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The Inulin is well-known as a valuable chemical since its structure contains fructose and glucose. Through extraction, inulin can be derived from Dahlia Sp. Tubers. Mostly, the acid and high temperature are used conventionally to extraction inulin from tubers. Instead of using acid and conventional hydrolysis, water and microwave-assisted extraction show promising. In term of the feasibility of the process, Dahlia Sp tubers are attractive alternative inulin feedstock as Dahlia Sp. tubers are abundant and cheap. This work is to find the optimum condition of inulin extraction in the aqueous medium based on the kinetic aspect. The Dahlia tuber powder was poured into microwave tubes filled with Milli-Q water in room temperature. Subsequently, the aqueous solution was added. Some tubes were located in a particular rack in the microwave reactor which was run on fixed temperature. The reaction time is in the range of 0-60 minutes. At diverse extraction times, a tube was withdrawn from the microwave reactor and speedily cooled down by the system to terminate the reaction. The reaction mixture was pipetted out, then the liquid product was separated from the mixture by centrifugation around 5-10 minutes. To identify and quantify, the liquid product was diluted then injected into vials to be analyzed with HPLC. A MALDI-TOF apparatus was also employed to identify the inulin structure. Variables investigated are temperature, loading concentration and reaction time. It can be concluded that (1) the optimum condition was influenced by temperature, loading concentration and reaction time; (2) the optimum condition providing the highest yield of 98.96 mole% was achieved at temperature reaction was 50 °C, loading concentration was 0,1 g/mL and reaction time was 50 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jember is an area in East Java that has potential in the agricultural and plantation sectors. Coffee as one of the commodities of Jember Regency is very well known throughout the world proven by the existence of the coffee and cocoa research center in Jember Regency. Spent Coffee Ground (SCG), the by-product of coffee beverages, is a natural carbon source which can be utilized as an adsorbent matrix in the production of Slow Release Fertilizer (SRF). Jember is an area that relies on economic resources from the agricultural and plantation sectors. It is better to use SCG in advance for a matrix in making Slow Release Fertilizer. The focus of the research was to study the possibility of SCG to be used as a matrix by analyze the yield and surface area after activation. The results show that the total yield of SCG become matrix of SRF is vary 10 – 16% regarding the parameters implemented. The optimum surface area was produced from active carbon using KOH as activator at 400 °C as much as 1047.75 mg iodine/g carbon followed by ZnCl2 as activator at 400 °C as much as 1028.7 mg iodine/g carbon. The bigger the temperature produces the lower surface area of activated carbon. The surface area differences had been checked by LSD method to describe the significance. Hence, the optimum activator is KOH to produce SRF because of the yield and surface area obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood disaster is one of the most common disasters in Jember District. One that is often affected is in 10% of the area of Jember District, namely the Tanggul watershed with an area of 345,875 km2. The condition of Tanggul River, with a length of 23.50 km, which tends to narrow and meander can reduce flow especially when the river discharge is enlarged due to rain. If rainfall is above 100 mm on the upstream part of the watershed, then the downstream of the Tanggul River with a length of ± 10.19 km that passes through Paseban Village, Kraton Village, and Kencong Village are often unable to withstand the discharge which will overflow the surrounding area. The history of flood occurrences in the Tanggul watershed in the last 25 years had occurred 27 times, including 9 times which resulting in breakdown of the embankment. According to records from the Lumajang Public Works Office, the latest flood event in Tanggul River was occurred on December 22, 2018 with water elevation reaches 3.5 m and a discharge of 749,153 m3. This resulted in a broken embankment with a length of 60 m and a height of 7.2 m from the riverbed. Mitigation efforts such as flood routing to get an overview and information on overtopping points is needed to be done in order to minimize losses. This research aims to simulate flood using integration of the main programs DELFT3D and GIS. The flood routing model is obtained by utilizing a spatial model of analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to determine critical embankment or overtopping points and hydraulic flow simulation with DELFT3D program. The modeling results are visually compared with the coordinates of the flood events in the field that prepared by the Lumajang Public Works Office. Based on the 1000-year return period, the overtopping point occurs at ± 12.8 km from the downstream, namely Kencong District and ± 11.8 km from the downstream, namely Paseban District. In the end, this model can be used as a framework for the Tanggul watershed flood routing model to look for the effectiveness of various non-technical flood control alternatives such as land conservation and technical such as river normalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of education today is required to reflect specificity in future development achievements, the needs of infrastructure related to Biomass and Bioenergy shall be facilitated well. Related to this goal shall be supported with facilities and infrastructure that is integrated laboratory building. The construction activity of the laboratory that develops massively made complexity of work that needs quick method IT and project management based to monitoring and minimalize mistakes in development process. The performance of integrated project management overall is obtained using Building Information Modeling (BIM) concept. This article is using one of the features from BIM program that is Revit Architecture because it is capable to give 2D work picture output, 3D modelling and the volume of each work. The aim of this article is to model the building using BIM and to arrange scheduling using Ms. Project. Modelling only consider the structure and architecture work. The study case of this research is IsDB Engineering Biotechnology. Validation is done to check the volume of work from the result of modelling. The result of validation obtained is error (%). The result of Revit Architecture modelling that is done to the whole work has volume that corresponds to DEDC volume except to the reinforcement work. This happened because of the bending and hook reinforcement settings are using default setting so that the error is more than 0%. The result of Revit Architecture modelling is used as the guidelines for scheduling using Ms. Project. The length of time needed in building the IsDB Engineering Biotechnology building is 232 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there are many methods for classifying herbal plants based on leaf authentication. Basically, the method of leaf authentication is a visual comparison of images taken by a camera with a reference visual image. This paper aims to identify herbal leaves using the artificial intelligence method i.e. the convolutional neural network (CNN) applied to the Raspberry Pi. The advantage of CNN is that it does not need feature extraction because it contains an automatic feature extraction process. In this paper, there are 10 types of leaves from different herbal plants which are divided into two-third training data and one-third testing data. The results of the identification system using CNN will be validated with other data that are not included in training and testing. Furthermore, it will be tested with different types of leaves that are outside ten types of leaves in the experiment. The accuracy using this CNN method is above 90%. These results indicate that the CNN method is more accurate in herbal leaf authentication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a tool that would calculate traffic density through vehicle detection using image processing. Haar-Cascading Algorithm was used in vehicle detection. The developed tool used video recordings from identified Cross and T-type road junctions in the City of Mandaue. Traffic video recording were provided by the Traffic Enforcement Agency of Mandaue (TEAM). The system will classify traffic status as low, moderate or heavy based on the calculated traffic density. It is also capable of simulating traffic light control by displaying a Go signal in one part of the road in a particular road junction at a time. The duration of this Go signal will depend on the traffic status determined by the system. Results showed that the system has an average accuracy rate of 80% in vehicle detection and can correctly classify traffic status from the calculated traffic density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RSUD dr. Soebandi the Jember general hospital belonging to the referral center and community treatment centers with complete facilities and services because the hospital is quite strategically located at the central point of four adjacent districts. RSUD dr. Soebandi is the densest hospital in Jember district area so it affects the inpatient patient that is in the process of healing or recovery. Patients in both inpatients and outpatients need comfort in the healing and recovery process. One of the things that affect patient comfort is the noise in the hospital environment where the patient is treated. Noise is an unwanted sound to be heard both subjectively and objectively. Subjectively, human conversations are natural to be heard in a certain atmosphere. But for patients who are taking a break in the process of recovery will be disturbed by the dealing noise around them. Therefore, the WHO and the Health Ministry of Indonesia set a maximum limit of allowable noise at the hospital is 55 dB. Human normal conversation is in the range intensity 30 dB - 50 dB, but 45 dB is the maximum allowable intensity value in the hospitalization set by the WHO (World Health Organization) and 55 dB stipulated by the Decree of the Health Minister of Indonesia in 2004. Some of the above reasons encourage the need for measurement of noise value in RSD dr. Soebandi is special in inpatient areas because the recommendations aimed at patients who are in the process of healing and recovery refer to some of the reasons described earlier. The result of measurement is the measured noise intensity value at some point of measurement at each location that is first class inpatient room consisting of Alamanda and Catleya buildings. The measurement results were plotted into contour and colour maps. The resulting contour map shows the distribution of noise intensity levels had different and distinct color degradation images. In addition, the contour map also presented graphs as a comparison of intensity values between active days and non-active days in each room and time measurement. Research data showed that in general the active day noise value is greater than the non-active days. The noise value within Alamanda building in active days was 48,31 dB while the noise intensity in non-active days was 46,36 dB. Meanwhile the noise values within Catleya building were 52,01 dB in active days while in the non-active day were averagely 47,38 dB. Based on those finding data, this study conclude that the noise level in RSD dr Subandi Jember was lower compare to the maximum value of noise allowed to be occurred in the hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investment climate that attracts investors in welcoming the industrial era 4.0 is the growth of infrastructure supported by the presence of construction companies and adequate transportation equipment. Industrial competitiveness in the field of construction and transportation are two interrelated business fields. The growth and competitiveness of the two fields are influenced by the quality of the company's performance. The quality of a company's performance is influenced by several determinants that influence the success of a business entity, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal and external factors of the company are very important and influence the company's success. The research objective discussed in this article is the analysis of business entities that affect the competitiveness of the construction industry and the shipbuilding industry. The intended business entity is an environment that influences the development of the two industries. The environment in question is the internal and external environment of the company that affects the competitiveness of the national construction and shipyard industry in Indonesia. The method used to obtain data in achieving these objectives is with literature studies and surveys to identify problems and factors that influence the success of both business fields. The approach of the analytical method used in this study is multivariate analysis. The results showed internal and external factors that affect the competitiveness of the construction industry and shipyard industry in Indonesia have many similarities, internal factors that have the highest loading factors are: financial of the company, markets, technology , and the ability of the facilities owned. External factors that influence include: economic and political stability related to financial capability, cooperation, project availability, R&D, and government policies that support the growth and development of the construction industry and shipyard industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology used to help blind people has been developed using various technologies such as an ultrasonic sensor in the form of sonar system in the form of belts and watches. The sonar vision works based on the principle of reflecting a wave with a frequency of 20,000 Hz so that it can be used to determine the distance of an object in a range of up to 3 meters. However, the sonar system cannot identify the object. Computer Vision emerges as one of the most promising solutions. This article focused on developing blind visual aid using a Faster R-CNN identify an object. The Faster R-CNN is instilled on the raspberry pi equipped with a camera. The output is an audio signal about the object and its position refer to the users. The results of this study are able to recognize objects automatically well and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with physical disabilities such as losing an arm, hand, or paralysis will have difficulty moving from one place to another. They need someone or a device that can help their mobility. One of the tools that are often used by physically disabled patients to help their activities is an electric wheelchair. The main purpose of this article is to design a wheelchair for physically disabled patients that can be controlled by voice commands using the convolutional neural network method (CNN). CNN is employed to identify voice commands embedded on raspberry Pi 3. The recorded sound data is converted to spectrogram images before being fed to CNN. This method has been proven well in voice commands recognition with an accuracy of more than 90%. There are five different voice commands for wheelchair navigation, which are forward, backward, left, right and stop. Preliminary experimental results indicate that electrically designed wheelchairs can move using speech command. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jamu is an herbal medicine commonly used before the advent of modern medicine. Generally, the herbal formula is obtained empirically and passed down from generation to generation. However, the healing process with herbs is also influenced by such as myths and local customs. This influence causes differences in the use of herbal ingredients to cure the same disease. The result is a collection of herbal recipes that overlap each other without any supporting evidence of its validity. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a biological process that is influenced by drugs in the healing process. Therefore, PPI due to the consumption of herbs can be used as evidence of the effectiveness of herbal medicine. PPI analysis needs to be done to study how proteins interact with other proteins. PPI analysis with an experimental method (wet lab) cannot be carried out on extensive data and only covers a portion of protein interaction networks. Therefore, a computational approach needs to be done. In previous studies, predictions of PPIs were proven to be carried out using only protein sequence information. The advantage of using this protein sequence information is that this method is more universal. Information that can be obtained from protein sequences includes Discrete Cosine Transform, Multi-scale Local Descriptor, Autocovariance, and Conjoint Triad. The study with the sequence information has been done using different machine learning approaches, such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, and Probabilistic Neural Networks. A deep learning approach has also been done with Stacked-Autoencoder, which tried to construct a hidden structure of protein sequences. Previously, deep learning has also been proven to be able to handle raw and complex data on a large scale and learn the useful and abstract features of perceptual problems such as image recognition and voice. The method proposed in this study is deep neural networks that were trained using stacked-autoencoder and stacked-randomized autoencoder. The extracted features used are conjoint-triad. This study compares both methods which have different characteristics in the construction of layers in deep neural networks. We conducted experiments with k-Fold cross-validation which became the gold standard for most predictive model testing. Our experiments with 5 cross-validations and 3 hidden layers gave an average validation accuracy of 0.89 ± 0.02 for the SAE method and 0.51 ± 0.003 for the ML-ELM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catchment land cover is one of the important factors that influence the conversion of rainfall into runoff. It provides information on the infiltrability of the soil and the ability of the catchment to store and release rainwater. In the Philippines, particularly in Cebu Island, flooding incidences have been experienced at present for rainfall events of magnitude that happened in the past but did not create flooding then. This phenomenon has a connection to changes in land cover especially from vegetation to pavement. This research utilizes satellite images from Landsat-5, Landsat-7, and Landsat-8 in generating historical land cover maps from 1993-2019. The study area was the Butuanon river catchment located in Central Cebu, which has been significantly altered by urbanization in the past two decades. Mosaiced images were made from the said satellite imageries to produce a clear image of the catchment. To achieve this, pansharpening and atmospheric correction were applied to improve image quality, while clouds which came with the images were removed with the QGIS Cloud Masking Plugin. The resulting voids from the masking process were filled in with the temporally closest masked images. Land cover classification was performed with eCognition Developer 9.0, with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as the primary parameters used. Maps were then processed and created using ArcMap 10.3.1, and the percentages for bare soil, vegetated, and developed areas were determined. Five complete images were formed, composing of data from 1993-1995, 2001-2002, 2007-2011, 2014-2016, and 2019, respectively. It was found that for the duration specified, the percent land developed rose over time, with the biggest increase (8.062%) happening earlier this decade. On the other hand, the vegetated areas had a generally decreasing trend, with the exception of the earliest years, where the opposite occurred. Lastly, bare soil areas had no specific pattern to its changes. Manual digitization was then performed on a 1-square km sample area to validate the results of the classification from eCognition. It is recommended that the land classification procedures used be improved to include more land cover types. This study did not deal with tree cover, but doing so would make the results much more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mt. Lamongan, East Java is located at near three major towns around, i.e. Probolinggo, Lumajang, and Jember. Its Mountain indicated saving the potential of geothermal energy. That seems from the existence of geothermal manifestations such as hot springs in Tiris Probolinggo. The hot spring temperature value at the surface is 67°C. Estimation of subsurface temperature distribution, model and the orientation of existing faults are very important to know, to the planning of geothermal exploitation. In this study, we used magnetic and gravity field anomaly data to approximate it. We use Mag3D and Grav3D software from the University of British Columbia (UBC) to make a 3D inversion of magnetic and gravity field data. The inversion is shown the pattern of subsurface susceptibility values and rock density clearly. The susceptibility values correlated with the presence of sub-surface heat source and the rock density is associated with the structural condition, i.e. model and orientation of fault in this area. In this study, we found the subsurface temperature distribution connected with the structural system, i.e. Tiris faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water deficit due to a rise in water demand, and inundation due to an increase in impervious surface area are some of the challenges brought upon by urbanization. Rooftop rainwater harvesting system (RTRWHS) has been a subject of various researches because of its great potential as an additional water resource and as a flood mitigation scheme. This study investigated the reliability of rainwater tanks in meeting non-drinking usage of water and how the implementation of RTRWHS affects the reduction of flood peak and flood volume using HEC-HMS at a selected outlet along A.S. Fortuna St., Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines. Prior to its modelling, the rainwater tanks to be used for each building within the selected catchment area were sized according to a targeted reliability of 60%-80% using the Storage Estimation and Reliability Tool (SARET). A 25-year daily rainfall data acquired from the Philippine weather agency was used in the simulation to estimate the reliabilities of various tank sizes. One of the factors that can affect the reliability of a certain tank size is the roof area. By using the building footprint shapefile acquired from the Center for Geographical Information and Environmental Solutions (CenGES), the roof areas of the buildings found in the study area were estimated using a measuring tool in ArcMap. The building classifications and roof areas were archived in a geodatabase. The reduction in flood peak and flood volume were estimated by comparing hydrographs for a basin without RTRWHS and with RTRWHS obtained from simulations for rainfall events of 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year return periods using HEC-HMS. A reliability of 60%-80% can be achieved for roof areas of 100-550 sq. m. for a corresponding tank size of 1-7 cu. m. when the demand is 280-500 L/day. RTRWHS can reduce flood volume by 6.03%-15.27% and 2.03%-3.35% for flood peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid metal corrosion is getting more attentions by nuclear material researchers. The information about corrosions and damages mechanism of nuclear structural materials are very important for nuclear reactor design. In this current work we study the corrosion of iron when immersed in liquid lead. We study the phenomena by molecular dynamics method based on the Lennard-Jones potential for interaction between two neutral atoms the material. The potential has two parameters i.e. collision parameter(σ) and energy (ε). We also study the iron corrosion inhibition by using nitrogen agent. To simulate the corrosion phenomena, we use the MOLDY molecular dynamics program. For doing this we need to verify the used Lennard-Jones potential parameters firstly. The verification is done by adjusting the two parameters (σ, ε till the value of diffusion coefficient (iron in liquid lead) is similar between simulation and experiment, under certain small error. The two parameters (σ, ε in this work after some correction should be the best value for studying corrosion inhibition or others. We got new parameter ε = 0.4007eV and σ = 2.3894Å for iron, while for lead ε = 0.1910eV and σ = 2.9578Å. By using these parameters in simulation of corrosion inhibition using nitrogen, we can make estimation that for reducing the iron corrosion, it is recommended if we inject nitrogen gas into liquid lead for about concentration of 0.29wt%for the best inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative study on various thermal powers for gas cooled fast reactor with uranium plutonium nitride fuel has been done. The purpose of this study was to compare various thermal powers on nuclear power plant (NPP) Gas Cooled Reactor type. Neutronics calculation was design by using SRAC Code version 2006 (Standard Reactor Analysis Code) with the data nuclides from JENDL-4.0 under the Linux Operating System with nuclear data library JENDL4.0. Neutronic calculations were done through some parameter surveys to obtain the optimal