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Background The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act (PC&PNDT Act), 1994 was enacted to prevent sex determination and female feticide. As a mandatory statutory requirement, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India has to renew its PC&PNDT license after every 5 years. Aim The current study was undertaken with an objective to delineate in detail, the process of PC&PNDT license renewal, and the challenges dealt with while submitting the renewal application. Methods and Material An observational descriptive study was conducted from February to July 2022. The renewal process was categorized into preapplication, application, and postapplication phases. The requisite documents and data were collected from the Hospital Establishment Section and Medical Records Department. Results The preapplication phase involved obtaining details from 24 departments, with 20 responding initially. Challenges included incomplete documents and deficient details. The application phase required consolidation, affidavits, form filling, and fee payment. Postapplication, an inspection was conducted, and the renewal certification was obtained. Conclusion The study highlights the complexities of renewal of PC&PNDT license of a large multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital. Planning leads obtained during various phases could serve as a guiding template for other similar teaching hospitals. The study suggests the need for digitalization and streamlining of documentation process to ease out the renewal process and hence contribute to better patient care at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: National level Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) is normal in Bangladesh despite its patriarchal social structures, strong son preference, and low fertility level, widely recognized as preconditions for Gender-Biased Sex Selection (GBSS). To better understand this anomaly, we examine the trend in SRB in a sub-district in Bangladesh and assess the impact of the introduction of fetal sex-detection technology and the history of induced abortion on child sex using longitudinal data. Methods: We have used secondary data collected routinely by icddr, b's Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) between 1982 and 2018. All births occurring during this period (N = 206,390) were included in the analyses. We calculated the SRB and used multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the likelihood of birth of a male child before and after the introduction of ultrasonogram in Matlab. Results: Overall, SRB was within the natural limit (106) during 1982–2018 in Matlab. SRB among women with a history of induced abortion was 109.3 before the introduction of ultrasonography in 2001 and 113.5 – after 2001. Women's history of induced abortion prior to introduction of ultrasonogram (1982–2000) increased the likelihood of birth of a male child 1.06 times (AOR 1.06; 95% CI- 1.01–1.11). In the period after, however, this likelihood was 1.08 (AOR 1.08; 95% CI- 1.02–1.15). Conclusions: In a context with normal SRB, it was found to be skewed among women who had induced abortion. SRB was relatively more skewed among such women after the advent of ultrasonogram compared to a period without ultrasonogram. Moreover, induced abortion after introduction of fetal sex determination technology increased the likelihood of birth of a male child. These findings suggest the plausibility of GBSS in a sub-group. Further research is needed, particularly in regions with skewed SRB to examine whether GBSS is indeed a threat to Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Investigate patient preferences in embryo selection for transfer regarding quality versus sex in IVF/ICSI cycles with PGT-A and assess associated clinical implications. Methods: Retrospective cohort study at a university fertility practice from January 2012 to December 2021. Included were patients undergoing single frozen euploid transfers with at least one embryo of each sex available. Primary outcomes were preference for embryo selection (quality vs. sex) and sex preference (male vs. female). Trends over 10 years were evaluated and clinical outcomes, including clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), sustained implantation rate (SIR), and live birth rate (LBR), were compared. Results: A total of 5,145 embryo transfer cycles were included; 54.5% chose the best-quality embryo, while 45.5% selected based on sex. Among those choosing based on sex, 56.5% chose male embryos and 43.5% chose female. Preference for quality remained consistent over the decade (p = 0.30), while male embryos were consistently favored (p = 0.64). Best-quality embryos had higher grades (p < 0.001). Clinical outcomes were similar between groups (CPR: 74.4% vs. 71.9%, p = 0.05; SIR: 64.9% vs. 63.4%, p = 0.26; LBR: 58.8% vs. 56.7%, p = 0.13), and between male and female embryo selections. Conclusions: Sex selection remains common, with 45.5% selecting embryos based on sex, predominantly favoring males. This trend persisted over 10 years, with comparable clinical outcomes regardless of selection criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The horned type of sheep, including the polled phenotype and scurs phenotype, emerged during the process of artificial domestication. Sheep serve as an optimal animal model for investigating the correlation between quality and quantity traits of horns, as well as the multi-gene regulatory mechanism underlying these traits. While significant progress has been made in understanding the effects of natural selection and sex selection on horn phenotypes, there is limited research on polymorphisms resulting from artificial selection. Through genome-wide association analysis, this study reveals the genetic mapping of horn phenotypes, polled genes, and superior haplotypes to provide valuable insights into studying the genetic mechanisms governing horn traits and other specific characteristics in ruminants while also laying a foundation for breeding. The types and morphology of sheep horns have been extensively researched, yet the genetic foundation underlying the emergence of diverse horn characteristics during the breeding of polled Tibetan sheep has remained elusive. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed on 103 subtypes (normal large horn, scurs, and polled) differentiated from G2 (offspring (G2) of parent (G1) of polled) of the polled core herd. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on chromosome 10 of the relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) gene exhibited positive correlations with horn length, horn base circumference, and horn base interval. Furthermore, in genotyping 382 G2 individuals, significant variations were observed for each specific horn type. Three additional mutations were identified near the target SNP upstream of the amplification product. Finally, the RXFP2-specific haplotype associated with the horned trait effectively maintained horn length, horn base circumference, and horn base interval in Tibetan sheep, as confirmed by population validation of nine loci in a sample size of 1125 individuals. The present study offers novel insights into the genetic differentiation of the horned type during improvement breeding and evolution, thereby establishing a robust theoretical foundation for polled Tibetan sheep breeding and providing valuable guidance for practical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The current study delves into the accessibility of genetic evaluations for individuals with orofacial clefts (OC), comparing data between genetics and treatment centers across Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional retrospective study analyzed primary data from 1463 OC individuals registered in the Brazilian Database of Craniofacial Anomalies (BDCA) between 2008 and 2018 without age or sex selection. Diagnostic exam results stemming from research projects until 2023 were considered. Results Of the 1463 individuals with typical OC, 987 were non-syndromic, 462 were syndromic (SOC), 10 presented atypical forms, and three were not specified OC cases. The average age for accessing laboratory diagnosis was 8.5 years among SOC individuals. Notably, more SOC cases were registered in genetics centers than treatment and rehabilitation centers (37.1 % vs. 29 %, p = 0.0015). Those originating from genetics centers accessed diagnosis at an average age of 7.3 years, while those from treatment and rehabilitation centers experienced delays with an average age of 10.7 years (p = 0.0581). Conclusions Irrespective of the center of origin, the data highlight delayed diagnosis and challenges in accessing genetic tests for the syndromic group. Given the widespread reliance on the public health system by most of the Brazilian population, disseminating this data can significantly contribute to shaping an informed perspective on healthcare access. These insights can improve public policies tailored to the unique needs of individuals with OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been used not only to avoid genetic diseases and increase conception success rates but also to perform non‐medical sex selection, particularly in the surging cross‐border reproductive care (CBRC). In the context of commercialised biomedicine, assisted reproductive technologies, such as lifestyle sex selection, have been tailored to meet intended parents' preferences. However, there is a lack of analysis on how individuals' reproductive decisions on PGD‐assisted sex selection were shaped within the sociocultural norms and CBRC. This article explores Taiwanese gay fathers' navigations on sex selection while seeking third‐party reproduction overseas because of local legal constraints. