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Group assessment is an important collaborative learning structure for development of graduate teamwork competencies. However, group assessments are often associated with poorer learning outcomes due to highly negative student experiences involving tension and conflict. In this study, an online tool incorporating four strategic 'GATES' ("Team structure," "Communication," "Leadership," and "Situation monitoring/Mutual support") was designed to support the social processes required for team cohesion. The 'GATES' tool was evaluated using mixed methods in an observational, correlational (cross-sectional) study of 693 undergraduate and post-graduate university students and five academics in five Allied Health university courses with a group assessment task. Participants completed two anonymous questionnaires (previous experiences and current experiences) that generated both quantitative and qualitative data. In the first, 95.19% (178/187) of respondents reported a previous group assessment experience, and the experience was negative for 19.1% (34/178) of these students, with 85.3% (29/34) attributing this to group member behaviour. All academics reported issues with previous group assessments they had delivered. Of the students who used the tool (n = 52), there was no statistically significant association between gender, CALD status, or age with group assessment experience. However, 56.9% (29/52) of students and all five academics found the tool useful for getting the group started early, and for managing team issues. The tool appeared most helpful with organisation and planning than in managing team issues, potentially due to the tool negating issues before they arose. Overall, our study's findings indicate that 'GATES' keeps students on track and provides timely support during the team management process.

This case study investigated waste management in a small, rural, Queensland hospital identifying areas where staff could reduce CO2e within the context of what is logistically possible. Phase I captured waste streams and disposal data for 1 May 2022–31 May 23 in a 20-bed Queensland Health hospital and included three audits of the hospital’s pharmaceutical waste bin. Phase II comprised semi-structured interviews with seven staff. Most potentially recyclable waste was being disposed of in the clinical, pharmaceutical, and general waste streams. All participants were interested in recycling more if appropriate bins were accessible in their work and lunch areas and recycling education was provided. Between 1 May 2022 and 31 May 2023, the CO2e were 44.53t, which equates to approximately 48,327 car km. This study identified opportunities for hospital-wide recycling which would reduce CO2e, waste collection fees, and landfill volume. A limitation was the small number of interviewees due to rural workforce shortages and a COVID-19 outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore community pharmacy consumers' knowledge and attitudes of mental illness, support services, and community pharmacists' role in supporting people living with mental illness (PLMI). Methods: This survey was conducted in 15 community pharmacies between June and September 2019. Participants were aged 18 years or older without prior or ongoing history of mental illness and/or with close family members with mental illness. Open-ended responses to the anonymous questionnaire were analysed using content analysis. Key findings: Majority of the 380 participants were female (57.4%) with a mean age 52.9 years and 33.7% having completed university. Most (70.3%) believed that people with mental illness had a negative image due to poor health literacy providing possible solutions of 'awareness campaigns', 'education and training', and 'increased government funding for mental health (MH) support services'. Only 33.7% and 63.7% of participants were aware of Mental Health Week and the R U OK? Campaign, respectively. Whilst 12.4% of participants had participated in MH campaigns, only 3.4% were aware of community pharmacists-led MH educational activities. There were significant differences between adults (<65 years) and older adults (≥65 years old) with the latter reporting a more negative image for mental illness (P < 0.05) and having less exposure and engagement with MH resources (P < 0.001) and campaigns (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Despite awareness, participants reported low engagement with MH campaigns. Additionally, older adults had lower MH literacy and exposure to resources and campaigns. This study highlighted that the community lacked awareness of what pharmacists can offer to support PLMIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Queensland, each hospital and health service (local hospital network) has its own waste reduction and recycling plan to comply with the Queensland Government's Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011 (Qld). The aim is to reduce both the hospital's carbon footprint and waste handling costs. Hospital environmental waste services staff do not audit pharmaceutical waste bins as this requires the presence of a registered pharmacist. Aim: Since previous published studies of healthcare waste disposal practices have not included pharmacy waste bin audits, this study aimed to investigate waste disposal behaviours in a hospital pharmacy department. Method: This sequential, two‐phase mixed methods study was conducted in a metropolitan, tertiary public hospital's pharmacy department in Queensland. Phase I involved semi‐structured interviews of hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians while Phase II comprised bin audits of the pharmacy department's waste streams. Results: The bin audits revealed 36.1%, 23.8%, and 4.9% of recyclable waste in the clinical waste stream for each of the three bin audits respectively. In the general waste stream, the two bin audits of this stream revealed 14.3% and 44.4%, respectively. The reasons were identified in the interviews: there were no recycling bins in the main dispensing areas and there was confusion