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Cybersecurity in Critical Infrastructures, especially Digital Substations, has garnered significant attention from both the industrial and academic sectors. A commonly adopted approach to support research in this area involves the use of datasets, which consist of network traffic samples gathered during the operation of an infrastructure. However, creating such datasets from real-world electrical systems presents some challenges: (i) These datasets are often generated under controlled or idealized conditions, potentially overlooking the complexities of real-world operations within a digital substation; (ii) the captured data frequently contain sensitive information, making it difficult to share openly within the research community. This paper presents the creation of a new dataset aimed at advancing cybersecurity research, specifically focused on GOOSE spoofing attacks, given the crucial role of the GOOSE protocol in managing operational and control tasks within Digital Substations. The dataset highlights the real-world impacts of these attacks, demonstrating the execution of unintended operations under different operational scenarios, including both stable conditions and situations involving system failures. The data were collected from a laboratory testbed that replicates the actual functioning of a real digital substation with two bays. The experiments provided insights into key characteristics of GOOSE protocol traffic and the vulnerability of DS infrastructure to Spoofing Attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substation is integral to the functioning of a power grid, enabling the efficient and safe transmission and distribution of electrical energy to meet the demands of consumers. The digital transformation of critical infrastructures, particularly in the electric power sector, such as the emergence of intelligent substations, is a double-edged sword. While it brings about efficiency improvements and consumer-centric advancements, it raises concerns about the heightened vulnerability to cyberattacks. This article proposes a new static-dynamic strategy for host security detection by implementing a system prototype and evaluating its detection accuracy. To reduce the subjectivity in manually selecting features, we combine classified protection for cybersecurity-related standards and construct the requirement generation algorithm to construct a network security detection standard library for the substation host. Based on this, we develop strategy generation algorithm to match the list of host detection projects to obtain the security detection strategy of the target host. Moreover, we output and analyze the detection logs to obtain a security detection report. The prototype is efficient and effective through practical use, and it serves as a practical tool in substation host security detection. The experiments suggest that the mechanism proposed in our study can operate at a high speed and demonstrates satisfactory performance in terms of detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a correction technique for bad data and high-precision analysis based on micro-phasor measurement unit (μPMU) data for a stable and reliable smart substation. First, a high-precision wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) with 35 μPMUs installed at Korea's Yeonggwang substation, which is connected to renewable energy sources (RESs), is introduced. Time-synchronized μPMU data are collected through the phasor data concentrator (PDC). A pre-processing program is implemented and utilized to integrate the raw data of each μPMU into a single comma-separated values (CSV) snapshot file based on the Timetag. After presenting the technique for identification and correction of event, duplicate, and spike bad data of μPMU, causal relationships are confirmed through the voltage and current fluctuations for a total of five states, such as T/L fault, tap-up, tap-down, generation, and generation shutdown. Additionally, the difference in active power between the T/L and the secondary side of the M.Tr is compared, and the fault ride through (FRT) regulations, when the fault in wind power generation (WP), etc., occurred, is analyzed. Finally, a statistical analysis, such as boxplot and kernel density, based on the instantaneous voltage fluctuation rate (IVFR) is conducted. As a result of the simulation evaluation, the proposed correction technique and precise analysis can accurately identify various phenomena in substations and reliably estimate causal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of a decentralized electric grid has shifted from being a concept to a reality. The growing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has transformed the traditional centralized electric grid into a decentralized