results. The first step was calculation of fuel cell (PIJ-method) by using hexagonal cell and then followed by calculation of core reactor (CITATION-method). The power variations carried out are seven variations of power, namely from 100 MWth to 700 MWth. In this power variation all parameters are made the same. The parameters that are made are the same, namely the percentage of plutonium, the volume fraction of the fuel, the reactor geometry type, the diameter and the active core height (terrace). All power variations have an average power density value and maximum power density increases along with the increase in thermal power. When thermal power increases, the k-eff peak value will be increase too. It shows that if the thermal power increases, the burn-up fuel is also increase more than before, so that the fuel is used for the burn-up process which causes k-eff increase. The increasing graph which shows in the figure explains that the reactor breeding occurs, while the declining graph shows the reactor is burning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) studies in hospitals revealed that patients, workers, and visitors health and well-being were risked by various pollutants, which could lead to nosocomial infections. Insufficient preparedness of the healhcare provider could lead to a nosocomial infection during disaster, which also could lead to an outbreak disease. Both local and global healthcare provider preparedness will impact the handling of the epidemic. Government policy and regulation are very important primary and basic sources of information because they are mandatory to be applied as a part of national policy. IAQ is one of the exogenous factors that could lead to nosocomial infection. Hospital has to be responsive to handle disaster victim and prepared its strategy to handle its IAQ in an over usage condition during disaster. The complexity and sensitivity about this IAQ studies made the number of research in this area are very limited. Another regulation review had been done by National institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in United States in order to find their preparedness of IAQ regulations during disaster. This study aimed to compile and analyze the regulation about IAQ in Indonesian hospital for the last 20 years, and find the Indonesian hospital preparedness facing disaster. Indonesian Regulation were searched and analyzed the policy output about indoor air pollutant, variables, and hospital standard milestones. Chronological issuance of this regulation was organized and compared the significance output from year to year. The chronological data shown a lot of improvement in term of comprehensiveness, and needs of improvement for the enforcement of the monitoring action. This study recommends the ministry of health to evaluate the IAQ in hospital regulation, and to support the development of the future regulation through a series of reliable researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Puger Fish Landing Base is located on the southern coast of Java Island, so this port is directly facing the Indian Ocean. At the entrance and exit of the ship to the harbor a groin exists. The groin is located on the Puger River and faces the sea. The groyne is influenced by current and tidal patterns. The groyne was built in 2014, and then was cut. Based on this phenomenon, numerical simulations were carried out to determine differences in sea water level and flow velocity, for the two conditions with and without groyne. Bathymetry data obtained from BIG (Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency) was used for simulations. Tidal observations from previous studies were used to validate the model. Two scenario models with and without groynes were simulated. Spatial variations of flow velocity in the highest tides, minimum tides, and representative time steps for both cases were presented. It can be seen that with groyne, flow velocity was greater and more unstable than models without groyne. Based on the flow velocity pattern at the four observation points and water level, it is concluded that the model with groyne showed a higher flow velocity than the model without groyne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsunami occurred on June 3, 1994, as a result of the earthquake in Banyuwangi at 10,477° South Latitude and 112,835° East Longitude with magnitude 7.2 SR. Tsunami in Banyuwangi causes 122 victims, 15 missing persons, 450 houses completely ruined, over 250 heavily damaged in Pancer village and 6 fishermen disappear. In 2006, The Pangandaran Tsunami also attacked coastal area in South Java. This study aims to model tsunami in Puger Beach using Delft3D with the combination of earthquake source characteristics in South Java. Bathymetry data and topography were taken from The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). Delft3D Dashboard was utilized as a first step to create a model domain and simulation grid. Bathymetric interpolation to the simulation grid and initial surface elevation were also created from earthquake fault parameters using Delft3D Dashboard. After setting parameters, numerical simulation was carried out using Delft3D-FLOW. To conduct model validation, the data observation of the 1994 Banyuwangi tsunami from the previous research was utilized. The locations used for validation in this study were Cape Pelindu, Puger and Watu Ulo Beaches with the maximum water level 3.2 m, 4.88 m - 5.85 m and 6.5 m - 7.5 m, respectively. Simulations were divided into three scenarios. Scenario 1 was a simulation of the 1994 Banyuwangi tsunami. Scenario 2 was a simulation to represent the characteristic of fault from The 2006 Pangandaran Earthquake in Puger Beach. Scenario 3 was a combination between Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 which represented tectonic plate fault simulation. Based on the results of the simulation 3, the time of maximum tsunami height reached the study area at the 40 minutes and back to normal at 170 minutes. The greatest impact was created from Scenario 3 with tsunami heights of 10.91 meters to 22.34 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feedstock and processing technology determined the quality of activated carbon. The ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) waste was used as activated carbon feedstock. The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties of activated carbon produced by water soaking activation at low thermal cracking temperature. At first, ulin wood was characterized by Thermal Gravimetric/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC). Ulin wood waste was pyrolyzed for two hours in the absence of oxygen at 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C of thermal cracking temperature. The hot char produced was then water soaked for thirty minutes to activate the char. The characteristics of activated carbon were performed by ultimate-proximate analyses, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analyses. To compare the activated carbon properties, it was also analyzed the conventional carbon produced without water soaking. Based on TGA/DSC, the components of lignocellulose in wood powders have decomposed at all pyrolysis temperature. The result showed that in the 550 °C thermal cracking temperature, the fixed carbon, total carbon, ash content, and pH were increased, but volatile matter, yield, oxygen, and hydrogen were decreased. Carbon activation by water soaking could clean the char from the surface dust. Based on SEM analysis, the higher the thermal cracking temperature, the more ordered macroporous char. There was a functional group similarity between activated and conventional char. As increasing thermal cracking temperature, the organic functional groups had a high aromatic of C-H, C=C, C=O groups. BET surface areas of activated carbon of ulin wood were ranged between 175.97 m2/g – 218.88 m2/g. The calorific value was increased from 6,728.67 cal/g to 7,128.14 cal/g as increased pyrolysis temperature. The sharp diffraction peaks based on XRD analysis indicated that there was the structure of the graphite crystalline in activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of industries that use fossil fuels produces negative impacts on the environment. For the first time in human history, CO2 levels in the atmosphere have doubled compared to the ice age. Renewable energy is one solution to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. One source of renewable energy is solar energy. This energy can be utilized using the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. DSSC is environmentally friendly, low cost, and can be grown on elastic thin films. DSSC consists of four main components, one of which is photoanode. Photoanode serves as a medium for photogeneration of electrons to produce an electric current. For better performance, DSSC was analytically modeled by several previous researchers. But only on macro parameters such as working temperature, solar intensity, and electron lifetime. It is necessary to make variations on the photoanode semiconductor material and nanostructure parameters to optimize DSSC performance. There are three best variations in a photoanode semiconductor material such as TiO2, ZnO, Nb2O3. Further modeling of nanostructures photoanode constituent particles uses the constant overlap method. This modeling can describe nanostructural parameters such as diffusion coefficient, absorption coefficient, and porosity to describe J-V characteristics of DSSC. The simulation is done after the modeling results agreed well with the experimental results based on the reference. Simulation results illustrate the value of sunlight penetration depth that affects the short circuit current density. The short circuit current is proportional to the absorption coefficient and the diffusion coefficient. 