surrounding correct disposal of original containers and non‐contaminated packaging waste. Non‐paper waste was found in the confidential (shredded) waste stream in the two bin audits of this stream (10.1% and 16.7%, respectively). Conclusion: Provision of commingled recycling bins and clean office paper waste bins in dispensing areas and education of staff on correct waste segregation processes will improve waste segregation in hospital pharmacy departments with both financial and environmental benefits for the hospital and the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives NHS England has set itself a target of net zero emissions by 2050. Therefore, to address this gap in the literature, this study aimed to explore engagement with NHS policy on carbon reduction (including awareness of the Sustainable Development Unit [SDU] and the Coalition for Sustainable Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices [CSPM]) in NHS hospital pharmacists in England. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 pharmacists working in six NHS England hospitals across all hierarchical levels. Four interview questions elicited Yes/No responses and one generated qualitative data which were analysed by two methods – Leximancer and manual coding. Key Findings Only five (5/23; 21.74%) had heard of the SDU and none knew its purpose. Those who did not wish to learn more about the SDU could not see its relevance to their clinical practice. Barriers identified to the inclusion of sustainability considerations in clinical decision-making were lack of knowledge of the environmental risk profiles for treatment options, lack of quality environmental evidence incorporated into clinical guidelines and lack of time to research for themselves. Many participants did not believe that environmental considerations were part of their job. Conclusions For NHS England to successfully deliver on its target of net zero emissions by 2050, immediate action is required from all hospital staff, clinicians included. The challenge for the NHS will be engaging pharmacists and other clinicians with sustainable clinical practice and working with clinicians to reduce identified barriers. As these data were collected in 2016, further research is warranted to determine if pharmacists' attitudes towards sustainable practice are changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceuticals and their packaging have a significant negative impact on the environment providing a very strong argument for action on the part of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to engage with pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in their workplaces. The aims of this research were therefore to investigate in hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, 1) factors affecting engagement with workplace PEBs, and 2) determine if legislated carbon reduction targets in the UK influenced workplace PEBs in the UK compared with Australia which does not have legislated carbon reduction targets. The environmentally responsible disposal of pharmaceutical waste was the PEB of interest in this study. A mixed methods research design was utilised and a conceptual model (key variables: environmental attitude, concern, and knowledge, and organisational factors) was developed to identify factors influencing workplace PEBs. Participants were from five hospitals in Queensland, Australia and five NHS hospitals in England, UK. There was no statistically significant difference in environmental attitude or concern between the two groups—most had a mid-environmental attitude score and low levels of environmental concern. Participants lacked knowledge of the issue and the link between the environment and public health. Both Australian and UK participants reported recycling packaging waste was not a priority in the hospital pharmacy workplace (even in hospitals with recycling capability) as hospitals focused on compliance with clinical (contaminated) and confidential waste streams. Environmental attitude, knowledge, and concern therefore appeared to be weak influences on intention to perform workplace PEBs with workplace social norms (compliance due to audits) appearing to be a significant mediator of action. The key difference between the cohorts was that UK pharmacists felt waste was not in the scope of their role, and therefore not their responsibility. This study identified that legislated carbon reduction targets did not influence hospital pharmacy workplace PEBs–neither cohort reported engaging significantly in workplace PEBs. UK Government and NHS sustainability policy did not appear to have disseminated to pharmacy department level of UK public hospitals to any great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Involving community pharmacists in the provision of care to people living with HIV has the potential to improve health outcomes. Aim: To explore community pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes regarding the supply of HIV medicines following the Australian Government's decision to list antiretroviral drugs (ARTs) on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in 2016. Methods: A purposive sample of community pharmacists around Australia was invited to participate in an anonymous, online questionnaire that collected demographic information, and pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes towards dispensing and counselling HIV antiretroviral medicines. Results: Of the 91 participants, the majority had not dispensed an HIV medicine. Most participants reported feeling comfortable when counselling people living with HIV about their medicines. However, most reported a lack of confidence in knowledge of HIV and HIV medicines, and a lack of confidence in counselling these patients about their medicines and managing the complex issues they experience. There was a statistically significant difference in genders with females reporting less confidence compared with males. Unsurprisingly, confidence in knowledge of HIV and HIV medicines was associated with confidence in counselling people living with HIV. Conclusion: Increased