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with 53 gay fathers (to‐be), I analysed how 'individual preferences' were dynamically shaped by local sociocultural norms and embedded within transnational settings of routinising PGD in chosen repro‐destinations. The findings showed that gay fathers mobilised strategic discourses on non‐medical sex selection from both the local and the global to negotiate their decisions in coherence with their LGBTQ+ identity and their role as sons carrying familial responsibility to procreate male heirs. This article proposed a nuanced understanding of gay fathers' reproductive practices of 'gendering the beginning of life' through PGD‐assisted sex selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, the sex selection of cattle offspring holds great promise for genetic advancement and meeting consumer demand. Sperm sorting by flow cytometry provides a reliable tool for artificial insemination and the creation of embryos with predetermined sexes. A precise evaluation of the yield of sperm separation is still needed for a field application of this method or for the advancement and validation of other related semen sexing technologies. The current study was conducted to develop a qPCRbased method for the determination of sperm sex ratio in cow bull semen. Methods: The SYBR Green-based Real-Time PCR chemistry targeting PLP (X chromosome-specific gene) and SRY (Y chromosomespecific gene) genes were used for the development of the assay. To determine the efficiency of PCR amplification, standard curves were generated. Result: The developed assay revealed a negligible variation in the semen sex ratio (51.7±0.465% X and 48.23±0.465% Y) of unsorted semen. The repeatability and reproducibility of this approach were evaluated. For PLP and SRY, the standards produced a linear relationship with regression coefficients of 0.994 and 0.997, respectively. The low mean values of CV obtained in repeatability and reproducibility trials demonstrated the high dependability of this novel method for assessing the sexual chromosomal content in semen samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are only children little emperors and more selfish than children with siblings? Drawing on data from the National Children's Study of China, this research investigates the causal relationship between being an only child and the performance of prosocial behaviors. Results indicate that only children tend to show more prosocial tendencies than their counterparts with siblings, particularly with respect to trait-related, relational, and altruistic prosocial behaviors. In addition, the results are robust having accounted for potential biases due to endogeneity, sex selection preferences, and educational choices. Smaller children are also more sensitive to the status of being an only child. The investigation into why only children might exhibit more prosocial behavior suggests that only children perceive more positive parenting styles compared to their peers with siblings. The findings are consistent with the quantity–quality trade-off theory and present evidence about the formation of prosocial behaviors before the age of 15, challenging the stereotype that only children are more selfish than those with siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The April 2024 issue of the Asian Bioethics Review focuses on the law and ethics of reproduction. It explores various aspects of reproductive law and ethics in Asia, including complex legal regulations, the role of professionals in counseling couples involved in artificial reproductive technologies (ART), the experiences of women breastfeeding, the contribution of religious perspectives, and the challenges of conducting research in the field of genomics. The issue highlights the need for ethical research and international collaboration in the field of reproductive technologies. The articles also discuss the importance of considering diverse family structures, male consent in ART procedures, labor law issues in cross-border surrogacy, counseling for egg donation, Islamic perspectives on sex selection, Hindu and Catholic perspectives on end-of-life issues, breastfeeding as an embodied social practice, and ethical considerations in neonatal care. The issue emphasizes the interconnectedness of reproductive ethics with various other areas of bioethics. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) of IVF embryos have gained much traction in clinical assisted reproduction for preventing various genetic defects, including Down syndrome. However, such genetic tests inevitably reveal the sex of IVF embryos by identifying the sex (X and Y) chromosomes. In many countries with less stringent IVF regulations, information on the sex of embryos that are tested to be genetically normal is readily shared with patients. This would thus present Muslim patients with unintended opportunities for sex selection based on personal or social biases without any pressing need or valid medical reason. Additionally, there are other patients who claim using PGT for preventing genetic defects as a pretext or "convenient excuse," with a secret intention to do sex selection when it is banned in their home country. Currently, non-medical sex selection is a highly-controversial and hotly debated issue in Islam, because there is generally a strong preference for having sons over daughters due to widespread cultural norms of elderly parents depending on their sons for financial support, as well as the need for male heirs to continue the family lineage within the backdrop of local patriarchal cultures. There is a risk of gender imbalance and social disequilibrium occurring in Islamic societies due to prevalent sex selection. Hence, the question is whether opportunistic sex selection with PGT would contravene Islamic ethics and principles, which will thus be discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The study of molecular and genetic mechanisms of sex determination in the poplar is of interest not only in the fundamental science, but also in the applied research. In landscaping of large settlements, it is advisable to use male individuals of the Populus genus due to their hypoallergenicity and increased resistance to environmental pollution, stress conditions, and pathogens. However, sex determination in poplars is complicated by the complex genetic structure of the sex-determining region of the genome (SDR). In this review, the emergence, evolution, structure, and function of the SDR in the genus Populus are discussed. Current insights into the structure and function of the key regulator of sex selection in poplars, orthologue of the ARR16/ARR17 gene and the possible roles of other genes that are differentially expressed between male and female plants, including microRNAs, in this process are discussed in detail. The great diversity of species and the high complexity of SDR organization justify the need for further study of the molecular mechanisms of sex determination in poplars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Male NongHua ma ducks have more colourful feathers than females, especially considering that the former have a distinctive neck ring that is different from that of females. This ring development might be influenced by sex selection, the environment, genetics and other elements. 2. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was used to locate candidate genes that affect the neck ring formation of male ducks to investigate the genetic basis of this phenomenon. 3. In this study, the neck ring area and width of 180 male ducks were assessed at ages 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 d. GWAS was used to identify associated genes. There were 0, 7, 14, 48 and 21 possible candidate genes annotated around the 0, 12, 25, 76 and 40 SNP loci n corresponding regions. A total of 13 candidate genes were identified around 21 SNP sites at the neck ring width of 120 d. 4. These significant genes were annotated and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. All SNPs that exceeded the significance threshold were annotated and preliminarily screened as candidate genes affecting neck ring formation. From analysis of gene function and enriched KEGG pathways, genes such as THSD1, SLC6A4, DGAT2, PRKDC, B3GAT2, ROR1, GRK7, EXTL3, TXNDC12, COL4A2, PRKG1, ACTR3, were considered important candidate marker sites related to the neck ring. This provided a reference starting point for the genetic mechanism underlying duck feather colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only female mosquitoes consume blood giving them the opportunity to transmit deadly human pathogens. Therefore, it is critical to remove females before conducting releases for genetic biocontrol interventions. Here we describe a robust sex-sorting approach termed SEPARATOR (Sexing Element Produced by Alternative RNA-splicing of A Transgenic Observable Reporter) that exploits sex-specific alternative splicing of an innocuous reporter to ensure exclusive dominant male-specific expression. Using SEPARATOR, we demonstrate reliable sex selection from early larval and pupal stages in Aedes aegypti, and use a Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorter (COPAS) to demonstrate scalable high-throughput sex-selection of first instar larvae. Additionally, we use this approach to sequence the transcriptomes of early larval males and females and find several genes that are sex-specifically expressed. SEPARATOR can simplify mass production of males for release programs and is designed to be cross-species portable and should be instrumental for genetic biocontrol interventions. Author summary: Female mosquitoes, exclusive blood-feeders and carriers of dangerous human diseases, necessitate elimination before implementing genetic biocontrol methods. Enter SEPARATOR (Sexing Element Produced by Alternative RNA-splicing of A Transgenic Observable Reporter), a robust sex-sorting approach with key attributes: (i) harnessing male-specific expression through sex-specific alternative splicing (SSAS) of a safe, bright fluorescent marker; (ii) early larval sex-sorting and beyond; (iii) adaptable high-throughput sorting with COPAS; (iv) independence from sex-chromosome linkage; (v) genetic stability, resistant to meiotic recombination or chromosomal rearrangements; (vi) allowing positive selection of males for added reliability; (vii) transferable to various species through ubiquitous sex-specific alternative splicing, cross-species compatible promoters, and markers; and (viii) enabling early-stage mosquito separation for efficient male mosquito production. SEPARATOR reliably separates sexes during Aedes aegypti larval and pupal stages, and facilitates transcriptome sequencing of early larval males and females, revealing sex-specific mosquito genes. This method streamlines male production for release programs, offering cross-species adaptability to support genetic biocontrol initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether the use of pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) under a specific sex selection policy is associated with alterations in offspring sex ratio. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of singleton live births from January 2018-December 2020 achieved via single blastocyst non-PGT or PGT frozen embryo transfer (FET). Per institutional policy, sex may be disclosed following PGT. If both sexes are available and morphologic grade is similar, patients may select the sex of the embryo to be transferred. Demographics and cycle characteristics were compared between non-PGT vs. PGT cycles with Mann–Whitney U or χ2. Poisson regression with robust variance estimates was used to model the probability of female vs. male offspring among non-PGT vs. PGT cycles, reported as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results(s): Among 541 live births, 350 (64.7%) were achieved with PGT and 191 (35.3%) without PGT. In both groups, female sex was more common, representing 59.4% of PGT-offspring and 55.0% of non-PGT offspring. After adjusting for potential confounders, the use of PGT was not significantly associated with an increased likelihood of female offspring (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.98–1.11, p = 0.22). Conclusion(s): Singletons born following FET had a higher rate of female sex than male. Allowing sex selection per institutional policy did not increase this ratio. These results contrast with those of prior publications and should motivate individual centers to monitor their own sex ratios. As utilization of PGT increases, local, regional, and national monitoring will become increasingly important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex selection has been linked to son preference and discrimination against girls in many Asian countries. In this study, we shed light on the shaping role of rice–wheat cropping system to the subsequent gender inequality in China. Using an individual‐level dataset compiled from a national scale survey and an archaeology publication, we show regional differences in gender inequality across China: parents show strong gender discrimination against girls in wheat regions. And 15.2 percentage points more parents from wheat regions engage in successful sex selection than those from non‐wheat regions. The mechanism analysis reveals that women empowerment matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can be used to determine the chromosomal sex of the fetus at an early stage in a pregnancy. The use of NIPT for fetal sex determination raises concerns about potential selective termination of pregnancy by prospective parents who desire a child of a particular sex. Although sex selection for medical reasons is generally accepted, non-medical sex selection (NMSS) has been the subject of considerable controversy. In this article, we explore the current regulatory landscape around reproductive genetic testing techniques that may lead to NMSS, both internationally and within Australia. Specifically, we contrast the approach to regulating preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) with the minimal regulation of NIPT in Australia as a case study for reform. We examine ethical concerns raised in relation to NMSS, which form the basis of the current moratorium on the use of PGT for NMSS. We then highlight some key differences between using PGT for NMSS and NIPT for fetal sex determination to determine whether access to the latter should be regulated and, if so, how. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to restrict access to NIPT for fetal sex determination and, based on our Australian case study, recommend a facilitative approach to regulating NIPT that would support individuals to make informed reproductive decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sex bias—the use of one sex over the other—is a common practice in biomedical research, typically with over selection of male animals. There are a number of reasons that this practice is common, but it has resulted in dosing errors and unintended side effects in a number of cases in women when products are given without adequate testing in female animals. Sex bias can also result in animal welfare issues given that both sexes are born in approximately equal numbers. Welfare issues include overproduction of the unwanted sex, inadequate ability to recognize and treat pain in female animals, stress associated with differential housing needs based on animal sex, and potential wastage of animals if study results are incorrect or studies need to be redone because only one sex was studied. Even though many government agencies and funding sources now require both sexes to be studied in biomedical research, single-sex studies are still common. More systematic planning and reporting of study details is needed, as well as exploring sex selection technology used in other animal production sectors when single-sex studies are justified, to reduce animal waste. Sex bias in biomedical and natural science research has been prevalent for decades. In many cases, the female estrous cycle was thought to be too complex an issue to model for, and it was thought to be simpler to only use males in studies. At times, particularly when studying efficacy and safety of new therapeutics, this sex bias has resulted in over- and under-medication with associated deleterious side effects in women. Many sex differences have been recognized that are unrelated to hormonal variation occurring during the estrous cycle. Sex bias also creates animal welfare challenges related to animal over-production and wastage, insufficient consideration of welfare (and scientific) impact related to differential housing of male vs female animals within research facilities, and a lack of understanding regarding differential requirements for pain recognition and alleviation in male versus female animals. Although many funding and government agencies require both sexes to be studied in biomedical research, many disparities remain in practice. This requires further enforcement of expectations by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee when reviewing protocols, research groups when writing grants, planning studies, and conducting research, and scientific journals and reviewers to ensure that sex bias policies are enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a mild to moderate intellectual disability. Historically, this condition has been a primary target for prenatal testing. However, Down syndrome has not been targeted for prenatal testing because it is an especially severe illness. The condition was just one that could be easily identified prenatally using the techniques first available decades ago. We are moving into an era in which we can prenatally test for a vast range of human traits. I argue that when we can test for anything, there is no longer any reason to continue targeting Down syndrome. I present an argument based on the value of nondiscrimination. It is justified to set limits on access to prenatal information if the information is going to be used for discriminatory purposes. I use the examples of (1) prenatal testing for misogynistic fetal sex selection, and (2) homophobia-motivated prenatal testing for potential homosexuality, as compelling analogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global programmes (GPs) are crucial actors in transnational policy transfer but understudied in literature. The paper explores GP policy transfer in terms of instruments, space, and time from a comparative perspective. Employing a thematic analysis of policy/programme files and using the GP to prevent gender-biased sex selection as a case study, the paper compares