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This study was conducted to enhancement the oxidative stability of soybean and sunflower oil by blending them with palm oil to form binary blends. The physical and chemical properties, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value and fatty acid composition of palm oil and its blends with soybean and sunflower oils were determined to evaluate oils and their blends. Results revealed that palm oil was the best oil compared to sunflower oil and soybean oil, as well as blending of palm oil with sunflower oil and soybean oil to form binary blends led to the enhancement of oxidative stability of sunflower and soybean oil. The best binary blend was the blend which consists of 50% palm oil: 50% soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bombax ceiba, an ethnomedically useful plant belonging to the Bombacaceae family, is traditionally used to treat various ailments. With the increase of interest in herbal remedies globally, it is imperative to scientifically validate the phytochemical profiling to ensure therapeutic utility and safety. The present study was designed to comprehensively analyze the phytochemical composition of Bombax ceiba seeds oil to provide evidence for its medicinal uses. The recommended standard Soxhlet extraction method was used to isolate the oil from the seeds. Its chemical profile, physicochemical parameters, and antioxidant potential were characterized. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 31 diverse phytoconstituents including vital terpenoids, ketones, esters, alcohols, aliphatic acids, and other compounds in minor quantities which are known to possess wide pharmaceutical applications. The key unsaturated fatty acids identified with nutritional and therapeutic benefits were oleic, linoleic, palmitoleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids. The high iodine value of 67.832g I/100g indicates a high degree of unsaturation. Although the DPPH assay showed minimal antioxidant activity, the myriad of bioactive components confers significant pharmacological utility to Bombax ceiba seeds oil. By providing in-depth phytochemical insights, this research work validates this oil's traditional and other medicinal uses, which can be further explored for newer ethnomedicine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice bran (BRRI 28) and the bran oil of north Bengal have not been studied previously. The yield of the oil extracted from the bran was much higher (20.30 %) than some previously reported data. The fatty acid analysis by GC-FID found that the percentage of palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids was higher than previously published data. Caprylic and behenic acids were also found in this rice bran oil, which was not reported in the previous work. The oleic acid content of the bran oil in this study was found to be 35.69 %, which is higher than other edible oils. The nutritional value of the bran such as carbohydrates, fats, fiber, and protein content was 38.78 %, 20.30 %, 1.42 %, and 9.45 % respectively. Moisture and ash content were found at 9.49 % and 20.5 % respectively. The important minerals were found like Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, Na, etc. The higher saponification (110.13 mg KOH/g) value of the oil indicated that it could be used as raw materials in good quality soap. The low iodine (46.25 I2/100 g) value of the oil indicated that it was stable and could be used for cooking purposes. This research recommends this rice bran as a prominent nutritive byproduct.

It is a common practice to use oils extracted from fruits seeds for soap making. The oils are nonedible to avoid food competition. The objective of the present study was to assess the possibility of preparing a soap of acceptable quality from oils extracted from seeds of Avocado and Mango. The ground Avocado and Mango seeds were subjected to Soxhlet extraction technique using n-hexane as an organic solvent. The oil yield of 2.43% and 1.32% were obtained for Avocado seed and Mango seed samples, respectively. The analyses of the physicochemical properties such as saponification value, acid value, percent free fatty acid, and relative density were found to be 25.245 and 84.15, 30.86 and 30.85, 6.26 and 6.26, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, and the data were in favor of utilization of the oils in soap making. Moreover, the blends of extracted Avocado and Mango seed oils in a 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 ratios (by mass) revealed Saponification values of 151.47, 162.69, 214.62, respectively; total fatty matter contents of 59±1.41, 63 ± 1.41, 67±1.41, respectively; total alkali contents of 1.44 ± 0.03, 1.715 ± 0.08, 1.77 ± 0.13, respectively. The pH values of soaps prepared from the two oils and their blends were found to be in the range of 9.6-10.15. The data are comparable to commercial soaps and also suggest that the prepared soaps from the extracted oils can be used for cleaning purpose without any harm on human skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to create vegetable oil blends for food that had higher oxidative stability than pure sunflower and soybean oil. The following proportions of sunflower, soybean, and palm oil were evaluated when they were blended: 50:50 (v/v). A 45-day, 60 °C, accelerated storage test was performed. We calculated the free fatty acid level, fatty acid composition, induction time, and primary and secondary oxidation products. In comparison to sunflower and soybean oil, the blends showed higher oxidative stability indicators. The findings imply that combining palm oil with sunflower, soybean, and other oils is a suitable substitute for obtaining oils with greater oxidative stability indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biolubricant is a biopolymer that can be used as a base oil in a variety of applications such as biomass and bioenergy. Hence, the objective of this paper is the production and characterization of biolubricant from Cassia sieberiana (Decandole) seed oil via two step transesterification reaction between methylesters and trimethylolpropane (TMP) at a molar