accessibility to HIV antiretroviral medicines through community pharmacies for Australians living with HIV has potentially improved patient health outcomes. However, community pharmacists need to be both confident and comfortable in talking to these patients. This study has identified that Australian community pharmacists would benefit from continuing professional education on this topic. These findings could also be relevant for improving outcomes of patients taking other high‐cost drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In a disaster aftermath, pharmacists have the potential to provide essential health services and contribute to the maintenance of the health and well-being of their community. Despite their importance in the health care system, little is known about the factors that affect pharmacists' disaster preparedness and associated behaviors.Study Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the factors that influence disaster preparedness behaviors and disaster preparedness of Australian pharmacists.Methods: A 70-question survey was developed from previous research findings. This survey was released online and registered Australian pharmacists were invited to participate. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the factors that influenced preparedness and preparedness behaviors among pharmacists.Results: The final model of disaster preparedness indicated that 86.0% of variation in preparedness was explained by disaster experience, perceived knowledge and skills, colleague preparedness, perceived self-efficacy, previous preparedness behaviors, perceived potential disaster severity, and trust of external information sources. The final model of preparedness behaviors indicated that 71.1% of variation in previous preparedness behaviors can be explained by disaster experience, perceived institution responsibility, colleague preparedness, perceived likelihood of disaster, perceived professional responsibility, and years of practice as a pharmacist.Conclusion: This research is the first to explore the significant factors affecting preparedness behaviors and preparedness of Australian pharmacists for disasters. It begins to provide insight into potential critical gaps in current disaster preparedness behaviors and preparedness among pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disasters affect health services, health professionals and the health of individuals. During disasters, pharmacists are essential in maintaining the health of their communities. Despite the important roles pharmacists undertake in disasters, little is known about their preparedness to respond to disasters that may affect their communities. Aim: To qualitatively explore the factors that affect Australian pharmacists' preparedness for disasters. Methods: Semistructured interviews aimed at exploring disaster preparedness were conducted with 13 pharmacists in Australia. Participants were recruited using purposive, snowball, and convenience sampling methods. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Open and axial coding methods were used to determine the factors associated with preparedness. Ethical approval was obtained from Queensland University of Technology (no. 1700000626). Results: Almost half of the participants (46%) did not feel that they were prepared for a disaster likely to affect their primary place of practice. Two overarching themes contributing to participants' preparedness were identified: 'individual factors' and 'external factors'. Pharmacists believed that their preparedness was affected by the individual factors of experience, soft skills, knowledge and training. They also noted that external factors such as available resources, administrative support, multisector support and actions by supports were required for them to be prepared. Conclusion: This research is the first of its kind to explore the factors affecting pharmacists' disaster preparedness. The results indicate that Australian pharmacists feel underprepared for disasters; however, improving this preparedness is complex and will require more than a single intervention. Interventions for improving preparedness need to target individual and environmental factors and involve the whole healthcare team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In the aftermath of a disaster, the services provided by pharmacists are essential to ensure the continued health and well-being of the local population. To continue pharmacy services, it is critical that pharmacists are prepared for disasters. A systematic literature review was conducted to explore pharmacists' and pharmacy students' preparedness for disasters and the factors that affect preparedness. Methods: This review was conducted in April 2020 through electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO, and two disaster journals. Search terms such as 'pharmacist*', 'disaster*' and 'prepared*' were used. The search yielded an initial 1781 titles. Articles were included if they measured pharmacists or pharmacy students' disaster preparedness. After screening and quality appraisal by two researchers, four articles were included in final analysis and review. Data were extracted using a data collection tool formulated by the researchers. Metaanalysis was not possible; instead, results were compared across key areas including preparedness ratings and factors that influenced preparedness. Key findings: Three articles focused on pharmacy students' preparedness for disasters, and one on registered pharmacists' preparedness. Preparedness across both groups was poor to moderate with <18% of registered pharmacists found to be prepared to respond to a disaster. Factors that potentially influenced preparedness included disaster competency, disaster interventions and demographic factors. Conclusion For pharmacists, the lack of research around their preparedness speaks volumes about their current involvement and expectations within disaster management. Without a prepared pharmacy workforce and pharmacy involvement in disaster management, critical skill and service gaps in disasters may negatively impact patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human-induced climate change is increasing the likelihood and severity of wildfires across the globe. This has negative consequences for the health of affected communities through the loss of health systems' infrastructure and disrupted health services. Community pharmacies are a central hub between patients and the health care system and can provide continuity of care during wildfires. However, there is little in peer-reviewed literature about the impacts of wildfires on community pharmacy operations.Study Objective: The aim of this study was therefore to explore the impacts of the 2018/2019 summer bushfires in Tasmania, Australia on community pharmacy operations in affected areas.Methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with four community pharmacists who were working in the affected region during the bushfires. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data were analyzed using two methods- manual coding utilizing NVivo software and Leximancer analysis. Inter-rater reliability was ensured by two researchers analyzing the data independently. Differences in coding were discussed and agreement reached through negotiation amongst the research team.Results: From the manual coding analysis, five key themes emerged - communication and collaboration; support; patient health challenges; pharmacist experiences in delivering health care; and future planning. These aligned with the five themes that emerged from the Leximancer analysis - community; local; town; patients; and work. Participants described working during the wildfires as difficult, with multiple challenges reported including communication difficulties, operational barriers such as power cuts, legislative barriers, logistical issues with obtaining and storing medication supplies, and lack of preparation, support, and funding. They highlighted a lack of operational and financial support from the government and received most assistance from local council bodies and local branches of professional pharmacy organizations.Conclusion: During disasters, community pharmacies help reduce the burden on public hospitals by maintaining medication supplies and treating patients with minor ailments. However, increased support and inclusion in disaster management planning is needed to continue this role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Extreme heat (EH) events are increasing in frequency and duration and cause more deaths in Australia than any other extreme weather event. Consequently, EH events lead to an increase in the number of patient presentations to hospitals. Methods Climatic observations for Hobart's region and Royal Hobart Hospital (RHH) emergency department admissions data were collected retrospectively for the study period of 2003–2010. A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was fitted using a generalized linear model with quasi-Poisson family to obtain adjusted estimates for the relationship between temperature and the relative risk of being admitted to the RHH. Results The model demonstrated that relative to the annual mean temperature of 14°C, the relative risk of being admitted to the RHH for the years 2003–2010 was significantly higher for all temperatures above 27°C (P < 0.05 in all cases). The peak effect upon admission was noted on the same day as the EH event, however, the model suggests that a lag effect exists, increasing the likelihood of admission to the RHH for a further 14 days. Conclusions To relieve the added burden on emergency departments during these events, adaptation strategies adopted by public health organizations could include preventative health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether a relationship exists between the number of disasters a jurisdiction has experienced and the presence of disaster-specific pharmacy legislation. Methods: Pharmacy legislation specific to disasters was reviewed for five countries: Australia, Canada, UK, US and New Zealand. A binary logistic regression test using a generalised estimating equation was used to examine the association between the number of disasters experienced by a state, province, territory or country and whether they had disaster-specific pharmacy legislation. Results: Three of six models were statistically significant, suggesting that the odds of a jurisdiction having disaster-specific pharmacy legislation increased as the number of disasters increased for the period 2007–17 and 2013–17. There was an association between the everyday emergency supply legislation and the presence of the extended disaster-specific emergency supply legislation AH19093_IE1.gif. Conclusions: It is evident from this review that there are inconsistencies as to the level of assistance pharmacists can provide during times of crisis depending on their jurisdiction and location of practice. It is not a question of whether pharmacists have the skills and capabilities to assist, but rather what legislative barriers are preventing them from being able to contribute further to the disaster healthcare team. What is known about the topic?: The contributing factors to disaster-specific pharmacy legislation has not previously been explored in Australia. It can be postulated that the number of disasters experienced by a jurisdiction increases the likelihood of governments introducing disaster-specific pharmacy legislation based on other countries. What does this paper add?: This study compared five countries and their pharmacy legislation specific to disasters. It identified that as the number of disasters increases, the odds of a jurisdiction having disaster-specific emergency supply or disaster relocation or mobile pharmacy legislation increases. However, this is likely to be only one of many factors affecting the political decisions of when and what legislation is passed in relation to pharmacists' roles in disasters. What are the implications for practitioners?: Pharmacists are well situated in the community to be of assistance during disasters. However, their ability to help patients with chronic disease