0.41 porosity is the optimum value that produces maximum power. Photoanode semiconductor material based on the J-V characteristics of the best is TiO2, ZnO, Nb2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral resources of a region are development assets and are one of the essential capital of development as well as the source or potential of wealth in the area. To make the right use for the welfare of the community, there is a need for proper identification of types, positions and reserves, excavation, and management. Therefore, to manage the mine deposit, especially industrial minerals, an area needs to be mapped to reveal mining resources concerning the type, size, and position of deposits in a field. The purpose of the study was to determine the potential for the dissemination of mining excavations in Situbondo Regency. The research method used remote sensing with guided techniques based on data in the field and geological maps. Based on remote sensing results, it was found that there were 5 minerals in Situbondo Regency. The excavated materials are sand, limestone, trass, mountain rock, and phosphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road geometric are the component design of the road. Road geometric design has provisions such as road classification, design criteria, road components, cross section, visibility, vertical alignment, and horizontal alignment. Based on Bina Marga (1997), the design speed on the horizontal alignment is influenced by road's radius (R), degree of curved (D), the coefficient of friction (F), superelevation (e), and the level of attainment of road crossing (Ls). In the research of Fitzpatrick (2000), it was explained that the grade affected of vehicle speed on thecurved. This research was conducted to find out the modeling the relationship between vehicle speed and road,s radius, degree of curved, and grade in Wringin Highway Bondowoso. This research uses a non linear regression analysis method. Primary and secondary data include vehicle speed, road's radius, degree of curved, and grade. In this research, vehicle speed as the dependent variable and road's radius, degree of curved, and grade as the independent variable. The analysis results obtained a grade of -10% 2= 0.933 and Y = -0.024x2 + 1.802x+5.165 using the polynomial regression model. R2 values indicate grade and radius affect the amount of vehicle speed by 93.3%, while 6.7% is influenced by other factors. The 10% to 12% grade gets the value R2 = 0.993 and Y = 0.043x2 - 3.139x + 91.65 using the polynomial regression model. This value indicates grade and radius affect the amount of vehicle speed by 99.3%, while 0.7% is influenced by other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of infiltration rate reading and soil sampling was carried out in the Campus II Area of Universitas Brawijaya (Dieng) using the Turf-Tec Infiltrometer, implemented in 8 points. At all points, the process of reading the infiltration rate is done once and once the soil sampling is used to determine the characteristics of the soil in the sample of the point in question. The process of analyzing soil characteristics was carried out at the Soil and Ground Laboratory of the Water Engineering Department. Soil samples used in the analysis of soil characteristics are soil samples that were previously taken from the eight infiltration rate readings in Campus II Universitas Brawijaya (Dieng). The daily rainfall data used comes from Department of Water Resources Engineering Rain Station – Universitas Brawijaya, BMKG Sukun Rain Station, and BMKG Ciliwung Rain Station. To determine the rate of infiltration that occurs based on the flooding method of permeable soil in this study using the Horton Model, Holtan Model, and Philip's Model. According to the testing of specific gravity that has been done, it can be concluded that there are 2 classes of soil types based on the classification of specific gravity, namely: sand (point 4, point 5, point 6, and point 7) and organic clay (point 1, point 2, point 3 , and point 8). According to the calculation of the grain size that has been done and shown through a filter analysis graph image at each point that shows the overall trend that ends in the type of sand (sand) indicates that the overall point has a type of sand. The hydrometer test is divided into 2 parts, namely: the hydrometer calibration process and the hydrometer testing calculation process. Based on the analysis of soil porosity, it can be concluded that the porosity value has a relationship with the water content value where the smaller the moisture content value at a point, the smaller the porosity value in the soil will be. From the analysis of the distribution of soil characteristics, infiltration rate and R24 rain histogram, it was found that inundates characteristics occurred in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage systems, consisting mainly of river networks and drainage divides, evolved through geologic time as governed by erosion, tectonic uplift, and climatic processes. The present topographic features of these functional landforms provided footprints of their evolution. Divide migration and river reorganization were indicative of their dynamic state which has implications on the delivery and transport of water, sediments, and nutrients from the upstream areas to downstream areas, and influences biodiversity and speciation across divides in response to gain or loss of drainage areas. The utility of topographic metrics to predict this dynamic state on synthetic and natural landscapes has been tested in previous studies. Application of the topographic metrics in a tropical island was aimed at understanding natural land surface variability critical for disaster risk assessment and sustainable resource management. The present study conducted a topographic analysis to understand the dynamic state of river networks and drainage divides of a tropical island using divide stability tools. Four across divide contrasts were tested, namely: chi (χ), mean gradient, mean local relief and channel bed elevation to decipher the state of tropical island drainage systems. The TopoToolbox implemented in Matlab facilitated the routine analysis with a 10-m digital elevation model as input. Outputs from Matlab were further analyzed in a GIS platform. The four metrics showed that the divide between major drainage systems was stable, however, anomalies indicated by differences of χ-values were found at the headwaters where mountain areas marked the boundaries between the major and small drainage systems. On these areas, divide migration was predicted to move from the areas with lower χ values to the areas with higher χ values. The χ – inferiority map gave a more detailed potential divide movement. This divide migration entailed either an increase in the drainage areas of the aggressor catchment or a reduction in the drainage area of the victim catchment. Literature suggested that divide and river network reorganization will continue until equilibrium is attained within the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster management requires fast and efficient handling of information. To deal with this issue, it does not only involve humans as the primary resource but also the various tools involved, such as robots. Cloud robotics