ratio of 3.5: 1 with a catalyst of 0.8 % w/w of the total reactant at a temperature of 120 C for 2:30 hrs with a percentage yield of 93%. The physicochemical properties of the produced oil were determined by FTIR spectrum and GC-MS analysis. The viscosity (at 40 and 100) are 44.20 cSt and 7.82 cSt with pour point (-9 C), and viscosity index (148.04 cSt) respectively. The GCMS analysis revealed the fatty acid composition of the based oil as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lineolaidic acid, stearic acid, and that of the biolubricant: methyl oleate, 2-hydroxyl ethyl esters, and 22-tricosenoic acid with other traces of methyl ester. The analysis of the FTIR for the TMP triesters shows superior thermal and oxidative stability due to the ester functional group present. The produced oil was found to confirm with ISOVG viscose grade 32 and 46 for gear oil and other low temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common practice to use oils extracted from fruits seeds for soap making. The oils are non-edible to avoid food competition. The objective of the present study was to assess the possibility of preparing a soap of acceptable quality from oils extracted from seeds of Avocado and Mango. The ground Avocado and Mango seeds were subjected to Soxhlet extraction technique using n-hexane as an organic solvent. The oil yield of 2.43% and 1.32% were obtained for Avocado seed and Mango seed samples, respectively. The analyses of the physicochemical properties such as saponification value, acid value, percent free fatty acid, and relative density were found to be 25.245 and 84.15, 30.86 and 30.85, 6.26 and 6.26, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, and the data were in favor of utilization of the oils in soap making. Moreover, the blends of extracted Avocado and Mango seed oils in a 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 ratios (by mass) revealed Saponification values of 151.47, 162.69, 214.62, respectively; total fatty matter contents of 59±1.41, 63 ± 1.41, 67±1.41, respectively; total alkali contents of 1.44 ± 0.03, 1.715 ± 0.08, 1.77 ± 0.13, respectively. The pH values of soaps prepared from the two oils and their blends were found to be in the range of 9.6-10.15. The data are comparable to commercial soaps and also suggest that the prepared soaps from the extracted oils can be used for cleaning purpose without any harm on human skin.

The storage of neem oil for a long time before usage comes along with challenge of quality retain ability of the oil; and the extraction methods can affect the quality of neem seed oil. This research work compared the mechanical expression method to the solvent extraction method to find a better method that will give high-grade neem oil for long-term storage. A plant with a capacity of 50 kg/day of neem seed kernel was used to extract oil from neem seed using ethanol as extraction solvent. The increase of extraction temperature from 20 oC (mechanically expressed) to 78 oC leads to decrease of iodine value from 62.70 to 60.10 gI2/100 g; increase of acid value from 3.4 to 4.2 mg KOH/g and increase of saponification value from 158.74 to 210.18 mgKOH/g. The Fames standard method was used for the GC – MS analysis and the percentage composition of the polyunsaturated components in the 20 oC (mechanically expressed), 50 oC, 55 oC, 60 oC and 78 oC oils were 21.58, 6.33, 3.09, 1.83 and 0.21% respectively. The changed of extraction temperature from 20 oC to 78 oC brings about reduction of polyunsaturated components from 21.58% to 0.21%. The increase of extraction temperature leads to conversion of unsaturated components to saturated components due to auto – oxidation process. This is clearly seen as the extraction temperature increased from 20 oC to 78 oC, the percentage composition of the saturated components increased from 22.40% to 43.70% and the polyunsaturated component decreased from 20.47% to 0%. The fatty acid composition associated with the 78 oC oil are: Oleic acid, 46.61%; Stearic acid, 11.83%; Palmitic acid, 16.54%; 11 – Octadecenoic acid, 3.58%; Cis – Vaccenic acid, 5.90%; Cyclopropaneoctanal, 11.19%; Squalene, 0.21% and Trimethylsilyl – di(timethylsiloxy) – silane, 4.14%. The functional groups identified in the 78 oC oil were C – H, C = O, C – C and C – O. Based on the lowest iodine value, lowest percentage composition of the polyunsaturated component value and high percentage composition of saturated component, the neem oil obtained at 78 oC from the miscella is considered as the high grade neem oil because it is less reactive due to lowest percentage composition of polyunsaturated and can be stored for long time before usage. Furthermore, the results from this work will assist manufacturers in selecting the extraction temperature for particular application of the neem seed oil. The extracted oil is recommended for soap production due to its high saponification value.

Biolubricant is a biopolymer that can be used as a base oil in a variety of applications such as biomass and bioenergy. Hence, the objective of this paper is the production and characterization of biolubricant from Cassia sieberiana (Decandole) seed oil via two step transesterification reaction between methylesters and trimethylolpropane (TMP) at a molar ratio of 3.5: 1 with a catalyst of 0.8 % w/w of the total reactant at a temperature of 120 C for 2:30 hrs with a percentage yield of 93%. The physicochemical properties of the produced oil were determined by FTIR spectrum and GC-MS analysis. The viscosity (at 40 and 100) are 44.20 cSt and 7.82 cSt with pour point (-9 C), and viscosity index (148.04 cSt) respectively. The GCMS analysis revealed the fatty acid composition of the based oil as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lineolaidic acid, stearic acid, and that of the biolubricant: methyl oleate, 2-hydroxyl ethyl esters, and 22-tricosenoic acid with other traces of methyl ester. The analysis of the FTIR for the TMP triesters shows superior thermal and oxidative stability due to the ester functional group present. The produced oil was found to confirm with ISOVG viscose grade 32 and 46 for gear oil and other low temperature applications.