management or providing necessary vaccinations in disasters is limited by the legislation in their jurisdiction. Releasing pharmacists' full potential in disasters could alleviate the burden of low-acuity patients on other healthcare services. This could subsequently free up other healthcare professionals to treat high-acuity patients and emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of jurisdictions allowing access to medicinal cannabis has been steadily increasing since the state of California introduced legislation in 1996. Although there is a high degree of legislative heterogeneity across jurisdictions, the involvement of a health professional is common among all. This places health professionals at the forefront of therapy, yet no systematic review of literature has offered insight into the beliefs, knowledge, and concerns of health professionals regarding medicinal cannabis. Methods: Using a predetermined study protocol, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched for studies indexed up to the 1st August 2018. Pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied uniformly. Screening for relevancy, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias were completed by two independent investigators. Risk of bias was assessed using CASP criteria (qualitative) and a modified domain-based risk assessment tool (quantitative). Results: Of the 15,775 studies retrieved, 106 underwent full-text review and of these, 26 were included. The overall risk of bias was considered low across all included studies. The general impression was that health professionals supported the use of medicinal cannabis in practice; however, there was a unanimous lack of self-perceived knowledge surrounding all aspects of medicinal cannabis. Health professionals also voiced concern regarding direct patient harms and indirect societal harms. Conclusion: This systematic review has offered a lens through which to view the existing literature surrounding the beliefs, knowledge, and concerns of health professionals regarding medicinal cannabis. These results are limited, however, by the implicit common-sense models of behaviour utilised by the included studies. Before strategies can be developed and implemented to change health professional behaviour, a more thorough understanding of the factors that underpin the delivery of medicinal cannabis is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective/s: The aim of this study was to explore Queensland hospital pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ knowledge and understanding of the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment and the handling of pharmaceutical waste. Methods: This study followed a mixed methods research design. Purposive sampling techniques were used to recruit 64 hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in five public and private hospitals, in metropolitan and regional Queensland, Australia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Qualitative data were analysed using both the text analytics using descriptive statistics. Key findings: Lack of environmental knowledge regarding the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment and lack of understanding of systems thinking concepts (that all living things are part of the one environment or system, and therefore any negative impacts on the environment will ultimately have negative impacts on human health) were the key findings of this research. Interviewees expressed concern, but most expressed minimal personal concern, about the impact of pharmaceuticals entering the environment. Most interviewees were unsure as to best practice methods for the disposal of pharmaceutical waste, and by complying with hospital policy assumed appropriate disposal occurred. Conclusion: Before the pharmacy profession can take up a leadership role in the more sustainable use of pharmaceuticals, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians require environmental information regarding the negative impacts of pharmaceuticals on the environment, and education on systems thinking to enable them to understand that any negative impacts on the environment will ultimately have negative impacts on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Pharmaceuticals have played an important role in improving the quality of life of the human population in modern times. However, it must also be acknowledged that both the production and use of pharmaceuticals have a significant, negative impact on the environment and consequently, a negative impact on the health of humans and wildlife. This negative impact is due to the embedded carbon in pharmaceuticals' manufacture and distribution and the waste generated in their manufacture, consumption and disposal. Pharmaceutical waste is comprised of contaminated waste (unwanted pharmaceuticals and their original containers) and non-contaminated waste (non-hazardous packaging waste). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The article is a literature review. Findings – The article identified a gap in the literature around pharmacist attitudes and behaviour toward the environmentally responsible handling of pharmaceutical waste. Originality/value – Pharmacists, with their professional commitment to the quality use of medicines and their active participation in the medicines management pathway, already play an important role in the more sustainable use of pharmaceuticals. Even so, they have the potential to play an even greater role with the environmentally responsible disposal of pharmaceutical waste (including packaging waste) and the education of other health professionals and the general public on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on ways to make pharmaceutical industry environment friendly in Australia. The World Health Organization urged health sectors for sustainable development and to reduce carbon footprints through better management of energy use. It mentions the plans of the pharmaceutical company Walgreens Co. to build first net zero energy retail pharmacy that will produce energy equal to what it consumes.