one. However, while most efforts to manage and optimize this decentralization focus on the electrical infrastructure layer, the operational and control layer, as well as the data management layer, have received less attention. Current electric grids rely on centralized control centers (CCCs) that serve as the electric grid's brain, where operators monitor, control, and manage the entire grid infrastructure. Hence, any disruption caused by a cyberattack or a natural event, disconnecting the CCC, could have numerous negative effects on grid operations, including socioeconomic impacts, equipment damage, market repercussions, and blackouts. This article introduces the idea of a fully decentralized electric grid that leverages autonomous smart substations and blockchain integration for decentralized data management and control. The aim is to propose a blockchain-enabled decentralized electric grid model and its potential impact on energy markets, sustainability, and resilience. The model presented underlines the transformative potential of decentralized autonomous grids in revolutionizing energy systems for better operability, management, and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the effect and timeliness of ground fault monitoring and improve the effect of fault early warning, a DC ground fault monitoring method for electrical equipment in 110 kV smart substations based on improved rough sets is proposed. The characteristics of the DC ground fault current are analyzed, and the equivalent model of the DC system is constructed according to the analysis results. The low-frequency signal is enhanced according to the fuzzy rough set, and the low-frequency sampled transient zero-sequence current signal is enhanced preprocessing and wavelet packet decomposition according to the signal enhancement proportional coefficient, and the fault line is selected according to the principle of maximum energy. The wavelet packet transform method is used to decompose and analyze the waveform of the leakage current generated when a single-point grounding fault occurs in a branch of the DC system, and the grounding fault location of the DC system of the substation is realized by relative entropy operation. With the help of the cloud platform, a DC ground fault monitoring platform is built, and the ground fault monitoring is completed by using this platform. The experimental results show that the method can obtain the characteristic harmonics of the ground fault, accurately monitor whether the mutation occurs, and can realize the early warning of the ground fault of the electrical equipment in a faster time, indicating that it can realize the accurate and timely monitoring of the ground fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substation is integral to the functioning of a power grid, enabling the efficient and safe transmission and distribution of electrical energy to meet the demands of consumers. The digital transformation of critical infrastructures, particularly in the electric power sector, such as the emergence of intelligent substations, is a double-edged sword. While it brings about efficiency improvements and consumer-centric advancements, it raises concerns about the heightened vulnerability to cyberattacks. This article proposes a new static-dynamic strategy for host security detection by implementing a system prototype and evaluating its detection accuracy. To reduce the subjectivity in manually selecting features, we combine classified protection for cybersecurity-related standards and construct the requirement generation algorithm to construct a network security detection standard library for the substation host. Based on this, we develop strategy generation algorithm to match the list of host detection projects to obtain the security detection strategy of the target host. Moreover, we output and analyze the detection logs to obtain a security detection report. The prototype is efficient and effective through practical use, and it serves as a practical tool in substation host security detection. The experiments suggest that the mechanism proposed in our study can operate at a high speed and demonstrates satisfactory performance in terms of detection.

In order to meet the requirements of automatic mapping of the smart substation models, based on the application requirements of the smart substation model construction and automatic model association configuration, the automatic generation technology of smart station diagram models is studied, and the automatic correlation modeling method and wiring diagram generation technology of primary and secondary equipment models based on the automatic matching of predefined correlation models are proposed. Support the realization of the goal of effective configuration and efficient application of the secondary system model of the smart substation.