implementation across diverse countries and regions. It finds similar policies and ideas are transferred, across scales, sectors, and actors throughout the policy cycle. Yet short programme cycles contradict longer timeframes needed to assess sex-selection policies and interventions to change social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sex ratio of live births (males/total [M/T]) approximates 0.515. Many factors reduce M/T, and these include stress. Antenatal sexing is used for female foeticide in the setting of male offspring preference. Regional differences and latitude gradients in M/T also occur. This study analysed M/T in the US by Census Regions. This was an ecological study. Live births by sex, Census region, state and mother's race were obtained from CDC Wonder (2007–2020). There were 55,453,437 births (M/T 0.5116, 95% confidence interval: 0.5115–0.5118). M/T was Black/African American < Indian/Alaska Native American < White < Asian (P <<0.0001). M/T was significantly lowest in South and highest in West. The South had the lowest proportion of Asian/Pacific Islander births (3.9%) and the highest proportion of Black/African American (21.9%). West has the highest proportion of Asian/Pacific Islander (11.2%) and the lowest proportion of Black/African American births (5.3%). In Asian/Pacific Islander births, M/T significantly rose to third order and fell to sixth order births, unlike the other races that showed a decline from the first order. Asian M/T may be elevated because of male offspring preference and selective female foeticide. M/T may be depressed in Black and American Indian/Alaskan births due to chronic stress, as race remains the most important factor associated with wealth inequality in the United States. The lower M/T of these two races when compared with White equates to a constant loss of 4.13 and 2.55/1000 male births. The higher Asian M implies a chronic loss of 3.78 females per 1000 births. Both have public health implications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rabbit production industry would greatly benefit from a technology that allows producers to obtain a more predominantly male or female offspring, accordingly to the goals of each production farm. Our review highlights the current and future developments in rabbit sperm sexing technologies, as well as the potential impact of implementing these methods in cuniculture. Given the remarkable technological progress made in recent years, there remains a pressing need for further research aimed at developing a cutting-edge technology that not only exhibits high efficiency but also offers cost-effectiveness, thus enabling its widespread adoption across the cuniculture industry. Sperm sex selection is a longstanding challenge in the field of animal reproduction. The cuniculture industry, in particular producers of males or females for breeding purposes, would greatly benefit from the pre-selection of the offspring's sex. This review article overviews the current and future developments in rabbit sperm sexing technologies, as well as the implications of implementing these methodologies in cuniculture. The first attempts of sperm sexing were performed in rabbits; however, a both efficient and cost-effective methodology was not yet developed for this species. Those included sperm sexing according to differences in sperm density, surface electric charge, pH susceptibility, antisera reaction, and flow cytometry. Separation by flow cytometry has proven to be efficient in rabbits, yielding fractions with approximately 81% and 86% purity for X- and Y-sperm, respectively. However, it is not cost-effective for cuniculture and decreases sperm quality. The advantages, limitations, and practical considerations of each method are presented, highlighting their applicability and efficiency. Furthermore, herein we explore the potential of immunological-based techniques that overcome some of the limitations of earlier methods, as well as recent advancements in sperm sexing technologies in other animal models, which could be applied to rabbits. Finally, the challenges associated with the development and widespread implementation of rabbit sperm sexing technologies are addressed. By understanding the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging methods, researchers can direct their efforts towards the most promising directions, ultimately contributing to a more efficient, profitable, and sustainable cuniculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on sarcopenia in patients with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases. The research found that sudden weight loss can predict muscle loss and increase the risk of infection. The study also revealed that sarcopenia is more prevalent in men than in women, although the study had a significant representation of women, which may affect the reliability of the outcomes. The article suggests conducting further research to improve patient care and provides recommendations for enhancing the study's findings. [Extracted from the article]

STUDY QUESTION How often do patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer (FET) after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) choose to select for sex and do sex selection rates differ before and after successful delivery of a first baby? SUMMARY ANSWER When a choice was available between male and female embryos, patients selected the sex more frequently when trying to conceive the second child (62%) as compared to the first child (32.4%) and most commonly selected for the opposite sex of the first child. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Sex selection is widely available in US fertility clinics. However, the rate of sex selection for patients undergoing FET after PGT-A is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a retrospective cohort study of 585 patients that took place between January 2013 and February 2021. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The study took place at a single, urban academic fertility center in the USA. Patients were included if they had a live birth after single euploid FET and returned for at least one subsequent euploid FET. The primary outcomes were the rates of sex selection for first versus second baby. Secondary outcomes were rate of selection for same versus opposite sex as first live birth and overall rate of selection for males versus females. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Five hundred and eighty-five patients underwent a total of 1560 single euploid FETs resulting in either one or two live births. A choice between male and female euploid embryos was available for 919 FETs (first child: 67.5% (519/769) versus second child: 50.6% (400/791), P  < 0.01). When a choice was available, patients selected the sex more frequently when trying to conceive the second child (first child: 32.4% (168/519) versus second child: 62.0% (248/400), P  < 0.01). When sex was selected after first live birth, the opposite sex of the first child was selected 81.8% (203/248 FETs) of the time. Of transfers that involved sex selection, rates of male and female selection were similar for the first child, but selection for females was greater for the second child (first child: 51.2% (86/168) male versus 48.9% (82/168) female, second child: 41.1% (102/248) male versus 58.9% (146/248) female, P  < 0.04). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The study was performed at one urban academic medical center in the Northeastern US, which may limit generalizability to other settings where PGT-A may be performed less frequently, or sex selection may be limited or not permitted. In addition, we could not reliably account for whether patients or their partners had prior children and if so, of what sex. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Patients undergoing PGT-A with both male and female euploid embryos were more likely to select for sex when attempting a second child and usually selected for the opposite sex of their first child. These findings highlight the potential for family balancing for patients who undergo PGT-A in settings where sex selection is permitted. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study received no funding. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim: to summarize the methodology of prenatal gender selection and the ethical aspects of its implementation. Materials and methods: the authors conducted the review in the database of scientific periodicals PubMed. Results: based on scientific publications, the principal techniques to determine sex in the pre-implantation period, in the embryo and fetus, are presented. Invasive and non-invasive procedures of prenatal diagnosis are described. Invasive procedures include examination of the fetus by chorionic villus sampling karyotyping of cells obtained by amniocentesis. Non-invasive techniques related to pregnant women's blood biochemistry and ultrasound markers of Down syndrome are given. Fetal blood DNA testing is a more sensitive diagnostic parameter that reduces the indication for invasive procedures. The newest and most effective method of sex determination in the pre-implantation period is sperm separation screening. Medical and non-medical reasons for prenatal gender determination, such as prevention of X-linked genetic disorders in a child, a couple's choice to balance the sex of children in the family and social gender preferences are shown. Gender selection for the prevention of X-linked disorders is justified. Ethical issues regarding the balance of children in the family, giving preference to certain sex with the help of advanced diagnostic techniques, and selective abortion are discussed. The bioethical principles for preventing selective abortion resulting from gender reasons are established. Conclusion: for preventing prenatal gender discrimination is highlighted more strongly by the need legal regulation and the ethical control of scientific technologies in reproductive medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In dairy cows, twin pregnancies and twinning are highly undesirable as they compromise health, welfare, and productive lifespans. We propose that the negative effects of twinning can be avoided by inducing twin reduction. Among dairy cows in their third lactation or more, the incidence of twin pregnancies may be as high as 30%, and different-sex twins represent around 50% of all twin pregnancies. This study provides new unique information on twin pairs during the late embryonic period (28–34 days of pregnancy) that allows for sex selection at the time of embryo reduction, such as differential ultrasound size measurements in heterosexual twins, different intrauterine embryonic growth patterns, and the different vulnerability of female and male embryos following the induced reduction in their co-twins. After heterosexual twin reduction, when the survival embryos were male, pregnancy loss was null. This study provides new unique information on bovine twin pairs during the late embryonic period (28–34 days of pregnancy) in relation to (1) a predictive ultrasound measurement that was differential for sexing heterosexual twins; (2) intrauterine embryonic growth patterns in twin pairs; and (3) a higher vulnerability of female embryos compared to males following an induced embryo reduction in heterosexual twins. The study population comprised 92 dairy cows carrying bilateral twins. A length difference between co-twins equal to or greater than 25% in around 50% of pregnancies served to determine the sex of embryos with 100% accuracy in heterosexual twins, which was assessed four weeks later on the remaining fetus after twin reduction. The apparent rates of growth of twin pairs and of individual male and female embryos from day 28 to 34 of gestation were similar to established growth pattern standards for singletons. Mean embryo sizes in relation to gestational age were smaller by some 5 days' growth equivalent in twins compared to singletons. After the reduction in the female embryo in heterosexual twins, the risk of male embryo loss was null. This new information allowed for sex selection at the time of twin reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s led to an unprecedented increase in the availability of prenatal ultrasound technology. In this paper, we analyze the differential spread of ultrasound in India at the state level over a ten-year period (1999 to 2008) and the consequences for the prevalence of sex-selective abortion. Omitting the Southern Indian states, which had the fastest increase in ultrasound use and little sex selection, we find that higher levels of ultrasound use within a state are positively associated with the probability that a child is born male. This increased likelihood of having a male child is only found for children with no older brothers, i.e. births most likely to be affected by sex selection. The positive relationship between state-level ultrasound use and having a male child can be found across various subsamples: urban and rural, older and younger mothers, mothers with high and low education. The estimates are robust to including linear cohort-year time trends and prenatal health care controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire to have offspring of a specific sex has a long history but has been particularly present with the appearance of assisted reproduction. However, embryo selection raises ethical concerns. Thus, several techniques to select sex-specific spermatozoa have been proposed but carry limitations. There are many variations of each technique, and some are time consuming and costly. Concerns about effectiveness and safety have also rendered many of them unappealing. Therefore, we propose a novel sperm sex selection technique (SST) that appears to be consistently safe and effective. A single-center, non-randomized clinical trial was designed. We included 1,317 couples, who were assigned to one of two groups: ICSI/PGTA or ICSI/PGTA+GS. Ejaculates from male partners of couples in the ICSI/PGTA+GS group (n = 105) were processed using SST to enrich spermatozoa for their desired sex. Standard sperm processing was carried out for couples undergoing PGT-A solely for aneuploidy (n = 1,212), comprising the ICSI/PGTA control group. To validate the efficacy of our technique, we performed an analysis on spermatozoa pre- and post-selection, followed by an assessment of the proportion of the conceptuses' sex to confirm clinical reliability. We also followed up on ICSI clinical outcomes and child/newborn health to establish the safety of our method. Our main outcome measures included the proportion of spermatozoa and embryos enriched for female and male sex, as well as embryo euploidy rates and ICSI clinical outcomes. These outcomes were compared between the two groups. For the ICSI/PGTA group (n = 1,212) (maternal age, 37.0±4yrs; paternal age, 39.1±6yrs), with ejaculated spermatozoa processed in the standard fashion, 2,303 ICSI cycles (1.2±1) yielded an 81.0% (14,375/17,737) fertilization. PGT-A results indicated a euploidy rate of 73.1% (n = 3,718) for female and 72.4% (n = 3,054) for male embryos. These couples achieved a 76.4% (699/915) implantation and 65.2% (597/915) clinical pregnancy rate, with 551 deliveries (48.5% female, 51.5% male). All 105 men in the ICSI/PGTA+GS group had sperm specimens with an equal sex distribution at baseline. Of them, 59 (paternal age, 40.9±6yrs) who desired female offspring obtained an 81.6% enrichment after SST. They underwent 73 ICSI cycles with their partners (maternal age, 37.9±4yrs), achieving a 77.3% (583/754) fertilization. This resulted in 79.1% (231/292) female embryos that generated a 79.3% (23/29) implantation rate, with 16 singleton deliveries of the desired female sex without major or minor congenital malformations. Forty-six couples (maternal age, 37.3±4yrs; paternal age, 40.7±6yrs) desiring male offspring obtained an 80.8% sperm sex enrichment. They underwent 50 ICSI cycles, achieving a 75.4% (462/613) fertilization and equivalent proportion of male embryos (223/280, 79.6%). Their implantation was 90.5% (19/21), with 13 singleton deliveries of healthy male offspring. Furthermore, 78.8% (182/231) of female and 66.4% (148/223) of male embryos from the ICSI/PGTA+GS cohort were euploid. These euploid rates were comparable to those from the ICSI/PGTA group. In couples undergoing ICSI with PGT-A, SST consistently enriched spermatozoa, resulting in a higher proportion of embryos and thus offspring of the desired sex. Moreover, SST did not impair the fertilization or embryo developmental competence of spermatozoa, nor did it affect offspring health. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05500573. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Maternal Rlim is required for imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), which is essential for normal development of female mouse embryos. In this study, we used a novel approach to inactivate the maternal Rlim allele in female embryos, resulting in a male sex-ratio shift in the offspring. However, the reduced litter size caused by the loss of female embryos could not be compensated for by superovulation in the mother mice. The present study develops a new approach to select offspring sex according to the difference in Rlim function between male and female mouse embryos. This gender control approach may help to improve the productivity in livestock and prevent the sex-associated hereditary diseases in humans. Technologies that can preselect offspring gender hold great promise for improving farm animal productivity and preventing human sex-related hereditary diseases. The maternal Rlim allele is required for imprinted X-chromosome inactivation, which is essential for the normal development of female mouse embryos. In this study, we inactivated the maternal Rlim allele in embryos by crossing a male transgenic mouse line carrying an X-linked CMV-Cre transgene with a female line carrying a loxP-flanked Rlim gene. Knockout of the maternal Rlim gene in embryos resulted in a male-biased sex ratio skew in the offspring. However, it also reduced litter size, and this effect was not compensated for by superovulation in the mother mice. In addition, we showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rlim in mouse embryos leads to the birth of male-only progenies. This study provides a new promising method for male-biased sex selection, which may help to improve the productivity in livestock and prevent sex-associated hereditary diseases in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan, having had the longest isolationist policy in the world, is averse to options, such as migration to increase the population. What kinds of pronatalist policies to increase fertility and lower the population's age are ethical? Two questions can be raised: is it ethical for the government to intercede, and is it ethical for individuals to exercise this choice? In addition to the gradually decreasing birth rate, Japan is faced