extends the computation and information sharing among several types of robots so that robots can work as teamwork to complete a mission. This paper provides an overview of cloud robotics implementation to help deal with disasters that occur. Robots are used to mapping disaster-affected areas, identifying objects, and sending data real-time to the cloud server. This paper also discusses the implementation of typical network architecture on disaster case using fog computing paradigm. We propose using the MQTT protocol for information distribution from the robot side to the cloud server. We compare its performance with the HTTP protocol. The latest challenges and problems are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of underground space is developed and becoming part of the general planning process. The need for land to be built especially in big city has become the main factor to consider "underground" as a problem solving of urban design. As an example of this underground space utilization, underground building for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in some cities can be a sample to explore the journey of underground space to become a public area. This paper analyses disaster management-design by the case of some TOD in some countries to get summarize of how disaster prevention and evacuation can be transferred into the design of the underground building. The disaster management aim is to encourage and preserve a safe environment, especially as a public area. This paper's method is identifying factors contribute to disaster management by presenting an underground building layout. In addition, evaluation is included in this study by comparing the applied design with International Standard or Requirement. Therefore, this paper can be a reference for evaluating the existing TOD and also can forecast the obstacles that need to be solved from the perspective of disaster management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors such as user's behavior and user's use of water causes waste of water. Moreover, lack of information or monitoring of a water pipeline system hinders knowledge on the current state of the system. With this, proper management of water would lessen such problem. This paper focuses on the development of a water management system which transmits water pipeline data such as volumetric flow rate and pressure through a wireless sensor network. Three (3) modules comprise the system, namely sensor nodes, base station, and mobile application. Each module communicates in coordination with the other modules to enable the system's monitoring and management capabilities. The system is managed through a mobile application which provides the user about the information on a faucet's activities, water consumption, pressure and leak monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood, as one of the natural disasters, has caused fatalities and significant economic losses in Indonesia. Flood disaster occurs every year in some flood-prone areas. Compared to other disasters, the occurrence of the flood can be simulated and predicted to help minimizing losses. However, in the current situation, the number of fatalities and economic losses is still in a considerable number. In order to implement the disaster mitigation measure effectively, we have to know the factors that influence the knowledge of people regarding the evacuation route. Because, when a flood occurs, people need to decide immediately where they supposed to evacuate. Even though some people have an idea about the shelter location; they cannot determine the effective evacuation route to reach the shelter once the disaster occurs. In addition, poor people are more vulnerable to disasters than rich people due to their inadequate resources. This research aims to investigate which factors most effectively affect people's knowledge of the evacuation route in the poor village community. In this research, we apply the educational background, age, and gender as the basic attributes that affect evacuation knowledge. We hypothesize that those three basic attributes have a significant role in understanding the effective evacuation route as disaster preparedness knowledge. In order to gain the purpose, we conducted a home-based survey by selecting 308 respondents in Kademangan village, East Java Indonesia, randomly. We asked the respondents about their basic attributes and gave them one direct question about their knowledge of the evacuation route. We applied logistic regression to analyze the correlation between the basic attribute factors and the evacuation route knowledge. The results showed that people who are older and have a higher level of education know more about the evacuation route better than those who are younger and have a lower level of education. Furthermore, female respondents have less understanding of the effective evacuation route than male respondents. In other words, the educational background, age, and gender give a significant impact on knowledge of flood evacuation in the poor community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this digital era, everything various aspects in life needs to be done fast, practical, and reliable. All these demands encourage people to consider adopting technology in life that includes microtransaction. Until this day, most of the microtransactions still carried by using conventional cash transactions. Although some people already use a debit card when as the times progressed, people began to switch to cashless transactions. Another similar system that has been implemented has each different design, but always prioritizes the principle of robustness, scalability, and flexibility. This paper proposes a cashless transaction system for the small-scale organization such as school, college, office, and other organization by designing an RFID terminal device and database server. This system aimed to be more user-friendly and straightforward. The designed system consists of an RFID card as e-money, terminal transaction device, and database server. RFID serves as a unique ID owned by the user to identify themselves to authorize their transactions. The user will be able to make a payment on the terminal device installed in the vendor shop by using the smart card. The device will access the database connected by a local network using wireless communication. The server will receive data from the terminal device that consists of user ID, vendor ID code, transaction type code, and transaction nominal. The results of the connectivity test show that at a distance of 1-6 m TD (Terminal Device) does not experience connection failure and delivery. However, starting at a distance of 7 m, TD indicates a failure of 18% of all experiments. TD can connect when separated from access points at a distance of 10 m but has a low success rate at distances of 9 and 10 m. TD always restarts connections after multiple shipments (5-6 shipments for a distance of 9 m, and 3-4 shipments at a distance of 10 m). In testing the connection delay, access time at a distance of 1-6 meters is quite stable with a range of 3-4s. The time needed for TD to connect can be said to be quite stable between 3-4 seconds. It will increase when separated from access points at a distance of 6 m even though the success rate remains stable up to a distance of 8m. For the next development, it is planned to use a single board computer hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mount Ijen Crater is one of the popular tourist destinations in East Java, Indonesia. Mount Ijen Crater presents a beautiful blue fire view. However, behind its beauty, the Mount Ijen area has the potential danger of toxic gases. In old time there have been casualties due to the disasters of toxic gases that appear in the Ijen Mountain area. This study developed a toxic gas monitoring system which can be accessed online through the website. An array sensor is integrated into the raspberry-mini pc, and the data is stored in the online database. The levels of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide gas can be real-time monitored from anywhere via the internet network. This study can be used for an early warning system for toxic gas disasters in the Mount Ijen area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The queue for transporting sugar cane from rice fields in sugar mills is very long and requires a long time. This creates a shortage of funds and time because workers must be in the queue. The need for rapid measurement in sugar cane at the sugar factory is expected to provide a solution