability was evaluated from the variations in Ct values using different (Delta Ct, geNorm, BestKeeper and normFinder) algorithms. While the moderate variation was observed among relative copy number stabilities among the genes, comprehensive ranking revealed the most stable gene for normalization (IGF1R > FSHB > TCF24 > IL4 > ARMC1> SRSF4 > BRMS1L) across the samples. The selected reference gene was validated using DNA of cyto-screened pigs to find out ratio of X and Y chromosome fragments using qPCR based copy number analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella multocida is widely distributed in all pig-rearing countries, affecting the economic viability and profitability of pig production. The present research highlights the molecular characterization and pathology of untypeable capsular serotypes of P. multocida in slaughtered pigs from prominent pig-rearing states of India. The prevalence of Pasteurellosis was 27.17% by Pasteurella multocida specific Pasteurella multocida specific PCR (PM-PCR). assay, while isolation rate was 7.62%. The microscopic lesions of bronchopneumonia, tonsillitis, and the presence of bacterial antigens in immunohistochemistry confirmed P. multocida with pathologies. In capsular typing, the majority of the isolates were untypeable with prevalence of 52.15% and 43.58% in molecular and microbiological methods, respectively. All the isolates showed the uniform distribution of virulence genes such as exbB, nanB, sodC, plpB, and oma87 (100%), while the variations were observed in ptfA, hasR, ptfA, pfhA, hsf-1, and plpE genes. The untypeable isolates showed higher prevalence of hsf-1 gene as compared to others. The untypeable serotypes showed a higher degree of resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin antibiotics. The mouse pathogenicity testing of untypeable capsular isolates confirmed its pathogenic potential. The higher frequency of pathogenic untypeable isolates with antibiotic resistance profile might pose a serious threat to the pigs, and therefore, preventive measures should be adopted for effective control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of factors affecting sex ratio is important while considering application of sex ratio enrichment approach. Present study aimed to design a SYBR Green qPCR‐based method for measurement of primary sex ratio and to evaluate different factors (genetic group, sire, spermiogenic cycle and processing layer) affecting boar sperm sex ratio. The qPCR was based on relative copy number analysis of sex chromosome‐specific single copy gene fragments with an autosomal gene as reference and was evaluated using DNA dilution series from pigs with numerically normal karyotype. The sex ratio was estimated from genomic DNA samples isolated from boar semen collected from different genetic groups at different time points and different processing layers. The X chromosome frequencies of semen samples revealed significant effect of genetic group. However, significant variation was observed neither within same genetic group nor between ejaculates of different spermatogenic cycles. Among the processing techniques studied, swim‐up technique produced a significant X sperm enrichment in comparison to control whereas, Percoll density gradient failed to show any significant difference among layers. The lower layer in swim‐up technique was found to contain higher proportion of X sperms. The designed qPCR is found to be an easy, less time‐consuming method and does not require high end laboratory facilities or the specialized expertise. The lower layer of swim‐up processing has a scope for X sperm enrichment in boar semen with proper validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MHC gene is highly polymorphic and plays central molecule in immune system in recognition of pathogens and parasites. The present study examined the variability of MHC class II DRB exon 2 gene using microsatellite analysis, and its association with Haemonchus contortus infestation in Salem Black goat population. Animals were naturally exposed to mixed infestation of endoparasites, predominantly Haemonchus contortus. Pooled fecal coproculture and larval identification showed predominant presence of haemonchus (L3) larva. Fecal egg count (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) were used as indicator traits. All the three studied loci, OarCP73, DYA, and ODRB1.2, were polymorphic having three, four, and four alleles and four, eight, and nine genotypes, respectively. The loci showed low to moderate values of polymorphic information content. The mean fecal egg count estimates were 477.12 ± 34.14 eggs per gram of feces and the mean PCV values were within the normal range; however, they showed negative correlation with FEC values. All the three microsatellite loci and the effect of genotypes on indicator traits were found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The present study will be helpful in selection and breeding of goats for Haemonchosis resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the outcome of the loading direction and implant tilting on the micromotion and displacement of immediately placed implants with finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and Method: Eight blocks of synthetic bone were created. Eight screw-type implants were inserted, four axially and four slanted, each measuring 11 mm in length and 4.5 mm in diameter. The axial implants and the tilted implants were distally inclined by 30°. The top of the abutment was subjected to 180 N vertical and mesiodistal oblique (45° angle) loads, and the displacement of the abutment was measured. The abutment displacement and micromotion were estimated, and nonlinear finite element models simulating the in vitro experiment were built. In vitro studies and FEA data on abutment displacement were compared, and the reliability of the finite element model was assessed. Result: Under oblique stress, abutment displacement was larger than under axial loading, and it was also greater for tilted implants than for axial implants. The consistency of the in vitro and FEA data was satisfactory. Under vertical stress, the highest micromotion values in the axial and tilted implants were extremely near. Conclusion: Under mesiodistal oblique stress, tilted implants may have a smaller maximum amount of micromotion than axial implants. The loading direction had a significant impact on the highest micromotion values. The abutment displacement values were not reflected in the maximum micromotion measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus suis is an emerging bacterial pathogen of huge economic impact to the swine industry worldwide. The information regarding the carrier status of S. suis in the slaughtered pigs along with its genetic characterization is not available in Indian pig population, which needs to be addressed for the therapeutic and preventive measures. In the present study, 563 palatine tonsils of apparently healthy slaughtered pigs were probed for the prevalence, and genetic characterization of S. suis and prevalence were found to be 15.45% and 32.68% by bacteriological and molecular methods, respectively. In 87 isolates recovered, 6 cps-types were detected showing the predominance of serotype 7 (24.13%) and 5 (18.39%), whereas 11 cps-types were detected in tonsillar DNA involving cps-types 9 (28.26%) and 7 (14.13%) as the major serotypes with arcA+/sly+/epf+/mrp− being the prevalent genotype. The histopathological changes with the immunodetection of S. suis antigen confirmed its persistence in asymptomatic carriers. Of 87 bacterial isolates, 7 isolates (serotypes 7 & 2) were pathogenic to Swiss albino mice showing the classical lesions of meningitis and septicemia. The presence of virulent serotypes of S. suis in healthy slaughtered pigs suggests a great health risk to the people engaged in piggery operations and in-contact pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]