This article explores the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technology for the extraction of turmeric oil. The study used response surface methodology (RSM) to analyze the effects of process variables on the oil yield and quality. The results indicated that hexane was a more effective solvent compared to petroleum ether, and the optimal conditions for extraction were a microwave power of 300 watts and an extraction time of 20 minutes. The study concludes that MAE is a safe, efficient, and economically feasible method for turmeric oil extraction, with potential applications in various industries and medical science. [Extracted from the article]

The leather tanning industry is one of the most polluting industries because it generates a gigantic amount of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste. Solid wastes are raw trimmings, fleshings, chrome shavings, buffing clouds of dust, and keratin wastes. Flesh wastes are generated from tanneries during leather processing, especially in sheep liming. These skin-flesh wastes from tanneries contain significant fat content, which is being wasted and dumped in open areas or at dumping sites. As a result, this flesh waste disposal has created a major environmental problem. This research aims to extract a sustainable functional substance that can be used for imparting aesthetic properties (polishing) to a leather product. In this research, a calculated amount of flesh waste was washed, de-limed, and cut into small pieces for solvent extraction of fat using the Soxhlet apparatus and hexane as solvent. Chemical analysis of the extracted fat showed a saponification value ranging from 189 to 192. These values indicate that extracted fat has a triglyceride, which can be used as a lubricant. However, when the extracted fat was applied to leather products like shoes, the surface showed an increase in their aesthetic properties (lustre, and gloss) giving excellent polishing results. The acid and saponification value, fat content, melting point, density, and viscosity of extracted fat showed stability making it a promising substance to impart functionality for leather products and usage as a polishing material. The extracted fat could replace synthetic, functional, and polishing materials overcoming the environmental challenges posed by the leather tanning process.

The objective of this study was to extract oils from seeds and seed shells of Trichilia dregeana growing in Ethiopia. The oils were extracted using Soxhlet extraction technique and an organic solvent (n-hexane). The yields of the oils were in the range of 39.64-55.4%. The physicochemical properties of the oils such as density, acid value, saponification value and peroxide values were 0.8 ± 0.004 -0.84± 0.014g/mL, 0.039± 0.004 -5.667 mg KOH/g, 75.82± 0.0 - 102.01± 0.0 mg KOH/g and 0.01± 0.01-0.0182± 0.0, respectively. The results showed that all the observed physicochemical data of the oil products to be consistent with literature reported data for oils from seed crops and seeds of Trichilia species. GC-MS analyses also showed that all the oils contain palmitic acid (14-69%). Oleic acid and Linoleic acids were also found in different amounts. Elaidic acid was found (86%) only in one seed shell extract. Soaps were prepared using the extracted oils and alkali solution via saponification process. The properties of the soaps were found to be 9.10-9.81, 8-25.5% and 0.373-0.682 for pH, moisture contents and total alkali contents, respectively. These data and the data for foam and cleaning abilities of the prepared soaps were found to be in the acceptable limit. The results also suggested that Trichilia dregeana seeds and seed shells are rich in oils. High yields of oils from seeds and seed shells suggest their future potential in soap making and also as inputs for biofuel production. This could have significant contribution to economy of a given community where the plant grows in abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional medicine of India, Ayurveda, discusses the use of herbals for beauty, which is based on conventional wisdom. An effective and powerful technology in the cosmetics field is herbal cosmetics. There is nothing more ancient than humanity and civilization than the concept of beauty and cosmetics. Therefore, many of them use beauty products which contain herb that order to keep their beauty and youth. Nowadays, organic cosmetics are becoming more accessible to the common people since they are expected to have fewer side effects, as well as an increased level of safety and security. We aim in this study to develop a general-use herbal oil in which a variety of herbs that are readily available to us are utilized and evaluation of the herbal oil formulation was conducted by determining various parameters, such as viscosity, saponification value, pH, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red fruit oil (RFO) can be extracted from fruits of Pandanus conoideus, Lam., an endogenous plant of Papua, Indonesia. It is a commonly used essential original traditional medicine. By applying a newly developed quantitative 1H NMR (qNMR) spectroscopy method for quality assessment, a simultaneous determination of the saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), ester value (EV), and iodine value (IV) in RFO was possible. Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) was used as an internal standard. Optimization of NMR parameters, such as NMR pulse sequence, relaxation delay time, and receiver gain, finally established the 1H NMR-based quantification approach. Diagnostic signals of the internal standard at δ = 2.98 ppm, SV at δ = 2.37–2.20 ppm, AV at δ = 2.27–2.20 ppm, EV at δ = 2.37–2.27 ppm, and IV at δ = 5.37–5.27 ppm, respectively, were used for quantitative analysis. The method was validated concerning linearity (R2 = 0.999), precision (less than 0.83%), and repeatability in the range 99.17–101.17%. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to crude RFO, crude RFO with palmitic and oleic acid addition, and nine commercial products. The qNMR results for the respective fat values are in accordance with the results of standard methods, as can be seen from the F- and t-test (< 1.65 and < 1.66, respectively). The fundamental advantages of qNMR, such as its rapidity and simplicity, make it a feasible and existing alternative to titration for the quality control of RFO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to extract oils from seeds and seed shells of Trichilia dregeana growing in Ethiopia. The oils were extracted using Soxhlet extraction technique and an organic solvent (n-hexane). The yields of the oils were in the range of 39.64-55.4%. The physicochemical properties of the oils such as density, acid value, saponification value and peroxide values were 0.8 ± 0.004 -0.84±0.014g/mL, 0.039±0.004 -5.667 mg KOH/g, 75.82±0.0 - 102.01±0.0 mg KOH/g and 0.01±0.01-0.0182±0.0, respectively. The results showed that all the observed physicochemical data of the oil products to be consistent with literature reported data for oils from seed crops and seeds of Trichilia species. GC-MS analyses also showed that all the oils contain palmitic acid (14-69%). Oleic acid and Linoleic acids were also found in different amounts. Elaidic acid was found (86%) only in one seed shell extract. Soaps were prepared using the extracted oils and alkali solution via saponification process. The properties of the soaps were found to be 9.10-9.81, 8-25.5% and 0.373-0.682 for pH, moisture contents and total alkali contents, respectively. These data and the data for foam and cleaning abilities of the prepared soaps were found to be in the acceptable limit. The results also suggested that Trichilia dregeana seeds and seed shells are rich in oils. High yields of oils from seeds and seed shells suggest their future potential in soap making and also as inputs for biofuel production. This could have significant contribution to economy of a given community where the plant grows in abundance.

Beeswax is the secretion of a bee's abdominal glands. According to its chemical composition, beeswax belongs to the group of lipids and it is formed a very complex composition of about 300 organic substances. It mostly contains different classes of esters, of which the majority are monoesters. Alkaline hydrolysis of esters (saponification) is a significant chemical reaction in the chemical industry. The saponification value together with the melting point, the acid value and the ester value represent the basic physico-chemical parameters for determining the quality, authenticity and potential faking of beeswax. Saponification has not been fully researched, nor is it an efficient process. Many researchers examine the reaction of ester hydrolysis in order to obtain a process with as little energy consumption as possible, a higher yield and a shorter duration of the hydrolysis process. The main factors that affect the wax saponification process are the size and structure of the alcohol and acid that make up the ester, the wax/alkali mass (molar) ratio, the duration of the process and the temperature of the reaction. With an increase in the mass of the wax sample, i.e. an increase in the wax/alkali mass ratio, the saponification value, i.e. the degree of hydrolysis, decreases. With an increase in the duration of hydrolysis and temperature, the degree of hydrolysis of wax esters, increases. The highest saponification value (SV=79.3; degree of hydrolysis 76.5%) was achieved by the hydrolysis of 0.5 g of wax at a temperature of 105°C for 150 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saponification value of fats and oils is one of the most common quality indices, reflecting the mean molecular weight of the constituting triacylglycerols. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of fats and oils display specific resonances for the protons from the structural patterns of the triacylglycerols (i.e., the glycerol backbone), methylene (-CH2-) groups, double bonds (-CH=CH-) and the terminal methyl (-CH3) group from the three fatty acyl chains. Consequently, chemometric equations based on the integral values of the 1H-NMR resonances allow for the calculation of the mean molecular weight of triacylglycerol species, leading to the determination of the number of moles of triacylglycerol species per 1 g of fat and eventually to the calculation of the saponification value (SV), expressed as mg KOH/g of fat. The algorithm was verified on a series of binary mixtures of tributyrin (TB) and vegetable oils (i.e., soybean and rapeseed oils) in various ratios, ensuring a wide range of SV. Compared to the conventional technique for SV determination (ISO 3657:2013) based on titration, the obtained 1H-NMR-based saponification values differed by a mean percent deviation of 3%, suggesting the new method is a convenient and rapid alternate approach. Moreover, compared to other reported methods of determining the SV from spectroscopic data, this method is not based on regression equations and, consequently, does not require calibration from a database, as the SV is computed directly and independently from the 1H-NMR spectrum of a given oil/fat sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold-pressed and refined sunflower oils rich in linolenic acid, are particularly susceptible to undesirable changes during deep-frying. The main object of this study was determination of physicochemical parameters such free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine number, density, oxidative stability, and fatty acid composition on cold-pressed oils from 17 newly cultivated hybrids from sunflower from the region of North Macedonia. Results from fatty acid methyl esters indicated Experto hybrid as the high oleic sunflower hybrid with 86.2% of oleic acid. Moreover, iodine number for sunflower oil from this hybrid was 87.5 g I2 per 100 g oil, which was expected due to the high level of monosaturated fatty acid. Negative correlation confirmed inverse relationship between the amounts of oleic acid and values of iodine number (r = –0.896). Opposite, positive correlation between iodine number and amount of linoleic acid (r = 0.892) means that sunflower oils with higher value of iodine number will be thermally unstable and not suitable for deep-frying. Furthermore, the highest value for oxidative stability was measured for coldpressed sunflower oils obtained from Talento, BG Fil and “Dijamantis