Overload service in the communication network of smart substation will cause congestion, resulting in low overload service throughput, high congestion rate and long congestion control time in the average smart substation. A congestion control method for overloaded services in smart substations with high concurrent users is proposed. According to the characteristics of overload service request of smart substation, the mathematical model of the algorithm is defined by describing the overload service request of smart substation on the basis of network topology model. Combined with the wavelength rotation strategy, the congestion rate of overloaded services in smart substations is reduced, and the throughput rate of overloaded services in smart substations is improved. Considering the factors of high concurrent users, by judging and feeding back the congestion of the overloaded services of smart substations, the congestion control of overloaded services of smart substations under high concurrent users is realized. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better effect and scalability in the congestion control of the overloaded service of the smart substation, and can effectively shorten the congestion control time of the overloaded service of the smart substation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inability to locate device faults quickly and accurately has become prominent due to the large number of communication devices and the complex structure of secondary circuit networks in smart substations. Traditional methods are less efficient when diagnosing secondary equipment faults in smart substations, and deep learning methods have poor portability, high learning sample costs, and often require retraining a model. Therefore, a secondary equipment fault diagnosis method based on a graph attention network is proposed in this paper. All fault events are automatically represented as graph-structured data based on the K-nearest neighbors (KNNs) algorithm in terms of the feature information exhibited by the corresponding detection nodes when equipment faults occur. Then, a fault diagnosis model is established based on the graph attention network. Finally, partial intervals of a 220 kV intelligent substation are taken as an example to compare the fault localization effect of different methods. The results show that the method proposed in this paper has the advantages of higher localization accuracy, lower learning cost, and better robustness than the traditional machine learning and deep learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary system is an important link that affects the reliable operation of power system. However, the current improvement measures for accurate data acquisition and reliable operation in secondary systems are mainly concentrated at the equipment level. The solution at the equipment level not only increases the complexity of the system, but also can only optimize a single link or problem, which is difficult to improve the overall system level. In order to enhance the information accuracy, operation and maintenance precision and operation reliability of smart substation secondary system, this paper proposes bad data identification and fault diagnosis methods based on secondary system information redundancy. Firstly, according to the analysis of secondary information redundancy, this paper constructs the data information redundancy model of the smart substation secondary system. Then the data information state estimation method based on the least square method and the bad data identification method based on the information redundancy are proposed. Finally, case analysis is carried out to verify that the proposed method can effectively increase the information accuracy of smart substation, which also provides new research route and foundations for secondary system fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of power converters as solid state transformers is an attractive solution to modernize the power network, but this solution has not been fully addressed for MV and HV substations. This paper presents a customized and simple control for the Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (M3C), specially conceived for its operation on synchronous ports, which is the case of AC substations. The control allows bidirectional power transfer, generation/absorption of reactive power and provisions of ancillary services. The converter is compared to the back-to-back Modular Multilevel Converter (B2B-MMC) where the key performance indicators to carry out the comparison are power efficiency, number of semiconductor devices, passive components required, footprint, voltage cell balance, fault blocking capability and stress of components. The simulation results show the features, performance and attractiveness of the M3C topology in a 33/11 kV, 16 MW substation under different operating conditions, including grid faults and dynamic operation. The M3C presents similar efficiency and performance than the B2B-MMC, but it uses fewer semiconductor devices, passive components and total cell capacitor energy than the B2B-MMC, reducing cost and footprint. The experimental results show the performance of the M3C under less ideal conditions including a substation transformer saturation and power step response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substation is the portion of a power grid that forms a link between the cyber system and the physical system. Reliability evaluation of smart substations based on a time-varying probabilistic hybrid attack graph (TVPHAG) is studied in this paper. First, the topology network of the smart substation is established, whose attributes are represented by probability. Then, in order to solve the problem of asynchrony in the cyber-physical system and the hybrid caused by heterogeneity, time-varying state equation in topology and cuts in algebra are introduced to TVPHAG. Based on TVPHAG, the evaluation of the reliability of cyber-physical systems with multiple equipment and multiple timescales is established. On this basis, the influences of physical conditions, cyberattacks, physical attacks, and cyber-physical attacks on substations are analyzed, respectively. Finally, the simulation shows that the method is effective in evaluating the reliability of smart substations, providing a new method for the evaluation of reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of intelligent operation and maintenance of substations, the daily inspection of substations needs to process massive video and image data. This puts forward higher requirements on the processing speed and accuracy of defect detection. Based on the end-to-end learning paradigm, this article proposes an intelligent detection method for substation insulator defects based on CenterMask. First, the backbone network VoVNet is improved according to the residual connection and eSE module, which effectively solves the problems of deep network saturation and gradient information loss. On this basis, an insulator mask generation method based on a spatial attention-directed mechanism is proposed. Insulators with complex image backgrounds are accurately segmented. Then, three strategies of pixel-wise regression prediction, multi-scale features, and centerness are introduced. The anchor-free single-stage target detector accurately locates the defect points of insulators. Finally, an example analysis is carried out with the substation inspection image of a power supply company in a certain area to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

The network traffic prediction of a smart substation is key in strengthening its system security protection. To improve the performance of its traffic prediction, in this paper, we propose an improved gravitational search algorithm (IGSA), then introduce the IGSA into a wavelet neural network (WNN), iteratively optimize the initial connection weighting, scalability factor, and shift factor, and establish a smart substation network traffic prediction model based on the IGSA‐WNN. A comparative analysis of the experimental results shows that the performance of the IGSA‐WNN‐based prediction model further improves the convergence velocity and prediction accuracy, and that the proposed model solves the deficiency issues of the original WNN, such as slow convergence velocity and ease of falling into a locally optimal solution; thus, it is a better smart substation network traffic prediction model.

