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Climate policy is crucial in shaping global responses to environmental challenges and steering societies towards sustainable and resilient futures. Thus, in research study, we examine the impacts of Economic (ECONF), Environmental (ENVF), Social (SOCF), and Governance (GOVNF) factors, as well as the combined (ECON-ESG) factors, on Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU) at the global level. The new ECON-ESG form of sustainability, defined in this study, refers to the holistic approach to sustainability by including economic factors (ECON) to traditional ESG factors. Empirical findings reveal that while environmental (E) and social (S) factors worsen the CPU, economic factors (ECON) improve it in the long run. Governance (G) factors have no impact on the CPU. While a 1 % increase in E and S increases the CPU by 22 % and 27 %, the same percentage increase in ECON decreases it by 40 %. These results clearly show that analyses conducted only through the conventional form of ESG may be insufficient and inaccurate in analyzing the effects on the CPU. Our study's result should not be considered limited to the CPU only, and it will be helpful to use this proposed form, ECON-ESG, as a more comprehensive sustainability concept in sustainability studies since it also incorporates economic factors. This approach will enable policymakers to look at climate policies through a holistic sustainability lens with ECON-ESG. These results show that policymakers should adopt a holistic sustainability approach that includes economic factors when shaping climate policies.

This study revisits the Quantity Theory of Money for Greece from the perspective of potentially nonlinear relations between the variables of the equation of exchange. Therefore, this methodological approach makes this study different from previous empirical studies, which were constructed on the assumption of linear relations in this equation. To this aim, for the first time, the nonlinear ARDL model is applied for testing the QTM for a specific country. This model decomposes the variables money stock, price level, and income in the equation of exchange into their increases and decreases. Therefore, the model enables us to examine the validity of the QTM through these increases and decreases separately (partially) under the nonlinear approach. The new methodological approach of this study may be interpreted as a new version of partial QTM testing in relevant literature. Empirical findings reveal that the QTM is partially and weakly valid for Greece. This may emerge not only from the structure of the Greek economy, the behavior of Greek people's financial priorities and the Bank of Greece's monetary policies, but also from the ECB's monetary policies and the behavior of the other euro area countries' people's financial priorities, since Greece is a euro area country

Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are one of the most controversial and complex technological innovations in today's financial system. This study aims to forecast the movements of Bitcoin prices at a high degree of accuracy. To this aim, four different Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are applied, namely, the Support Vector Machines (SVM), the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the Naï ve Bayes (NB) and the Random Forest (RF) besides the logistic regression (LR) as a benchmark model. In order to test these algorithms, besides existing continuous dataset, discrete dataset was also created and used. For the evaluations of algorithm performances, the F statistic, accuracy statistic, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Root Absolute Error (RAE) metrics were used. The t test was used to compare the performances of the SVM, ANN, NB and RF with the performance of the LR. Empirical findings reveal that, while the RF has the highest forecasting performance in the continuous dataset, the NB has the lowest. On the other hand, while the ANN has the highest and the NB the lowest performance in the discrete dataset. Furthermore, the discrete dataset improves the overall forecasting performance in all algorithms (models) estimated.

This study investigates the asymmetric impacts of changes in inflation rates on the US bond rates. This investigation is constructed on the Fisher Equation. To this end, the nonlinear ARDL model is applied. Empirical findings indicate that only the decreases (πt-) in inflation rates affect bond rates. This asymmetric impact therefore shapes the FED’s monetary policy in terms of determining the bond rates at lower cost. When the inflation rate rises, the FED will know (in advance) that they do not need to increase the bond rates. This reminds us the FED’s former pre-emptive strike policy against inflation.

The National Academies defines interdisciplinary research as “a mode of research by teams or individuals that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice.” The fields of business and economics are very suitable for interdisciplinary research. For this reason, we decided to develop and publish an international double blind peer reviewed journal - International Interdisciplinary Business- Economics Advancement (IIBA) Journal - to feature business and economics research that spans more than one discipline. The International Interdisciplinary Business Economics Advancement (IIBA) Journal aims to publish new ideas, research and results concerning all aspects of Business and Economics, and to discuss the practical challenges encountered in the field as well as the solutions adopted. Hence, it will be a platform where numerous disciplines converge. For this reason, we invite scholars from different academic disciplines to collaborate with scholars from other disciplines, tackle issues to solve current and future problems, contribute to the body of knowledge and share their views and research findings. IIBA Journal also welcomes any conceptual papers in addition to contributions towards theory testing and development which will help future empirical studies. It is with a great pleasure that we welcome you to the third issue of the IIBA Journal. This issue presents five excellent contributions. The first paper by Richard Martin offers the concept of leader's psychological resilience (PsyRes) consisting of three major components: emotional intelligence, authenticity, and meaning in life. The second paper by Gulseren Yurcu, Zeki Akıncı and Murad Alpaslan Kasalak reveals the effects of tourism students’ personality traits on leisure motivation and social wellbeing. In addition, the third paper by Necdet Saglam illustrates the history of accounting and auditing in Turkey. In the fouth paper, Cem Berk and Niyazi Berk analyzes the EU insurance system and Turkish insurance sector comparatively in light of the Solvency II regulation. Last but not least, in the fifth paper, Carolin Lusby focuses on the American and Macau student perceptions towards working in the tourism and hospitality industry. Please provide feedback for the articles that are published in IIBA Journal. We also invite you to submit an article for IIBA Journal.