Objective: Antibodies to CA 125 have been used to predict relapse of ovarian cancer, but have performed poorly as therapeutic agents. One rationale for this is antibody binding to circulating shed antigen. Our aim in this study was to develop antibodies to human CA 125 that have enhanced selectivity for the cell-associated form of the antigen. Methods: Monoclonal antibodies were raised to a recombinant fragment of CA 125 that included sequence proximal to the putative membrane attachment site. Antibodies were characterized in terms of their binding site, affinity and selectivity for cell-associated CA 125. Results: In assays using patient-derived CA 125, a subset of high-affinity (KD <5 nM) monoclonal antibodies demonstrated a 10- to greater than 200-fold increase in selectivity for cell-associated CA 125 when compared with controls. Based on mapping of the various monoclonal antibodies obtained, it was determined that shedding of CA 125 most likely occurs in the most C-terminal repeat domain. Conclusion: Results from competition analysis using patient-derived shed antigen predict that the antibodies described in this study may have significantly enhanced tumor-targeting properties when compared with existing antibodies to CA 125 in a tumor environment having high concentrations (>10,000 CA 125 units) of shed CA 125. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "The impact of extreme heat events on hospital admissions to the Royal Hobart Hospital" that was published in the June 2020 issue is presented.

The article discusses the ways to deal with pharmacy market commoditization due to prevalence of extreme hyper-competition and price–quality positioning. Topics discussed include decreasing margins and market share by pharmacies, falling of community pharmacy in commoditization and steps like cost reduction and workflow efficiency increase by traditional business management to counter commoditization.

The article discusess the role of pharmacists in natural and manmade disasters. Topics discussed include impact of disease exacerbations and interruptions to patients continuity of medication care on the same; management of healthcare provision for preventing the same; and guidelines released by the International Pharmaceutical Federation for helping pharmacists in providing effective care during natural disasters.

Introduction: Pharmacists are uniquely placed in the community to be of assistance to disaster-affected patients. However, the roles undertaken by pharmacists in disasters are identified based on their own experiences and networks. There is currently no definition or acknowledgment of pharmacists' roles in disasters. Objective: To acquire consensus from an expert panel of key opinion leaders within the field of disaster health on pharmacists' roles in disasters throughout the four disaster phases—prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Methods: A Delphi study consisting of three rounds of online surveys was utilised. Twenty-four key opinion leaders were contacted, with 15 completing all three rounds. The 15 expert panellists were presented with 46 roles identified in the literature and asked to rank their opinions on a 5-point Likert scale. This study used an international, all-hazard, and multijurisdictional approach. Consensus was benchmarked at 80% and any role which did not reach consensus was re-queried in the subsequent round. The third round provided the results of the Delphi study and sought commentary on the acceptance or rejection of the roles. Results: Of the 46 roles provided to the expert panel, 43 roles were accepted as roles pharmacists are capable of undertaking in a disaster. There were five roles for the prevention phase, nine for the preparedness phase, 21 for the response phase, and eight for the recovery phase. The experts were asked to prioritise the top five roles for each of the disaster phases. The three roles which did not make consensus were deemed to be specialised roles for disaster pharmacists and not generalisable to the broader pharmacy profession. Conclusion: This study identifies pharmacists' roles in disasters which have been accepted by the international disaster health community. The international key opinion leaders recommended that pharmacists could be undertaking 43 roles in a disaster, however, this is dependent on individual jurisdiction considerations. Pharmacy professional associations need to advocate to policymakers for legislative support and to ensure pharmacists are equipped with the training and education required to undertake these roles within specific jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]