with the challenge of a possible sharp decline in the birth rate in 5 years. Astrology and superstition have influenced the sex preference of a child in Japan, and in 1966, there was a 26% drop in the birth rate. It was the year of Hinoeuma, occurring at 60-year intervals, and women born that year are believed to have a potentially dangerous 'headstrong temperament' and murder their husbands. Abortion rates spiked that year, and many forged the birth date of their child. The next Hinoeuma is in 2026. Although the bioethical debate about pronatalism exists in the literature, there is no literature addressing the question of sex selection in the context of a decreasing population. This paper argues that even if the Japanese government's current pronatalist approach is ethically warranted, it should not extend to sex selection since it would promote misogyny and stereotypical gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The uppermost segment of the cervical vertebra or atlas (C1) is a critically important anatomical structure, housing the medulla oblongata and containing the grooves for the C1 spinal nerve and the vertebral vessels. Variations of the C1 vertebra can affect upper spine stability, and morphometric parameters have been reported to differ by population. However, there are few data regarding these parameters in Thais. The use of this bone to predict sex and age has never been reported. Methods: This study aimed to examine C1 morphometry and determine its ability to predict sex. Twelve diameter parameters were taken from the C1 vertebrae of identified skeletons (n = 104, males [n, 54], females [n, 50]). Correlation analysis was also performed for sex and age, which were predicted using machine learning algorithms. Results: The results showed that 8 of the 12 measured parameters were significantly longer in the male atlas (p < 0.05), while the remaining 4 (distance between both medial-most edges of the transverse foramen, transverse dimension of the superior articular surface, frontal plane passing through the canal's midpoint, and anteroposterior dimension of the inferior articular surface) did not differ significantly by sex. There was no statistically significant difference in these parameters on the lateral side. The decision stump classifier was trained on C1 parameters, and the resulting model could predict sex with 82.6% accuracy (root mean square error = 0.38). Conclusion: Assertation of the morphometric parameters of the atlas is important for preoperative assessment, especially for the treatment of atlas dislocation. Our findings also highlighted the potential use of atlas measurements for sex prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, the New Zealand (NZ) Parliament voted to decriminalise abortion. Although NZ's abortion law formally opposes sex selective abortions, there is considerable complexity in the gender politics of 'choice' and 'agency' in multi-ethnic societies, and interpretations of reproductive rights for ethnic minority women and for the girl child, respectively. This paper explores these complexities through the perspectives of reproductive and maternity care practitioners who are situated at the interface of legal systems, health service provision, and delivery of culturally sensitive care. Thirteen practitioners were interviewed as part of this study. The analysis highlights strains in framings of 'reproductive choice' (underpinned by western liberal notions of rights) and 'gender equality' (abortion rights that acknowledge the complexity of cultural son-preference) for ethnic minority women. These tensions are played out in three aspects of the post-reform landscape: (a) everyday practice and accountability; (b) consumerism and choice; (c) custodianship and gender rights. The findings point to the limitations in operationalising choices for ethnic women in health systems wherein trust deficit prevails, and cultural dynamics render complex responses to abortion. They also highlight reconfigurations of client-expert relationships that may have implications for practitioners' abilities to advocate for ethnic women's rights against cultural influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last several years, highly accurate methods of sex selection before conception have been developed. Given that strong preferences for sex variety in offspring have been documented for the U.S., we ask what the demographic consequences of sex‐selection technology could be. Lacking variation across space and time in access to this technology, we estimate a dynamic programming model of fertility decisions with microdata on fertility histories. We leverage the quasi‐experimental variation inherent in the random determination of sex to identify the key structural parameter characterizing preferences for sex variety in offspring. We then simulate the introduction of this technology. While this technology can reduce fertility by allowing parents to efficiently reach their preferred sex mix, it could also increase it. This is because without this technology, many parents may opt not to have another baby given the uncertainty about its sex. Results suggest that these two effects operate simultaneously, but on net, sex‐selection technology ends up reducing the average family size among married women by less than 2% in the steady state, a much smaller decline than the one that would be predicted by alternative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia has recently legalised mitochondrial donation. However, key ethical and legal issues still need to be addressed. This paper maps the relevant issues and offers some suggestions for how they ought to be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of nanotechnology since the 1950s, when the well‐known physicist Richard P. Feynman talked in his famous talk about "There's plenty of room at the bottom", has led to incredible contribution of nanotechnology in the fields of medical and veterinary therapeutics, diagnostics and other applications. Semen biology dealing with the study of spermatozoa and its related physiological and pathological aspects has not remained unscathed from the facets of nanotechnology. With each passing day investigators are revealing newer aspects of the nanoparticles, such as an antioxidants to relieve oxidative stress during semen cryopreservation, for the depletion of moribund spermatozoa from semen, gender selection of spermatozoa, bio‐imaging of gametes, sperm mediated gene transfer, as well as for male fertility evaluation. As, the uses of various magnetic nanoparticles in the industry have gained acceleration, the evaluation of their effects, either beneficial or otherwise on the mammalian spermatozoa becomes obligatory. Many toxicological studies have also been conducted in respect to the harmful effects of different metallic nanoparticles related to their applicability, and industry borne adverse effects on the male germ cells in human beings and the animals. This review has been designed to focus on the beneficial as well as toxicological effects of various metallic nanoparticles on the mammalian spermatozoa and the future prospects related to their applicability in the semen biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmentation is a variable trait of insects that help in adapting to the external natural environment. It plays an important role in concealment, mimicry, sex selection signals, and immune responses. Ectropis grisescens is the main lepidopteran pest in the tea gardens of China. The use of body color to simulate tea branches is a key characteristic of E. grisescens larvae that aids in predator evasion. However, no study has reported melanization in E. grisescens. In the present study, the E. grisescens tyrosine hydroxylase (EgTH) gene was cloned and characterized. The phylogenetic tree and stage expression profiles revealed that EgTH may be involved in the melanin pathway. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of EgTH was conducted to understand its functional role in pigmentation; it was revealed that the intensity of the black pigment systemically and proportionally decreased in the cuticle of the mutant larvae but did not disappear. Importantly, the mutation had no effect on the pigmentation of sclerotized tissues including the crochets, spiracles, claws, ocelli and mouth parts. This study provides the first evidence that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated EgTH knockout induces marked body pigmentation defects that can be visualized in the larvae. It was also demonstrated that another gene or pathway with a function similar to that of EgTH could be present. Additionally, EgTH might be not involved in the pigmentation of sclerotized tissues in E. grisescens. Further, EgTH mutations do not lead to embryonic death in insect species. Thus, the present study provides new insights into the function of insect TH genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid patriarchal conditions that render one son necessary and multiple daughters burdensome, selective abortion of female fetuses has become pervasive in India. Public responses often cast sex selection as self-evidently ignorant, cruel, and misogynistic – an obvious evil meriting denunciation and eradication. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Gujarat state, this article zooms out from ultrasound and abortion to survey the landscape of biomedical, herbal, and religious son production techniques surrounding them. Doing so clarifies the lived moral experience in which sex selection is embedded. Resort to multiple son production techniques is both an abstract moral indicator reflecting prevailing concerns and a pragmatic moral intervention aimed at harnessing every available means in response to those concerns. Fundamentally, people live out the multimodal quest that sometimes leads to selective abortion as aspiration – social, bodily, spiritual – toward an indispensable good, not as heartless rejection of daughters. Pluralistic son production illuminates the moral uses of medical pluralism for care-seekers, social scientists, and policymakers and practitioners. The case underscores that “complementary” therapies, rather than being just desperate behaviors, barriers to biomedical therapy, or curiosities to be integrated into care, may in fact be the clearest markers of the moral conditions in which public health problems unfold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sex preselection is a desired goal of the animal industry to improve production efficiency, depending on industry demand. In the porcine industry, there is a general preference for pork from female and surgically castrated male pigs. Therefore, the birth of more females than males in a litter leads to economic benefits and improved animal welfare in the pig production industry. Our previous study suggested that the porcine semen extender (BTS) adjusted to pH 6.2 maximises the differences in viability between X-chromosome-bearing (X) spermatozoa and Y-chromosome-bearing (Y) spermatozoa without affecting sperm’s functional parameters. In this study we aimed to evaluate whether the pH 6.2 extender is applicable at the farm level for increasing the number of female piglets without a decline in spermatozoa fertility. Artificial insemination (AI) was carried out with spermatozoa stored at pH 6.2 and pH 7.2 (original BTS) at day 1 and day 2 of storage. Next, the functional parameters of the spermatozoa, litter size, farrowing rate, and female-to-male ratio of offspring were determined. Results Although sperm motility decreased significantly after 2 d of storage, the viability of spermatozoa was preserved at pH 6.2 for 3 d. There was no significant difference in the farrowing rate and average litter size between the group inseminated with the spermatozoa stored in (pH 7.2) and that inseminated with spermatozoa stored in acidic BTS. The percentage of female piglets was approximately 1.5-fold higher in sows inseminated on day 1 in the pH 6.2 than in the pH 7.2 group. Furthermore, although there was no significant difference in the female-to-male ratio, the percentage of female piglets born was slightly higher in the pH 6.2 group than in the pH 7.2 group on day 2. Conclusions The method optimised in our study is simple, economical, and may enhance the number of female births without any decline in spermatozoa fertility.

This study explored the attitudes of Sunni Muslims towards religiously forbidden reproductive options: gamete donation, sex selection, surrogacy, and adoption. A total of 824 married Sunni Muslim people read 12 hypothetical vignettes depicting five types of assisted reproductive technologies: (i) sperm donation; (ii) egg donation, (iii) surrogacy; (iv) sex selection of a male foetus; and (v) and sex selection of a female foetus. They also related to the option of adopting a baby. Each vignette was presented twice: once depicting a relatively younger couple and once again describing a relatively older couple. The respondents were asked to state the level of their objection or acceptance for each of the twelve vignettes. In accord with the Islamic ruling, respondents reported objections to sex selection, egg and sperm donation, and surrogacy. However, they expressed a moderate level of acceptance of adoption of a baby. The greatest objection was directed at sperm donation, followed by objection to egg donation. Our study shows that the Sunni Muslims do not support the provision of fertility care for reproductive options that clearly contravene Islamic religious ruling. The findings may help fertility experts understand the cultural and religious complexities in treating Sunni Muslim couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrimination towards females – a trait of regional demography so far deemed unique to Asian countries – has inspired historians to revisit demographic series to look for instances of gender imbalances within Europe. In this paper, we show why a proper appreciation of Europe's experience of gender discrimination in the past may help us to understand the future of contemporary sex selection throughout Asia. We stress in particular how the demographic discrimination of females appeared to have vanished during the 20th century from all areas where it was reported earlier. We examine the main factors that may explain the gradual disappearance of the 'missing girls' from Europe. We finally discuss the best ways to identify the potential micro- or macro-mechanisms accounting for the transformations observed in Europe, using, in particular, the distinct trajectories of countries in Southeastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex selection is becoming a more common practice in the society and worldwide. The current study aimed to examine the perceptions about sex selection options and possible association with sociodemographic factors and relevant characteristics. The study was a cross‐sectional survey of adults in Jordan in January and February 2020 using a self‐administered questionnaire. Results showed that 40.1% of respondents preferred male gender when having a child, 22.4% of respondents preferred the male gender when having a child, even if they have had children of both genders, and 71.3% preferred having children from both genders. On the other hand, 58.8% of participants preferred a male gender when there is one chance to conceive via assisted reproduction technologies. Also, among participants, 66% thought that sex selection is religiously acceptable, yet 78.0% did not support of the sex selection idea. The above factors were significantly associated with several sociodemographic variables such as gender, marital status, education, career, and place of residence, but not income. In conclusion, the current study shed a light on preferences towards sex selection in a large cohort to better understand the perception and attitude of the population towards this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex differences in the fitness effects of genetic variants can influence the rate of adaptation and the maintenance of genetic variation. For example, "sexually antagonistic" (SA) variants, which are beneficial for one sex and harmful for the other, can both constrain adaptation and increase genetic variability for fitness components such as survival, fertility, and disease susceptibility. However, detecting variants with sex-differential fitness effects is difficult, requiring genome sequences and fitness measurements from large numbers of individuals. Here, we develop new theory for studying sex-differential selection across a complete life cycle and test our models with genotypic and reproductive success data from approximately 250,000 UK Biobank individuals. We uncover polygenic signals of sex-differential selection affecting survival, reproductive success, and overall fitness, with signals of sex-differential reproductive selection reflecting a combination of SA polymorphisms and sexually concordant polymorphisms in which the strength of selection differs between the sexes. Moreover, these signals hold up to rigorous controls that minimise the contributions of potential confounders, including sequence mapping errors, population structure, and ascertainment bias. Functional analyses reveal that sex-differentiated sites are enriched in phenotype-altering genomic regions, including coding regions and loci affecting a range of quantitative traits. Population genetic analyses show that sex-differentiated sites exhibit evolutionary histories dominated by genetic drift and/or transient balancing selection, but not long-term balancing selection, which is consistent with theoretical predictions of effectively weak SA balancing selection in historically small populations. Overall, our results are consistent with polygenic sex-differential—including SA—selection in humans. Evidence for sex-differential selection is particularly strong for variants affecting reproductive success, in which the potential contributions of nonrandom sampling to signals of sex differentiation can be excluded. Sex differences in the fitness effects of genetic variants can influence the rate of adaptation and the maintenance of genetic variation, but such detecting variants is difficult, requiring genome sequences and fitness measurements from large numbers of individuals. This study uses data from the UK Biobank to show that human genomes carry signatures of sex differential and sexually antagonistic selection; these signatures affect mortality, reproduction, and overall fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few women among China's local political leadership. Current scholarship on the topic co-locates women's political participation with the representation of other marginalized social groups. In particular, it is argued that female politicians are simply tokenistic representatives of the marginalized: female, intellectual, ethnic minority and non-Communist Party members. An examination of those women who have served in