to the problem. In this study we introduced a measurement system using multisample that can be measured simultaneously. The measurement system consists of three glass prisms, three photodiode array sensors, a multiplexer and ADC, and a computer. The measurement system in this study was used to measure the concentration of sugar from concentrations of 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. The results showed that the measurements went well, because all the results of the measurement measurements on the monitor screen. The measurement system can manage each measurement directly using three samples at a time. In this way the measurement takes place faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candlenut biodiesel meets the characteristics of biodiesel standards that have been determined according to the criteria of Indonesia's national standard parameters (SNI) such as density, viscosity, Cetane number, flash point, and fog point. The premixed combustion test on candlenut biodiesel oil aims to determine the characteristics of biodiesel and the characteristics of the combustion fire. The examination was carried out by comparing the characteristics of pure biodiesel fire (B100), pure candlenut biodiesel (B0), with a mixture of 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 30% (B30) and the equivalent variation of ratio (ϕ) 1.5 , (ϕ) 1 and (ϕ) 0.5. This examination aims to analyze the effect of mixing on the resulting fire characteristics, including the flame color, the height of the flame cone, and the temperature of the flame. The examination and measurements of the flame temperature showed a decrease in flame temperature on each addition of candlenut biodiesel from each variation. In the results of the measurement of flame color with variations ϕ = 1 and ϕ = 0.5, there is a decrease in the percentage of blue flame in each addition of candlenut biodiesel. In the results of fire cone measurements with variations ϕ = 1.5, ϕ = 1 and ϕ = 0.5, there is a decrease in the height of the fire cone in each addition of 30% pecan oil biodiesel. The decrease in each flame characteristic was caused by the effect of adding candlenut biodiesel oil, which resulted in increasing fuel density so that the fuel was difficult to burn and reduced the result characteristics of the flame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's dependence on fossil fuels causes shrinkage of fossil fuel in the earth, especially in industrial sector and transportation that is highly depended on petroleum. Industry and transportation agents have changed the use of fossil fuels to alternative fuels such as ethanol fuel. Ethanol continues to be researched and developed to reduce people's dependence on fossil energy. But the use of ethanol fuel cannot be applied a hundred percent in industrial machinery and transportation machinery because the engine that used has a specification for gasoline if we want to use ethanol as an alternate for the main fuel, so it has to changed the components of that engine. Things that could be done at this time is mixes ethanol and gasoline fuel so that the use of gasoline can be minimized without changing the engine components used. This study discusses the effect of a mixture of gasoline and ethanol on a gasoline engine. This study discusses the characteristic of gasoline and ethanol mixture on gasoline engine. This study discusses the characteristic of gasoline and ethanol mixes. This study summarize the result of research in ethanol-gasoline sector since 2008 - 2019 with a special study that covering about the spray characteristic with heating of ethanol-gasoline fuel, octan number and engine performance. The parameters of this study focused on the results of injection spray, torque, power, specific fuel consumption and the effect on emissions products, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydro carbon and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of a mixture of E0 to E60 gasoline and ethanol fuel in a gasoline engine. It can be seen that the increase of performance and thermal efficiency by adding ethanol fuel mixture to the gasoline engine and reducing exhaust emissions from combustion of ethanol-gasoline. however there is a limit that the ethanol-gasoline mixture if the mixture exceeds the mixture's boundary so it will causes a decrease in engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization on plants is normally performed by spreading fertilizer directly to the soil, which can pollute the environment since not all the fertilizers are instantaneously absorbed by the plants. One method being developed to overcome this problem is by using a matrix for controlled release fertilizers (CRF). CRF that is commonly used is hydrogel composite based. In this study, hydrogel composite was synthesized from local arrowroot starch with co-monomer (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), zeolite, and urea-KH2PO4 through a radical polymerization process. The hydrogel and hydrogel composite were characterized by using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDS. The swelling capabilities test and release rate of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus were measured at buffered pH of 5 and 7, and in distilled water. The results of FT-IR, SEM, and EDS show that zeolite and fertilizers were dispersed evenly in the hydrogel composite. Results from the swelling capabilities test showed the highest value when performed in distilled water, followed by results in pH 5, and pH 7. Measuring the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium released in the buffer pH 5, pH 7 and in water over a period of 0 to 100 hours shows that they are released gradually. Therefore, hydrogel composites synthesized from local arrowroot starch, monomers (acrylic-acrylamide), zeolite, and urea-KH2PO4 show promising results as controlled release fertilizers of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One type of alternative energy currently developed in Indonesia is bioethanol. The use of bioethanol as a fuel has several advantages compared to oil fuels such as cleaner burning and environmentally friendly because carbon monoxide gas emissions are lower, so it does not contribute to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Bioethanol can be made from biomass raw materials which contain sugar, starch, or cellulose. One of the abundant biomass in Indonesia is tobacco. Jember Regency has 6,078 ha of tobacco plantations. With an estimated number per hectare of 22,000 trees with an estimated stem weight of 0.5 kg, so 66,858 tons of tobacco stem waste will be available in Jember Regency. The availability of abundant tobacco stems is very potential to be used as raw material for making bioethanol. One of the important steps of bioethanol processes is pretreatment. This process aims to separate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose produced from the pretreatment process will be hydrolysis in the next stage. The amount of cellulose that can be separated from lignin and hemicellulose will affect the results in bioethanol production. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of temperature and time on the pretreatment process. The pretreatment method used is a chemical method because it has several advantages such as the cost is cheap, the material is easy to get, time is fast, and does not require high energy compared to other methods. The solvents used are H2SO4 and HCl. Analysis of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose using the Chesson method. Temperature variations in this research were 100°C, 120°C, and 140°C. For H2SO4 solvents, the optimum temperature is 100°C with time 60 minutes obtained the cellulose 23.52%. For HCl solvents, the optimum temperature is 120°C with time 60 minutes obtained the cellulose 24.43%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminar burning velocity is the volume of unburned gas per unit time distributed by the gas consumed. The laminar burning velocity has an important role because it contains basic information about fuel reactivity, diffusivity, and exotherms in the combustion process. In addition, laminar burning velocity is important to identify for calculation in fuel storage explosion protection. This study explains the characteristics of the laminar burning velocity of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester using perforated burner method. The fuel used are 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (B0, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100) blending fuel