With the continuous improvement of substation automation, the number of communication equipment has risen sharply, the network topology is more complicated, and the problem of unable to locate the fault of process-level communication networks quickly and accurately has become more and more prominent. Under this background, to improve the maintenance efficiency of process-level communication networks in the smart substation, this article proposes a method for fault location of process-level communication networks based on deep neural networks. Based on the redundant monitoring of the fault state, the fault feature information of different monitoring nodes in the message transmission process is analyzed, and the characterization method of the fault feature information is proposed accordingly. Based on the emergence principle, it realizes the automatic generation of fault samples according to the physical connection, logical connection, and message subscription relationship of process-level communication networks. Combined with the training rules in deep learning theory, a fault location model of process-level communication networks based on deep neural networks is established, and the real-time location steps are given. Taking the process-level communication network of a typical 110kV smart substation as an example, simulations verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed fault location method in single fault environments and multiple fault environments. Besides, accurate results can be obtained even when the fault feature information is wrong or missing, and the anti-interference ability is excellent.

Accurate network fault diagnosis in smart substations is key to strengthening grid security. To solve fault classification problems and enhance classification accuracy, we propose a hybrid optimization algorithm consisting of three parts: anti-noise processing (ANP), an improved separation interval method (ISIM), and a genetic algorithm-particle swarm optimization (GA-PSO) method. ANP cleans out the outliers and noise in the dataset. ISIM uses a support vector machine (SVM) architecture to optimize SVM kernel parameters. Finally, we propose the GA-PSO algorithm, which combines the advantages of both genetic and particle swarm optimization algorithms to optimize the penalty parameter. The experimental results show that our proposed hybrid optimization algorithm enhances the classification accuracy of smart substation network faults and shows stronger performance compared with existing methods.

Currently, there are few research on the influence of human reliability upon the reliability of integrated substation automation system (ISAS). This paper proposed a risk assessment method of ISAS considering human reliability. First, according to the operators work condition, estimate the human error probability based on analytic hierarchy process-smart substation automation system to correct the failure probability of physical devices. Then, adopt the function decomposition based method to assess the failure risk of functions. Finally, obtain the failure risk of ISAS by mixing the function risks to characterize the reliability of ISAS and offer guidance to dispatching department. The big impact of human reliability on the ISAS risk is demonstrated in case study, which means considering human reliability is more objective than the traditional method.