hybrids (over 8, 9 and 5 h, respectively). This can be explained by the fact that the oils from those three hybrids had the highest level of oleic acid (83.1, 82.3 and 79.4%, respectively). Monounsaturated fatty acids are more stable then polyunsaturated, which makes sunflower oil suitable for deep-frying. The positive linear correlation between the amount of oleic acid and oxidation stability (r = 0.687) confirmed our statement that a higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (as oleic acid) can improve thermal stability and makes the sunflower oils from Talento, Fila BG and Dijamantis hybrids suitable for cooking and deep-frying. The oxidative stability of other examined hybrids at around 3 h can be explained by a dominance of polyunsaturated linoleic acid with levels between 43% and 57.1%. Statistical analysis confirmed our findings due to the negative linear correlation between oxidative stability and amount of polyunsaturated linoleic acid (r = –0.698). We expected higher value for oxidative stability (over 6 h) for cold-pressed sunflower oil from Experto hybrid due to its fatty acid composition. More precisely, the level of oleic acid for this oil was 86.2% and only 4.6% of polyunsaturated linoleic acid. Surprisingly, the oxidative stability of these oils was only 2.64% which can be explained as oxidation of the oil during production. According to the results from our study, we recommended the gap of oleic/linoleic acid as the most important for the determination of the thermal stability of sunflower oils. Finally, physicochemical parameters iodine number and oxidation stability can be a significant parameter for the prediction of the dominance of fatty acids in sunflower oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security is a prime focus of policy makers to support agriculture, industrialisation, and transportation. Due to limited conventional energy sources, there is a need to harness non-conventional energy sources. In this regard, one of the proposed approaches is using biomass (e.g. energy crops) to produce biofuel—a renewable source of energy. Sunflower has several agronomic features to be exploited for a renewable, non-conventional, and environment-friendly source of bioenergy. Sulphur (S) fertilisation holds key for realising sunflower potential for seed and oil yield. In response to variable S supply rates, here we compared and quantified sunflower yield (seed, oil, and biodiesel) and biodiesel quality according to the ASTM international standards. We used a combined approach of field experimentation and rigorous lab analysis. Firstly, in a field experiment laid out in randomised complete block design with split-plot arrangement, response of two local sunflower hybrids (FH-331 and FH-689) to four S supply rates (0, 25, 50, 75 kg S ha−1) was evaluated in terms of agronomic traits. Experimental data showed that fertilisation of S significantly influenced growth and yield (seed, oil) traits; the response was different between two hybrids which also interacted with S supply rate. FH-331 recorded the highest achene yield at S fertilisation of 75 kg S ha−1, whereas FH-689 recorded the highest achene yield at 50 kg ha−1; achene yield of FH-331 was 13.6% higher than FH-689. Compared to control, S at 75 kg S ha−1 increased oil yield of FH-331 by 22% whereas S at 50 kg ha−1 increased oil yield by 23% of FH-689. Seed samples were analysed for different biodiesel quality parameters. The ranges of all quality parameters of sunflower biodiesel such as viscosity, calorific values, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, cetane number, and pour point were in ASTM standard range. We conclude that sunflower is a promising and sustainable option for producing biodiesel, the potential of which can be increased by optimal S management under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Edible oils, derived from a plant source, play a vital role in providing nutrition. A quality edible oil has a flavor, range of physicochemical parameters. Several quality parameters like saponification value, acid value, peroxidase value and iodine value will be helpful in estimating the quality of edible vegetable oils. The present study was intended to evaluate the quality difference between cooked and uncooked oils. Materials and Methods: Utilizing various edible oil samples from major brands in india e.g sunflower oil, soybean oil, canola oil, almond oil, coconut oil and, olive oil saponification value and acid value was determined. All the oil samples were thoroughly characterized by calculating their saponification value and acid value using the standard procedure of association of official analytical chemist (AOCS) and American oil chemist society. Results: In comparision to uncooked oils, cooked oils had significantly higher sapnification values. The acid values were also increased in cooked oils compared to uncooked oils. Widely used sunflower oil had a two fold significant increase in saponification value and five fold significant increase in acid value after cooking. Similar changes were not observed in olive oil. Conclusion: Taken together, results of our study indicate that widely used sunflower oil might not be appropraiate for domestic usage. Further, our results also indicate that olive oil might be a better choice for domestic cooking. Further studies are required for a large scale validation of the present results there by brining in regulation/public health policy on usage of cooked oils by various small scale food vendors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango seed kernel oil was extracted by Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with ethanol and n-hexane as extraction solvents. To optimize the extraction condition for SE, the temperature was set to 90°C for ethanol and 80°C for n-hexane with varying solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F ratio) of 75/12, 75/10, and 60/6 mL/g. As for MAE, the same S/F ratios were considered. Extraction was done for 5, 10, and 15 minutes with microwave power levels of 120 and 240 W. It was found out that the highest yield per extraction process for SE was: 18.00±0.25 % and 9.38±2.03 % using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively; and 