The National Academies defines interdisciplinary research as “a mode of research by teams or individuals that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice.” The fields of business and economics are very suitable for interdisciplinary research. For this reason, we decided to develop and publish an international double blind peer reviewed journal - International Interdisciplinary Business- Economics Advancement (IIBA) Journal - to feature business and economics research that spans more than one discipline. The International Interdisciplinary Business Economics Advancement (IIBA) Journal aims to publish new ideas, research and results concerning all aspects of Business and Economics, and to discuss the practical challenges encountered in the field as well as the solutions adopted. Hence, it will be a platform where numerous disciplines converge. For this reason, we invite scholars from different academic disciplines to collaborate with scholars from other disciplines, tackle issues to solve current and future problems, contribute to the body of knowledge and share their views and research findings. IIBA Journal also welcomes any conceptual papers in addition to contributions towards theory testing and development which will help future empirical studies. It is with a great pleasure that we welcome you to the second issue of the IIBA Journal. This issue presents five excellent contributions. The first paper by Sunaina Kanojia and Sawaliya Priya attempt to unearth quality of corporate governance practices of Indian Banking sector and highlight whether the corporate governance practices of listed public and private sector banks are symmetric post subprime crisis. In the second paper, Mehmet Cihan Yavuz, Muzaffer Sumbul, Nuket Elpeze Ergec, and Cetin Ibrahim Derdiyok conducted a qualitative analysis to assess various aspects of a city destination. On another dimension, the third paper by Weining Li, Jingyu Zhan, and Yuan Lu offers a theoretical model that examines strategic flexibility as an intermediate mechanism in the relationship between transformational leadership and firm performance. The fourth paper by Obed Rashdi Syed and Rosmini Omar attempts to conceptualize a holistic collaboration model that business schools could adapt and proposes method to develop collaborations with potential stakeholders. Last but not least, the fifth paper by Füsun Istanbul Dinçer, Mithat Zeki Dinçer, and Zehra Binnur Avunduk primarily focuses on the effective marketing strategies that should be considered by boutique hotels. Please provide feedback for the articles that are published in IIBA Journal. We also invite you to submit an article for IIBA Journal.

The National Academies defines interdisciplinary research as “a mode of research by teams or individuals that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice.” The fields of business and economics are very suitable for interdisciplinary research. For this reason, we decided to develop and publish an international double blind peer reviewed journal - International Interdisciplinary Business- Economics Advancement (IIBA) Journal - to feature business and economics research that spans more than one discipline. The IIBA Journal aims to publish new ideas, research and results concerning all aspects of Business and Economics, and to discuss the practical challenges encountered in the field as well as the solutions adopted. Hence, it will be a platform where numerous disciplines converge. For this reason, we invite scholars from different academic disciplines to collaborate with scholars from other disciplines, tackle issues to solve current and future problems, contribute to the body of knowledge and share their views and research findings. IIBA Journal also welcomes any conceptual papers in addition to contributions towards theory testing and development which will help future empirical studies. It is with a great pleasure that we welcome you to the inaugural issue of the IIBA Journal. This issue presents five excellent contributions. The first paper by Jeetesh Kumar and Kashif Hussain assesses the factors for medical tourism destination selection from medical tourist’s perspective and to determine the satisfaction level of medical tourists in Malaysia. In the second paper, Philipp E. Leffler furthers the argument that economic globalization began in the early 16thcentury with the birth and expansion of inter-continental trade between the New World, Asia, and Europe; opposing the theory about birth of Globalization in the early 20th century. On another dimension, the third paper by Rui V. da Silva and Natalia Teixeira explains the institutional and structural conditions in an economy as key drivers of country competitiveness by taking southern European economies as a case. The fourth paper by Daniel H. Lam dissects the leading university education policy in China by conducting a qualitative research to explore if the policy implementation is producing the desirable results for the students and the lecturers. Last but not least, the fifth paper by Suleyman N. Oz, Ali Ihtiyar, Fauziah S. Ahmad and Faizan Ali presents a comprehensive and conceptual framework on key factors of intercultural interaction influencing customer satisfaction within the tourism industry. Please provide feedback for the articles that are published in IIBA Journal. I also invite you to submit an article for IIBA Journal.

This paper investigates the effects of real exchange rates and income on inbound tourism demand (tourist arrivals) from Germany, France, the UK, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Sweden to the USA over the period 1996Q3–2015Q1. To achieve this aim, the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for Restaurants and Hotels was used for the first time—instead of using the general Consumer Price Index (CPI)—to transform the nominal exchange rate into the real exchange rate as an independent variable in tourism demand analysis models. Panel co-integration analysis under the cross-sectional dependence (CD) test and common correlated effects (CCE) approach was applied. Empirical results show that tourists visiting the USA are more sensitive to changes in the real exchange rate than changes in GDP. While French tourists respond highly to the GDP, British tourists respond highly to the real exchange rate. It should also be noted that the UK, having the highest responsiveness to the real exchange rate, is a country outside the Eurozone and also intends to leave the European Union.

By using the Emirmahmutoglu–Kose bootstrap Granger non-causality method, this study explores the directions of causality among tourist arrivals, tourism receipts, energy consumption and economic growth for the top 10 most-visited countries (France, the USA, Spain, China, Italy, Turkey, Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Mexico) in the world. This study finds a variety of causal directions between the pair of analyzed variables for each country and the panel. Since cross-sectional dependence exists across the top countries for the analyzed variables, the bootstrap Granger causality test that accounts for the mentioned issue in the estimation process presumably produces reliable and accurate outputs. Further results and policy implications are discussed in this empirical study.