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Further improving the performance of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells has attracted significant attention due to its crucial role in further lifting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite-based tandem solar cells. The majority of the efforts have focused on reducing the loss of open-circuit voltage (Voc), while little attention has been paid to improving the fill factor (FF). Herein, we employ a crown ether to manipulate the crystallization process of wide-bandgap perovskites. The strong affinity of crown ether with the metal cations suppresses the fast precipitation of cesium salts and delays the crystallization process during the deposition of the perovskite, leading to large grains and elimination of lateral grain boundaries. Moreover, the perovskite film treated with the crown ether exhibits a pronounced orientation of (110), leading to high conductivity and mobility. The improved charge transport properties within the perovskite significantly increase the FF of the as-prepared perovskite solar cell by an absolute value of 3%. In combination with the passivation of uncoordinated Pb2+ defects, the champion wide-bandgap (1.68 eV) solar cell with an n–i–p architecture shows a high FF of 83%, a Voc of 1.21 V, and a PCE of 20.6%. Meanwhile, the long-term stability of the devices is enhanced, with the unencapsulated devices retaining 99.6% of their initial PCE after 1080 hours of storage in air. This work presents a new strategy to further improve the performance of wide-bandgap perovskites and perovskite-based tandem devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the injection dependence of carrier lifetimes of p‐ and n‐type samples passivated by doped‐polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) (p+ and n+ poly‐Si) contacts. A strong apparent injection dependence of the carrier lifetimes is observed in p‐n junction samples (p+ poly‐Si on n‐type or n+ poly‐Si on p‐type) but no injection dependence is observed in high‐low junction samples (p+ poly‐Si on p‐type or n+ poly‐Si on n‐type). Further, photoluminescence images captured at two illumination intensities of 0.05 and 0.87 suns reveal that edge recombination contributed the strong apparent injection dependence in p‐n junction samples. Furthermore, this apparent injection dependence increases as the sample size is reduced, and as the sheet resistance of the doped poly‐Si contacts is decreased, allowing more effective transport of minority carriers to the recombination‐active edge regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limited interface contact and weak interfacial interaction, planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have space for further improvement. Herein, a structural and chemical crosslinking interface is proposed and constructed by introducing an extra layer, which blends tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles with chloride salts. Since the incorporated materials can be dissolved during the fabrication of perovskite, the quality of perovskite films is improved, leading to larger grain size and reduced trap‐state density. Also, more chloride ions at the SnO2/perovskite interface are observed and the interaction between Cl− and Sn4+ is confirmed. It results in more pronounced n‐type SnO2 with better conductivity and deeper conduction bands, leading to preferable energy level alignment between SnO2 and perovskite. Consequently, the open‐circuit voltage and fill factor of the devices increase, and target cells present better stability, retaining 98% of initial efficiencies after >10 000 h storage in dry air (≈5% relative humidity) and maintaining 85.50% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h of operation under light. This strategy enables the achievement of 25.28% efficiency with a low bandgap (1.53 eV) perovskite composition, and it is confirmed to be universal when other related materials are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We investigated the effects and target of gastrodin (GAS) for treating depression through network pharmacology combined with experimentation. Methods: The therapeutic target and signal of GAS for depression were analyzed by network pharmacology. Depression in mice was mimicked with a chronic unpredictable mouse stress (CUMS) model. Through open field, elevated plus maze, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests, the effects of GAS on the CUMS mice behaviors were examined, and the levels of neurotransmitters were detected. The histopathological changes were assayed by H&E and IHC staining, and the protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Small molecule‐protein docking and molecular dynamics experiments were conducted to simulate the binding mode between GAS and Caspase‐3. Results: Network pharmacological analysis revealed that Caspase‐3 was the action target of GAS. GAS could improve depression‐like behaviors in CUMS mice, elevate their neurotransmitter levels, ameliorate their nerve cell injury, and inhibit their Caspase‐3 expression. After knocking out Caspase‐3, the effects of GAS were inhibited. Molecular dynamics simulation and small molecule‐protein docking found that GAS bound to Caspase‐3 at SER25, inhibiting the maturation and activation of Caspase‐3. Conclusion: We find that GAS can act as a Caspase‐3 inhibitor, which improves depression‐like behaviors and nerve cell injury in CUMS mice by inhibiting Caspase‐3‐mediated apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doped polysilicon (poly-Si) passivating contacts have emerged as a key technology for the next generation of silicon solar cells in mass production, owing to their excellent performance and high compatibility with the existing