6.69±0.05 % and 4.68±0.06 %using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively for MAE. It was also noted that MAE, with the microwave power level of 120 W has less extraction time for about 15 minutes as compared to SE of 8 hours. Also, the best S/F ratio in this study is 60/6 for all processes. In oil quality determination, the oil extracted was examined through several tests such as FTIR, GC-MS, acid value, % FFA, iodine value, saponification value, and melting point. It was noted that oil extracted in ethanol has a better yield compared to that of n-hexane but the oil extracted using n-hexane would provide superior quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. (Dhaincha) is a member of family Fabaceae spread over several countries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania drummondii, Sesbania grandiflora, Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania sesban, and Sesbania speciosa are other members of this family. The agricultural, nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Sesbania species are known to farmers, villagers, and the tribes since ages and are well studied by researchers. However, the significance of Sesbania as an industrial crop has not been recognized till now. The objective of this study was extraction and characterization of Sesbania cannabina seed oil (SCSO) for potential engineering applications. The seed oil was extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet extractor. Yield was only 2.32% w/w due to long storage at high temperature in seed house. Sesbania cannabina seed oil methyl ester (SCSOME) was prepared via esterification and transesterification for analysis of fatty acid composition of extracted oil. SCSO has high iodine value (118 g I2/100 g) and high saponification value (185.79 mg KOH/g) making the oil suitable for use as candle stocks or in soap making. However, these applications were ruled out on account of being insignificant for oil available in limited quantity. The oil has high viscosity index (174.19), high onset (382°C) and offset (450°C) decomposition temperatures, endothermic nature, and shear rate thickening behaviour. These properties make SCSO a good candidate for application as specialty lubricant required under severe operating conditions of high temperature and high shear rate or as insulating and cooling transformer oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saponification value of fats and oils is one of the most common quality indices, reflecting the mean molecular weight of the constituting triacylglycerols. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of fats and oils display specific resonances for the protons from the structural patterns of the triacylglycerols (i.e., the glycerol backbone), methylene (-CH2-) groups, double bonds (-CH=CH-) and the terminal methyl (-CH3) group from the three fatty acyl chains. Consequently, chemometric equations based on the integral values of the 1H-NMR resonances allow for the calculation of the mean molecular weight of triacylglycerol species, leading to the determination of the number of moles of triacylglycerol species per 1 g of fat and eventually to the calculation of the saponification value (SV), expressed as mg KOH/g of fat. The algorithm was verified on a series of binary mixtures of tributyrin (TB) and vegetable oils (i.e., soybean and rapeseed oils) in various ratios, ensuring a wide range of SV. Compared to the conventional technique for SV determination (ISO 3657:2013) based on titration, the obtained 1H-NMR-based saponification values differed by a mean percent deviation of 3%, suggesting the new method is a convenient and rapid alternate approach. Moreover, compared to other reported methods of determining the SV from spectroscopic data, this method is not based on regression equations and, consequently, does not require calibration from a database, as the SV is computed directly and independently from the 1H-NMR spectrum of a given oil/fat sample.

This study was conducted for two successive seasons, 2017 and 2018, using 20-yr old olive trees (cv. Frantio). The trees are grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system at the Nuclear Research Center Experimental Farm, Inshas, El-Qaliubiya Governorate, Egypt. Treatments included six pure boron concentrations (0.0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg.L−1) applied on 1st January (before bloom). Boron was applied as foliar spray boric acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of boron foliar application on olive (OleaeuropeaL.) fruit productivity, oil yield and quality. Boron treatments increased olive fruit productivity and oil yield relative to the control. The maximum fruit yield and oil yield was observed at 200 mg.L−1 boron treatment. This treatment has increased fruit yield by 275% and oil yield by 318% (average of two seasons). The acid value range was from 1.173 to 1.667 (mg KOH/g oil) in the first season and from 1.323 to 1.800 (mg KOH/g oil) in the second season. The acid value significantly decreased as the boron application rate increased. The peroxide value range was from 0.0026 to 0.0067 in the first season and from 0.0032 to 0.0078 in the second season. The peroxide value decreased as the boron application rate increased. A non-significant reduction in the iodine values was observed as the boron application rate increased. The iodine value range was (from 77.20 to 77.40 g/100 g of oil) for the first season and (from 77.67 to 78.23 g/100 g of oil) for the second season. The saponification value range is (from 191.4 to 193.3 mg KOH/g oil) for the first season and (from 192.5 to 193.8 mg KOH/g oil) for the second season. The saponification value significantly decreased as the boron application rate increased. Boron has improved oil quality by decreasing the acid value, the peroxide value and the saponification value, while maintained the iodine value almost similar to the control. Boron treatment has increased olive fruit productivity and oil yield and it improved oil quality characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion seeds have one of the lowest longevity among the cultivated crops as it loses viability within