of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester and petroleum diesel. Fuel rate is 60 ml/hour (1 ml/minute) using a syringe pump to control which is then evaporated at 180 °C. The observations of laminar burning velocity with variations of equivalent ratio Ø 0.6 to Ø 1.4 using B0 to B100 fuel showed that the value of laminar burning velocity rate continued to decrease along with the increase in the Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester blending ratio. Blending fuel B20, flame can be observed with variations of Ø 0.6 to Ø 1.4, while in materials on fuel B40, B60, B80, and B100 the flame cannot burn up at equivalent ratio Ø 0.6. Flammability limits of blending B40, B60, B80, and B100 fuels which are only able to burn up at an equivalent ratio of more than 0.6, this phenomenon shows that the maximum ratio of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester blending has characteristics approach diesel is the B20 blending ratio. Laminar burning velocity for each equivalent ratio on each fuel continues to decline, even at Ø = 0.6 only B0 and B20 fuels are burned up and observable, while other fuels do not ignite and achieve flammability limits. The increasing biodiesel blend shows the laminar burning velocity in each of the equivalent ratio continues to decline, this is caused by several factors such as density, viscosity, auto ignition, and increasing C-O fuel ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coumarins and their derivatives have biological activities such as anti-microbial, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-HIV properties. Molecular modeling using Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) has been performed on a series of diiodocoumarin derivatives as effective antimicrobial agent. This research focus on a set of experimetally inhibition-zone diameter (mm/mg sample) value data of 5diiodocoumarin derivatives, that is 6,8-diiodocoumarin-3-carboxylate, 6,8-diiodocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 6,8-diiodocoumarin-3-carbonylchloride, N-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-6,8-diiodocoumarin-3-carboxamide, and N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-diiodocoumarin-3-carboxamide. The mathematical method multi linear regression calculation was used to build the QSAR model. QSAR analysis was employed on fitting subset using log (1/inhibition-zone diameter) as dependent variable and atomic net charges, dipole moment and partition coefficient in n-octanol/water as independent variables. The parameterized Model number 3 (PM3) method was carried out to calculate the quantum chemical descriptors, chosen to represent the electronic descriptors of molecular structures. The relationship between log (1/inhibition-zone diameter) and the descriptors was described by resulted QSAR model. The resulted QSAR model for caffeic acid derivatives as anti-microbial is presented below: 8.051 + 32.24 C 5 + 27.24 O 7 + 0.021 log P R = 1 ; R 2 = 0.999 ; SE = 0.008 ; Sig = 0.038 QSAR model for diiodocoumarin derivatives showed partition coefficient of n-octanol/water and atom charge in C5 and O7 gave significant effect as descriptors to the anti-microbial activity.N-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-6,8-diiodocoumarin-3carboxamide and N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-diiodocoumarin-3-carboxamide have higher anti-microbial activity because the presence of hydroxyphenylgroup increases the electron density value of O7 and C5. The calculated PRESS (Predicted Residual Error Sum of Square) value was 7.13E-05 which indicates the calculated log (1/inhibition-zone diameter) using QSAR Hansch Model of diiodocoumarinderivativesis similar with experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of chitosan made from papuyu fish scales (Anabas testudineus Bloch) of 0.1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3 grams of chicken meat as food preservatives. The time of soaking chicken in chitosan for 15; 30; 45 and 60 minutes. The analysis carried out was organoleptic tests, including color, odor, suppleness and mucus specifications. The results obtained were the optimal amount of chitosan at 1.5 g. The most optimal immersion time of chicken in chitosan is at 45 minutes, because at that time chicken meat can absorb chitosan completely but does not cause stinging chitosan odor which can affect the distinctive aroma of chicken meat, while in chicken meat soaked in acidic solution the most optimal acetate time is 30 minutes. Chicken meat soaked in chitosan can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. This is evidenced by chicken meat which can last up to 3 days while in chicken meat which is soaked in acetic acid alone or in chicken meat that is not soaked in any solution, it can only last for 1 day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main phenolic compound in olive oil is hydroxytyrosol (HT), which is responsible for antioxidant activity in olive oil. However, highly polar of HT has lack solubility in lipid, thus on previous research, efforts have focused on synthesizing HT derivatives which enhance lipophilicity. This study has aim to study about analysis of quantitative structure and activity relationship (QSAR) of alkyl nitroderivatives of hydroxytyrosol as an antioxidant agent. As the subject of this research was a set of experimentally calculated FRAP assay (mM) value data of 6 HT derivatives. The values of the descriptors were obtained from semiempirical PM3 quantum mechanic calculation. The relationship between log (1/mM) and the descriptors was described by resulted in QSAR model. Here is the QSAR model for alkyl nitroderivatives of hydroxytyrosol as an antioxidant agent: 0.17 LogP - 137.28 C 5 - 7.88 O 11 - 4.23 dipole - 5.93 R = 0.970 ; R 2 = 0.949 ; SE = 0.0905 The descriptors which have strong correlation with antioxidant activity are log P, dipole, and the net charge in C5 and O11. The SE value of this calculation is small (0.0905) and the R2 for the calculation is excellent (0.970). The calculated log (1/mM) using QSAR Hansch Model for alkyl nitroderivatives of hydroxytyrosol have excellent agreement with experimental data of Log (1/mM). The alkyl nitroderivatives of HT (6b-e) have various antioxidant activity depending on the length alkyl group. It showed that shorter alkyl group, ethyl (6b) and butyl (6c) generated higher antioxidant activity than HT. Moreover, longer alkyl group, hexyl (6d) and octyl (6e) showed lower antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive groundwater extraction, causing the occurrence of water loss under the surface of the soil, causes the sea water pressure to land larger, resulting in sea water intrusion. To overcome seawater intrusion, one way that can be done is by adding groundwater using a sand column placed at the bottom of the recharge reservoir which connects directly to the aquifer layer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of using sand columns in recharge reservoirs as a buffer for sea water intrusion. This research is a numerical modeling study using SEAWAT program simulation, which will produce data in the form of sea water intrusion. Parameters used are: the number of sand columns, isochlor concentration, where each parameter consists of 3 variables and the reservoir water level is 8 variables. The simulation results obtained show that by increasing the number of sand columns and reservoir water height, the length of seawater intrusion can be shortened.by using of three sand columns and reservoir water level of 97 cm, the results show a decrease of 2281.05% compared to those without using a sand column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conventional diesel engine usually has a larger amplitude of vibration compared other engines. Vibration energy in the diesel engine, which usually dissipates into heat and sound, can be utilized as a source of electric power. In this study, the energy harvester consists of a cantilever beam, a piezoelectric motor, a series of diode bridges, a USB step up and a USB safety tester. In order to conduct the parametric study, the thickness of the cantilever beam varies in the range of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm. The experimental test is carried out and measured with an accelerometer, a vibration meter, an oscilloscope and a voltmeter. The result shows that the highest voltage and power can be achieved by setting the thickness of 0.1 mm, which can produce of 4.46 V and 15 mW in the range of 750-1250 RPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]