passivated emitter and rear cell technology. However, the current solar cell architecture based on a rear-side electron-selective (n+) poly-Si contact is also approaching its practical limit (∼26%) in mass production. The full potential of doped poly-Si passivating contacts can only be realized through incorporation of both electron-selective and hole-selective (p+) poly-Si contacts. While studies of both p+ and n+ poly-Si contacts commenced simultaneously, significant performance differences have arisen. Phosphorus-doped poly-Si contacts consistently outperform boron-doped counterparts, displaying typically lower recombination current density (J0) values (1 – 5 fA/cm2 vs 7 – 15 fA/cm2). This discrepancy can be attributed to inadequate optimization of p+ poly-Si contacts and fundamental limitations related to boron doping. The poorer passivation of p+ poly-Si contacts can be at least partly attributed to boron segregation into the interfacial oxide layers, compromising the interfacial oxide integrity and reducing the chemical passivation effectiveness. This review critically examines the progress of p+ poly-Si contacts characterized by cell efficiency and J0 values, delves into existing challenges, identifies potential solutions, and explores some potential solar cell architectures to enhance efficiency by incorporating p+ poly-Si contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the antidepressant effects and targets of atractylenolide I (ATR) through a network pharmacological approach. Relevant targets of ATR and depression analyzed by network pharmacology were scored (identifying 5‐HT2A targets). Through elevated plus maze, open field, tail suspension, and forced swimming tests, the behavioral changes of mice with depression (chronic unpredictable mild stress [CUMS]) were examined, and the levels of neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (5‐HT, DA, and NE) were determined. The binding of ATR to 5‐HT2A was verified by small molecular‐protein docking. ATR improved the behaviors of CUMS mice, elevated their levels of neurotransmitters 5‐HT, DA, and NE, and exerted a protective effect on their nerve cell injury. After 5‐HT2A knockout, ATR failed to further improve the CUMS behaviors. According to the results of small molecular‐protein docking and network pharmacological analysis, ATR acted as an inhibitor by binding to 5‐HT2A. ATR can improve the behaviors and modulate the neurotransmitters of CUMS mice by targeting 5‐HT2A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We investigated the mechanism, whereby tumor necrosis factor‐like ligand 1A (TL1A) mediates the A1 differentiation of astrocytes in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods: The cognitive and behavioral abilities of mice were assessed by Morris water maze and open field tests, while the levels of key A1 and A2 astrocyte factors were detected by RT‐qPCR. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to examine the expression of GFAP, western blot was used to assay the levels of related proteins, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Results: The results showed that TL1A could promote the progression of cognitive dysfunction in mice. Astrocytes differentiated into A1 phenotype, while unobvious changes were noted in astrocyte A2 biomarkers. Knockout of NLRP3 or intervention with NLRP3 inhibitor could inhibit the effect of TL1A, improving the cognitive dysfunction and suppressing the A1 differentiation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that TL1A plays an important role in POCD in mice, which promotes the A1 differentiation of astrocytes through NLRP3, thereby exacerbating the progression of cognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphenoid sinus inverted papilloma (IP) is a very infrequent tumor, and the combination of sphenoidal IP with pituitary tumor is extremely rare. In this report, the authors describe the case of a 63-year-old male with oculomotor nerve palsy in the left eye due to sellar region tumor. After endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, the postoperative pathological examination confirmed the co-occurrence of an sphenoidal IP and pituitary adenoma. To our knowledge, the present case is the second reported case of an IP with a pituitary adenoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report two cases of Intracranial inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) with recurrent, cystic, and venous sinus occlusion. The cases show imaging progression from a small lesion (case 1) or absence of lesions (case 2). One of cases recurred 2 years after surgery and was treated with corticosteroids but the tumor was still growing and was resected again. We think the best treatment for IMT is surgical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this research was to examine the impact of paeoniflorin (Pae) in suppressing the occurrence of ferroptosis in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study utilized APP/PS1 mice with AD as the experimental subjects. Following the administration of Pae, the cognitive behaviors of mice were evaluated and the key indexes of ferroptosis were measured, as well as levels of oxidative stress (OS). For in‐vitro experiments, Erastin was adopted for inducing the ferroptosis of PC12 cells, and the level of cell ferroptosis was detected after Pae treatment. Pae improved the cognitive ability of AD mice, reduced the level of ferroptosis, decreased the iron ion and MAD levels in brain tissues, and increased SOD expression. In PC12 cells, Pae suppressed the Erastin‐induced ferroptosis, mitigated oxidative damage, and reduced the level of ROS. Based on the findings from our research, it was observed that Pae exhibited a specific binding affinity to P53, leading to the