a year. The unmarketable seeds have no reported food value or feed value. Onion seeds contain considerable oil content which has potential industrial utility. The present study reports the changes in the quality of seed oil extracted from seeds stored for one year (2019-2020), after which the seeds were unmarketable due to low germination. The physico-chemical properties of seed oil were studied in four onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties (Bhima Safed, Bhima Super, Bhima Dark Red and Bhima Shakti) by standard analytical test. The per cent oil content varied from 12.94% - 16.02% and storage resulted in 0.64% loss in seed oil content. The mean seed germination in freshly harvested seeds was 80.50%, which declined to 52.33% after one year of ambient storage. The electrical conductivity, which measures the membrane integrity increased by 108.60% in one-year-old seeds. The physicochemical properties of the seed oil deteriorated with the age of the seed. In comparison to the control, the acid values and peroxide values of the seed oil increased by 51.11% and 12.90% respectively, while saponification value decreased by 36.18%. Among the varieties, Bhima Dark Red had the highest degradation in the seed storability and vigour, which also had the highest deterioration in the lipid quality. The present study reports for the first time the degradation of seed lipids during ageing in onion which might be contributing to the poor storability of onion seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite widespread and its local available as a naturalized hedge and shade plant, the potential of Trichilia emetica was not utilized in soap making by the majority of local community in various parts of Dodoma, Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the quantity (yields) and quality (Acid Values (AVs), %Free Fatty Acids (%FFAs) and Saponification Values (SVs) of seed oil from water plant (T. emetica), suitable for soap making application. Solvent extraction method was used during oil extraction, where by 50gm of preheated and powdered seed materials were immersed in 250 ml of n-hexane in 1:5 (w/v) to dissolve the oil contained in the seed cake. The oil was collected by vaporizing solvent out through Rotary evaporation at 60 °C. Also standard titration methods were used to obtain SVs, AVs and %FFAs of the extracted oil. Results showed that T. emetica seeds contained higher quantity of oil (48.4%−50.2%) than many reported commercial plant seed oils. Also, the study found higher AV (7.4 mgKOH/g−7.8 mgKOH/g), %FFA (3.7% to 3.9%) and SVs (189.5 mgKOH/g − 191.4 mgKOH/g) than the maximum acceptable limits of 0.50 mg KOH/g, 0.020% and 175 mgKOH/g − 187 mgKOH/g prescribed by ASTM standards (2002). The obtained results showed that, T. emetica seeds yielded high oil quantity with low qualities due to higher levels of acidity. But high SVs guarantees the possibility of using T. emetica seed oil in soap making. However, the oil requires purification in order to bring levels of acidity to acceptable standards and guarantee its normal use in soap making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a very promising alternative fuel that has its place in the future energy mix. The dependence of fuel properties on fatty acids profile will influence the choice of feedstock or appropriate treatment that it should undergo in order to respect biodiesel standards. The objective of this study is to find models that predict biodiesel's viscosity, density, flash point, higher heating value, and oxidative stability based on saponification value, Iodine value and the polyunsaturated fatty acids content of feedstock. Biodiesel samples were produced from seventeen different blends of oils. Multiple linear regressions were used to obtain models. High accuracy prediction was obtained for density and higher heating value with prediction errors <5%, a very good accuracy was obtained for viscosity with error <10% and flash point and oxidative stability were predicted with a fair accuracies (error < 15%) which indicates a good correlation level with IV, SV and Polyinsaturations but it also reveals that other parameters could also interfere and should be taken in consideration to reach acceptable accuracy. • 17 biodiesel samples derived from 7 oils and their mixtures. • Multiple regressions used to predict biodiesel properties. • Iodine value, saponification value and polyunsaturated fatty acids as input variables. • Polyunsaturated fatty acids effect significantly on oxidative stability and density. • Weak correlation between flash point and fatty acids profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible oils are an essential component for cooking. Presence of an elevated amount of cholesterol in edible oil might cause several diseases. Therefore, the present study aims to estimate the amount of cholesterol in fourteen branded (BVO) and unbranded (UVO) commercially available edible vegetable oils in Khulna, Bangladesh. Besides, to ensure the quality of the oils, iodine value, saponification value, acid value, insoluble impurities and peroxide value were determined. Quantitative analysis of cholesterol was performed by Liebermann-Burchard method and the result indicates UVO black cumin oil has highest (525.49 ± 0.67 mg/L) cholesterol content whereas BVO sunflower oil contains lowest cholesterol content (145.36 ± 0.73 mg/L). The ascending order of the cholesterol content in various vegetable oils is sunflower oil (BVO)