provincial leadership positions over the last two terms suggests that such a characterization is misleading. Rather, the evidence indicates that women have been appointed on the same grounds as male leaders in terms of age, education, CCP membership and experience. Gender disparities in the selection of provincial leaders are in fact considerably more nuanced and can be traced to the lack of institutionalized policies and processes as well as women's ongoing disadvantages in education, political networks and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern fertility techniques allow parents to carry out preimplantation sex selection. Sex selection for non-medical purposes is legal in many high-income countries, and social norms toward assisted reproductive technology are increasingly permissive and may plausibly become increasingly prevalent in the near future. We explore possible outcomes of widely observed daughter preferences in many high-income countries and explore the demographic consequences of the adoption of sex selection for daughters. While concerns over son preference have been widely discussed, sex selection that favors female children is a more likely outcome in high-income countries. If sex selection is adopted, it may bias the sex ratio in a given population. Male-biased populations are likely to experience slower population growth, which limits the long-term viability of corresponding cultural norms. Conversely, female-biased populations are likely to experience faster population growth. Cultural norms that promote female-biased sex ratios are as a consequence therefore also self-reinforcing. In this study, we explore the demographic consequences of a female-biased sex ratio for population growth and population age structure. We also discuss the technology and parental preferences that may give rise to such a scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arab world has experienced one of the most dramatic fertility declines in modern history, the result of both contraceptive technologies and couples' desires for smaller families. Assisted reproductive and genetic technologies have also become widespread across the region, leading to new practices of in vitro fertilization (IVF) with sex selection. This article examines the desire for small families with sons, and the introduction of the repro‐genetic technology of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) for son selection. Islamic opinions on sex selection are divided, but permissive fatwas have fueled practices of son selection in some Arab countries, including the United Arab Emirates, the focus of this study. As shown in this article, the "bioethical aftermath" of these repro‐genetic practices may include son preference and daughter discrimination, with future distortions of population sex ratios across the Arab world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the homeostatic principle in demography and the notion of a sex ratio transition, I propose a self‐corrective mechanism to describe the dynamics of regional sex ratios in China. The mechanism consists of two pathways: (1) internal migration redistributes men and women across regions in a way that reduces highly skewed regional sex ratios at prime marriageable ages (SRM); and (2) a competitive marriage market for men reduces parental incentives for son‐biased sex selection, thus lowering sex ratios at birth (SRB). The mechanism suggests several hypotheses about the dynamics between regional SRBs and SRMs. I test these hypotheses using prefecture‐level sex ratios in four Chinese population censuses from 1982 to 2010. I use regression analyses that control for prefectural demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results show that prefectures with higher SRBs in 1982 and 1990 experienced a greater decline in sex ratios of residents when the birth cohort reached marriageable ages in 2000 and 2010, respectively, resulting in a weak correlation between SRBs and subsequent SRMs in the same prefecture. Prefectural SRBs in 2000 and 2010 were negatively correlated with contemporary SRMs—a one‐unit higher prefectural SRM was associated with an approximately 0.3‐unit lower SRB in 2000 and 0.2‐unit lower SRB in 2010. Changes in prefectural SRBs between 1990 and 2010 are negatively correlated with changes in SRMs during the same period. The empirical findings are consistent with the implications of the proposed self‐corrective mechanism, suggesting that sex ratios may be subject to homeostatic forces within the population system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preference for sons and a sex selection against females are widespread in vast regions of the world, including a great number of Asian and East European countries. However, while a robust son bias has been widely studied in several countries of these regions, much less attention has been given to other regions, such as Latin America. The aim of this paper is to compare gender preferences in twelve selected countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America at the beginning of the twenty-first century by calculating to what extent parents adapt their fertility behaviors to ensure the birth of a preferred sex. Using census data from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series-International (IPUMS-I), derived mostly from the 2010 round, we compute parity progression ratios with the Kaplan–Meier estimator and estimate Cox regressions to include control variables. The results focus on the probability of having a third child and show that a mixed composition of children (one boy and one girl) is the most widespread preference, except in Vietnam, where a heavy son preference can still be observed. The least preferred outcome varies between regions and countries, but it is most often two daughters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Female calves are favored for milk production and genetic advancement in the dairy industry, and sex selection by using sexed semen has been long considered. A potential alternative sperm sexing technique is magnetic-activated cell sorting combined with an immunological method that uses scFv antibodies against male-specific sites on Y-chromosome-bearing sperm; however, the technique should be evaluated for validity and accuracy. This study focuses on how well bovine sperm are separated by the use of magnetic microbeads coupled with scFv antibodies against Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (PY-microbeads). The results showed that sexed bovine sperm using PY-microbeads was a highly effective technique for distinguishing X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm. It had no negative impact on the quality of X-chromosome-bearing sperm. The technique produced 82.65% of X-chromosome sperm in the X-enriched fraction semen and 81.43% of Y-chromosome sperm in the Y-enriched fraction semen, which was utilized to generate target sexed bovine semen. Sperm sexing technique is favored in the dairy industry. This research focuses on the efficiency of bovine sperm sexing using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) by scFv antibody against Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (Y-scFv) coupled to magnetic microbeads and its effects on kinematic variables, sperm quality, and X/Y-sperm ratio. In this study, the optimal concentration of Y-scFv antibody coupling to the surface of magnetic microbeads was 2–4 mg/mL. PY-microbeads revealed significantly enriched Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (Y-sperm) in the eluted fraction (78.01–81.43%) and X-chromosome-bearing sperm (X-sperm) in the supernatant fraction (79.04–82.65%). The quality of frozen–thawed sexed sperm was analyzed by CASA and imaging flow cytometer, which showed that PY-microbeads did not have a negative effect on X-sperm motility, viability, or acrosome integrity. However, sexed Y-sperm had significantly decreased motility and viability. The X/Y-sperm ratio was determined using an imaging flow cytometer and real-time PCR. PY-microbeads produced sperm with up to 82.65% X-sperm in the X-enriched fraction and up to 81.43% Y-sperm in the Y-enriched fraction. Bovine sperm sexing by PY-microbeads showed high efficiency in separating Y-sperm from X-sperm and acceptable sperm quality. This initial technique is feasible for bovine sperm sexing, which increases the number of heifers in dairy herds while lowering production expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a drastic decline in the child sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males between ages 0 and 4) in India and many of its states. This study aimed to examine if prenatal factors, such as change in sex ratio at birth, or postnatal factors, such as change in relative mortality of females and males, contribute to this more by analysing the dynamics of the child sex ratio. Changes in the child sex ratio during 2001–2011 were decomposed into a 'fertility' component attributable to prenatal sex selection and a 'mortality' component attributable to sex differentials in postnatal survival at the country as well as the state level. Between the prenatal factor and the postnatal factor, the contribution of the latter to the declining child sex ratio has been greater than the former in India as a whole and in most of the states. By focusing on both prenatal and postnatal factors, the imbalance in the child sex ratio in the country can be reduced to a large extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]