suppression of ferroptosis. This mechanism ultimately resulted in the improvement of nerve injury in mice with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mine wastewater often contains dissolved metals at concentrations too low to be economically extracted by existing technologies, yet too high for environmental discharge. The most common treatment is chemical precipitation of the dissolved metals using limestone and subsequent disposal of the sludge in tailing impoundments. While it is a cost‐effective solution to meet regulatory standards, it represents a lost opportunity. In this study, we engineered Escherichia coli to overexpress its native NikABCDE transporter and a heterologous metallothionein to capture nickel at concentrations in local effluent streams. We found the engineered strain had a 7‐fold improvement in the bioaccumulation performance for nickel compared to controls, but also observed a drastic decrease in cell viability due to metabolic burden or inducer (IPTG) toxicity. Growth kinetic analysis revealed the IPTG concentrations used based on past studies lead to growth inhibition, thus delineating future avenues for optimization of the engineered strain and its growth conditions to perform in more complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylammonium (MA)‐free perovskite solar cells have the potential for better thermal stability than their MA‐containing counterparts. However, the efficiency of MA‐free perovskite solar cells lags behind due to inferior bulk quality. In this work, 4‐methylphenethylammonium chloride (4M‐PEACl) is added into a MA‐free perovskite precursor, which results in greatly enhanced bulk quality. The perovskite crystal grains are significantly enlarged, and defects are suppressed by a factor of four upon the incorporation of an optimal concentration of 4M‐PEACl. Quasi‐2D perovskites are formed and passivate defects at the grain boundaries of the perovskite crystals. Furthermore, the perovskite surface chemistry is modified, resulting in surface energies more favorable for hole extraction. This facile approach leads to a steady state efficiency of 23.7% (24.2% in reverse scan, 23.0% in forward scan) for MA‐free perovskite solar cells. The devices also show excellent light stability, retaining more than 93% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h of constant illumination in a nitrogen environment. In addition, a four‐terminal mechanically stacked perovskite‐silicon tandem solar cell with champion efficiency of 30.3% is obtained using this MA‐free composition. The encapsulated tandem devices show excellent operational stability, retaining more than 98% of the initial performance after 42 day/night cycles in an ambient atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a male, immunocompetent case aged 62-year-old with cryptococcal granuloma in the basal ganglia. No cryptococcal infection occurred in other areas. The diagnosis was made by biopsy. Cryptococcal granuloma was tough and unsuitable for sterotactic biopsy. The patient died of postoperative bleeding and we suggest avoiding stereotactic biopsy of lesions suspected of being cryptococcal granulomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells are notorious for exhibiting transient behavior not seen in conventional inorganic semiconductor devices. Significant inroads have been made into understanding this fact in terms of rapid ion migration, now a well-established property of the prototype photovoltaic perovskite MAPbI 3 and strongly implicated in the newer mixed compositions. Here, we study the manifestations of ion migration in frequency-domain small-signal measurements, focusing on the popular technique of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). We provide new interpretations for a variety of previously puzzling features, including giant photoinduced low-frequency capacitance and negative capacitance in a variety of forms. We show that these apparently strange measurements can be rationalized by the splitting of AC current into two components, one associated with charge-storage and the other with the quasi-steady-state recombination current of electrons and holes. The latter contribution to the capacitance can take either a positive or a negative sign and is potentially very large when slow, voltage-sensitive processes such as ion migration are at play. Using numerical drift-diffusion semiconductor models, we show that giant photoinduced capacitance, inductive loop features, and low-frequency negative capacitance all emerge naturally as consequences of ion migration via its coupling to quasi-steady-state electron and hole currents. In doing so, we unify the understanding of EIS measurements with the comparably well-developed theory of rate dependent current-voltage (I-V) measurements in perovskite cells. Comparing the two techniques, we argue that EIS is more suitable for quantifying I-V hysteresis than conventional methods based on I-V sweeps and demonstrate this application on a variety of cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a high incidence and mortality rate in children with hematologic tumors (CHT), who are more prone to various infectious diseases. This study aims to clarify the real-world National Immunization Program (NIP) vaccination status of CHT before and after chemotherapy. Medical records, NIP vaccination data, and the Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) of CHT who were admitted to the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from 1 January 2011 to 1 December 2021 were completely collected. A total of 2,874 CHT were included, and 1975 (68.7%) had vaccination records. Among the enrolled patients, the vaccination rate of all NIP vaccines was lower than 90% before diagnosis. Only 24.29% of CHT (410/1688) resumed vaccination after chemotherapy, and 69.02% (283/410) resumed vaccination more than 12 months after chemotherapy. No uncommon or serious side effects were reported. The vaccination rate of CHT after chemotherapy was lower than that before the disease was diagnosed. It is necessary to provide more evidence-based support and formulate specific regimens to perfect the vaccination procedure after chemotherapy so as to improve the quality of life of CHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a signaling molecule responsible for the expression of hepcidin (Hepc), while myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) is one major accessory protein of TLR4. This study focuses on exploring the neurocyte ferroptosis mediated through the regulation of Hepc expression by MD2, which is also one of the mechanisms for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). An experimental study was carried out using aged wild‐type (Wt) and MD2 transgenic (Tg) mice. The neurocyte ferroptosis and POCD in the mice were assessed following splenectomy. Morris water maze was utilized to assess the neurocognitive abilities, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assay was performed to examine histopathology, and Nissl staining was used to evaluate the neurocyte damage. The Fe2+, superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione(GSH), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) levels were determined with kits. The expressions of transferrin receptor (TFR), Hepc, and MD2 were measured by Western blotting, while the expressions of TFR and GPX4 were measured by immunohistochemical staining. In Tg mice, we observed neurocyte ferroptosis and POCD following treatment with an MD2 inhibitor. PC12 cells were used as a neurocyte model. Ferroptosis was induced after treatment with an MD2 inhibitor, and the cell viability was assayed by Cell Counting Kit‐8. Immunofluorescent staining was used to measure the TFR and GPX4 expressions. Meanwhile, the intracellular levels of Fe2+, SOD, MDA, GSH, GPX4, and Hepc were also measured. POCD occurred among aged Wt and Tg mice. The Tg‐POCD mice had more apparent POCD than the Wt‐POCD mice. Nissl and H&E staining revealed neurocyte damage in brain tissues. Besides this, the Fe2+ and MDA expressions were upregulated, while the SOD, GSH, and GPX4 expressions were downregulated. Elevations in tissue levels of TFR, Hepc, and MD2 were observed, which were higher than those of Wt‐POCD mice. After treatment with an MD2 inhibitor, the POCD could be prominently ameliorated in Tg‐POCD mice, the Fe2+ and MDA levels could be reduced, while the SOD, GSH, and GPX4 levels could be elevated. In the PC12 model, ferroptosis could be suppressed by inhibiting the expression of MD2. MD2 is capable of regulating neurocyte ferroptosis by promoting Hepc expression, which has great potential as a novel target for POCD therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important factors in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is effective defect passivation. Dimensional engineering technique is a promising method to efficiently passivate non‐radiative recombination pathways in the bulk and surface of PSCs. Herein, a passivation approach for the perovskite/hole transport layer interface is presented, using a mixture of guanidinium and n‐octylammonium cations introduced via GuaBr and n‐OABr. The dual‐cation passivation layer can provide an open‐circuit voltage of 1.21 V with a power conversion efficiency of 23.13%, which is superior to their single cation counterparts. The mixed‐cation passivation layer forms a 1D/2D perovskite film on top of 3D perovskite, leading to a more hydrophobic and smoother surface than the uncoated film. A smooth surface can diminish non‐radiative recombination and enhance charge extraction at the interface making a better contact with the transport layer, resulting in improved short‐circuit current. In addition, space charge‐limited current measurements show a three times reduction in the trap‐filled limit voltage in the mixed‐cation passivated sample compared with unpassivated cells, indicating fewer trapped states. The shelf‐life stability test in ambient atmosphere with 60% relative humidity as well as light‐soaking stability reveal the highest stability for the dual‐cation surface passivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tandem cell structure is the most promising solution for the next generation photovoltaic technology to overcome the single‐junction Shockley–Queisser limit. The fabrication of a perovskite/c‐Si monolithic tandem device has not yet been demonstrated on a c‐Si bottom cell produced from an industrial production line. Here, a c‐Si cell with a tunneling oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) structure produced on a production line as the bottom cell of a tandem device, and a top cell featuring solution‐processed perovskite films to form the tandem device are used. The c‐Si cell features a rough damage etched, but untextured front surface from the wafering processes. To combat the challenge of rough surfaces, several strategies to avoid shunt paths across carrier transport layers, absorber layers, and their interfaces are implemented. Moreover, the origin of reflection loss on this planar structure is investigated and the reflection loss is managed to below 4 mA cm−2. In addition, the source of the voltage loss from the TOPCon bottom cell is identified and the device structure is redesigned to be suitable for tandem applications while still using mass production feasible fabrication methods. Overall, 27.6% efficiency is achieved for a monolithic perovskite/c‐Si tandem device, with significant potential for future improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]