The effect of moisture content variation on the characteristics and oil yield of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) seeds was investigated. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method at 9.5%, 20%, 30% and 40% moisture content for sample A, B, C and D respectively. The extracted oil was characterized using standard methods. The result showed a percentage oil yield of 25.89%, 19.05%, 12.48% and 12.14% for sample A, B, C and D respectively. The viscosity (mm2/s), specific gravity and smoke point ranges from 0.53-2.27, 0.91-0.84, and 231-215 respectively. The saponification value (mg/KOH/g), iodine value (g/100g) and acid value (mg/KOH/g) are 143.06, 185.13, 260.87, 294.52; 72.00, 88.45, 85.60, 88.45 and 3.37, 30.86, 65.90, 71.81 for sample A, B, C and D respectively. The peroxide value (m/mol/kg) and free fatty acid (mg/KOH/g) ranges from 2-21 and 6.73-143.62 respectively for the extracted oil at moisture content range of 9.5-40%. Moisture content has no effect on the refractive index of tiger nut oil; the high free fatty acid value indicates its edibility. It can be concluded that oil yield decreases with increase in moisture content, with the highest oil yield obtained at 9.5% moisture content. Therefore, an initial seed moisture content of 9.5% is recommended for the extraction of oil to obtain maximum oil yield. The oil can be use as lubricant, cooking as substitute for other vegetable oil and good for soap making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified rice bran oil (RBO) and modified mustard oil (MO) were prepared by adding oleic acid and oxidized oil separately. The physical and chemical indices like dielectric constant, viscosity, peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), free fatty acids (FFA), iodine value (IV), and saponification value (SV) of pure and modified RO and MO were determined and correlated. Dielectric constant and viscosity were found to decrease in a non-linear fashion with increase in temperature (30°C–75°C). The dependence of dielectric constant and viscosity with temperature was investigated using model empirical equations. The dielectric variation was studied using Akerlof and Oshry's model equations, which exhibited high dependency of R2 ranges from 0.99 to 0.997. The behaviour of viscosity with temperature was studied with Wright's equation and the correlation coefficient (R2) was found to be 0.998. Model equations were developed, which relates dielectric constant with IV, SV, and PV with the regression coefficients R2 = 0.955, 0.936, and 0.994, respectively. The developed equations can be used in processing, pipelining, and to predict the parameters at a desired temperature. On comparing the correlations between the physical and chemical properties of the oil samples, RBO and its modified forms exhibited more oxidative stability than modified MO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigates the effect of aluminum ions distribution on the removal of aluminum from rare earth solutions using saponified naphthenic acid. The effect of extraction type on the extraction rate of aluminum and rare earth was studied and the results indicated that aluminum influences the purity of rare earth seriously. For the removal of aluminum, the distribution fractions of aluminum ions and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions at different pH value at 0.15 mol/L initial aluminum concentration were calculated by MATLAB software. The plot of distribution fraction of aluminum ions and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions with pH value are obtained. Based on these, the effect of pH value and saponification value on the extraction of aluminum and rare earth were studied. The results show that the extraction rate of aluminum was highest at pH value 3.0 at initial aluminum concentration 0.15 mol/L in the absence of emulsification. This is consistent with the distribution of aluminum ions and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions. For the solutions containing low aluminum concentration, it is easy to separate aluminum from rare earth at 0.3–0.5 saponification value at pH value 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot and cold extracted virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been subjected to the various quality parameters. There was a no significant difference in iodine value, saponification value, refractive index, fatty acid profile, specific gravity, and moisture content of hot extracted virgin coconut oil (HEVCO), cold extracted virgin coconut oil (CEVCO), and copra oil (CCO) samples. The phenolic components of the HEVCO, CEVCO, and CCO were found to be 650.35 ± 25.11 μg/g, 401.23 ± 20.11 μg/g, and 182.82 ± 15.24 μg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity ranged from 80 to 87% in HEVCO, 65 to 70% in CEVCO, and 35 to 45% in CCO. The results showed that VCO obtained from hot extraction process contained more total polyphenol, antioxidant activity, tocopherol, phytosterol, monoglycerides, and diglyceride content in comparison to CEVCO and CCO samples.

The quality of fats and oils is analysed by several physical and chemical parameters that are dependent on the source of oil as well as processing and storage conditions. In the present study, refractive index, peroxide, saponification, and acid values of different branded and unbranded vegetable oils were determined. Storage stability of oil samples were investigated and fastest deterioration was observed when samples were exposed to day light. UV radiations also caused oxidative damage, as indicated by the increased peroxide values for the samples exposed to UV radiations for 0, 5 and 10 min, respectively. Direct sunlight and UV rays are particularly found responsible for the degradation of oil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating oxidative stability with successive heating temperatures provides a qualitative assessment of oil in the food industry. As one of the prime factors contributing to oil characteristics, the flow behavior of highly refined sesame oil and mustard oil were determined experimentally between the temperatures 25 and 85°C. The variation of viscosity with temperature was fitted in two variable empirical equations and the mathematical models were compared. Various physicochemical parameters of the oils like conductivity, density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, saponification value, iodine value, and free fatty acid content were observed to estimate their characteristics and stability on heating to cooking temperature. The physical and chemical parameters were compared and correlated between the oils to analyze the oxidative stability at different times of heating. A novel relation was demarcated between ultrasonic velocity and the chemical parameters. The study helped in the identification of the best oil suited for repeated cycles of heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]