This paper describes the technologies of virtual circuit and analyzes the SCL configuration files of smart substation. Based on the traditional virtual circuit test method, the visual technique of.NET is employed to develop the smart substation virtual circuit test tool accorded with the standard of IEC61850 9-2, the static test scheme and dynamic test scheme are presented respectively. The problem of SCL configuration of smart substation network could be detected quickly by the visual simulation of secondary virtual circuit for smart substation. Our work provides an effective virtual circuit test tool for smart substations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The network traffic prediction of a smart substation is key in strengthening its system security protection. To improve the performance of its traffic prediction, in this paper, we propose an improved gravitational search algorithm (IGSA), then introduce the IGSA into a wavelet neural network (WNN), iteratively optimize the initial connection weighting, scalability factor, and shift factor, and establish a smart substation network traffic prediction model based on the IGSA‐WNN. A comparative analysis of the experimental results shows that the performance of the IGSA‐WNN‐based prediction model further improves the convergence velocity and prediction accuracy, and that the proposed model solves the deficiency issues of the original WNN, such as slow convergence velocity and ease of falling into a locally optimal solution; thus, it is a better smart substation network traffic prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart substation, in which various types of information are being exchanged on a communication network, is regarded as a typical cyber-physical system (CPS). The network-induced time delay, inherently stochastic, makes the performance of power system operation and protection unpredictable. This paper attempts to study the stochastic properties of end-to-end network-induced time delay in a time-critical smart substation CPS environment. The components in a smart substation CPS, including data flow, communication network, and intelligent electronic device (IED), are modeled. The data flow on the network is categorized into two different stochastic types according to their source: Poisson and Pareto data flow. The numerical simulation of the hybrid data sources on substation network is implemented to evaluate the stochastic property, by combining Monte Carlo method and queueing theory. The obtained distribution results are identified by using chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. It is identified that Normal distribution can best characterize the delay in smart substation, meanwhile, the proposed model is verified with the experiment. A typical 220kV smart substation is studied under various scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared networks can improve the efficiency of smart substation communication infrastructure, but they pose challenges for the real-time performance and reliability of communication. By analyzing the traffic rate and causes of congestion in a substation environment, we propose a communication service strategy using a message information label to manage the congestion issues. This strategy implements fast identification and filtering of messages by condensing key information into a message label at intelligent electronic devices and checking it along with traffic rates at switches. We put forward a communication scheduling method called distributive length WRR_LLQ that adapts to the different characteristics and real-time demand of various message types. OPNET simulation results show that the strategy successfully identifies and discards disguised error messages with high traffic rates, avoids timeouts and packet drops in the transmission process of important messages when congestion occurs, and reduces the transmission time of other messages.

The Smart Grid is an advanced digital two-way power flow power system capable of self-healing, adaptive, resilient and sustainable with foresight for prediction under different uncertainties. In this paper, a survey on various Smart Grid enabling technologies, Smart Grid metering and communication, cloud computing in Smart Grid and Smart Grid applications are explored in detail. Opportunities and future of Smart Grid is also described in this paper. For Smart grid enabling technologies Smart meters, smart sensors, vehicle to grid, plug in hybrid electric vehicle technology, sensor and actuator networks are explored. Advanced metering infrastructure, intelligent electronic devices, phasor measurement units, wide area measurement systems, local area network, home access network, neighborhood area network, wide area networks and cloud computing are explored for Smart Grid metering and communication. Home and building automation, smart substation, feeder automation is explored for smart grid applications. Associations of initial studies for the next step in smart grid applications will provide an economic benefit for the authorities in the long term, and will help to establish standards to be compatible with every application so that all smart grid applications can be coordinated under the control of the same authorities. Therefore, this study is expected to be an important guiding source for researchers and engineers studying the smart grid. It also helps transmission and distribution system operators to follow the right path as they are transforming their classical grids to smart grids. Image 10460238 • Smart Grid definitions, features, advantages, characteristics, challenges and future are explained. • Various Smart Grid technologies. • Smart Grid metering and communication technologies. • Applications of Smart Grid technologies. • Future research scopes of Smart Grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Substation digitalisation is a growing field of academic research. • Advances in substation automation systems are accomplished with IEC61850. • Most research addresses specific technological matters, not holistic analyses. • A four-stage classification model of substation technologies is proposed. • New competencies are needed to manage and meet the challenges of smart substations. Advances in substation automation allowed more connected installations to incorporate additional functions aiming improved deployment, operations and maintenance. However, the characteristics that make substations smarter, how their technologies evolved over time, and its future challenges remain unclear. Beyond specific technological development, holistic analyses looking into the future substation, and how legacy systems are integrated into new ones, are essential for regulators and utilities plan, deploy, operate, maintain, upgrade and manage these assets. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the subject, and systematizes the key technologies and their time evolution in electrical power substations, incorporating bibliometric and content analyses from a sample of 253 suitable articles. A four-stage technological evolution model is proposed, classifying substation automation technologies from conventional to fully digital smart substations, comparing key hardware, software, and management characteristics between generations. The analysis reveals growing interest in the field; that the standard IEC 61850 is a critical enabler of digital substations; and that, despite frequent technical breakthroughs reports, few contextual studies investigate the benefits of smart substations. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive academic understanding of the topic, identifies key research trends, and can also support the electricity industry's professional practice to better plan and operate substations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smart Substations (SS) which are increasingly being employed in the distribution substation of an Active Distribution System (ADS) encompass the characteristics of smart grid. In order to have effective deployment of a Substation Automation System (SAS), one of the major prerequisites is to have a secure, reliable, resilient, standardized and interoperable communication architecture. The newly evolved technology of Software Defined Network (SDN) is increasingly being used in the domain of Smart Grid. In this paper, concept of SDN is applied in the SAS for prioritizing time critical Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages in order to reduce their latency in the network. This approach of prioritizing GOOSE messages for its fast delivery improves the reliability and Quality of Service (QoS) of the SAS. In this paper, the developed prioritization approach is demonstrated in a virtual SDN environment. Finally, performance evaluation of proposed GOOSE prioritization algorithm in SDN based SAS is carried out by developing a Virtual Tenant Network (VTN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The security of smart substation encrypted messages rests with the security of cryptosystems. The security of cryptosystems depends on the protection of keys. It can ensure the security of cryptographic systems and messages by ensuring that no keys are compromised. The key security problem is the key to modern information security in cryptography, and it is also a problem that smart substation information security solutions must solve. Therefore, a secure and reliable key management module is used to ensure that keys are securely and efficiently shared among authorized parties, the security of cryptographic systems and messages, and it is particularly important to meet the requirements for real-time, availability, and confidentiality of smart substations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of cyber-attacks on industrial and power systems in the recent years make the cybersecurity of supervisory control and data acquisition and substation automation systemsa high important engineering issue. This paper proposes a defense in depth cybersecurity solution for smart substations in different layers of the substation automation system. In fact, it presents possible vulnerabilities in the substation automation system and propose a multiple layer solution based on best practice in cyber security such as the hardening ofdevices, whitelisting, network configuration, network segmentation, role-based account management and cyber security management and deployement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information security of smart substations has become a major issue, as substations become increasingly dependent on communication networks. This letter analyzes the data flows in the communication networks of smart substations and proposes a protection method based on message identification and flow monitoring for managing the congestion arising from network attacks. This method implements the rapid identification and filtering of messages by condensing key information into a message information tag and then examines the tag along with the traffic rates at switches to identify and discard counterfeit messages. OPNET simulation results show that the method successfully identifies and discards counterfeit messages and avoids timeouts and packet drops in the transmission process of authentic messages during periods of congestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity and the scale of smart substation are expanding constantly, with the characteristics of information digitization and automation, leading to a quantitative trend of data. Aiming at the existing processing shortages in the big data processing, the query and analysis of smart substation, a data compression processing method is proposed for analyzing smart substation and Hive. Experimental results show that the compression ratio and query time of RCFile storage format are better than those of TextFile and SequenceFile. The query efficiency is improved for data compressed by Deflate, Gzip and Lzo compression formats. The results verify the correctness of adjacent speedup defined as the index of cluster efficiency. Results also prove that the method has a significant theoretical and practical value for big data processing of smart substation.

This paper analyzes the problems of the relay protections and secondary circuits of traditional substations, and introduces the hierarchical protection and control system of smart substations based on the technologies like IEC 61850 Standard, electronic instrument transformer, process level network, and wide area optical fiber communication network, etc. The hierarchical protection and control system includes three levels: local area protection, substation area protection and control, and wide area protection and control. These three levels are combined to solve the problems of the relay protections in traditional substations, thus improving protection performance and control capability of the system.

The network structure of the smart substation in common use was introduced, and the technical problems of the shared-network of sampled measured value (SMV) and generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) were analyzed, such as the processing ability of network device and the intelligent device, the data real-time property and the network reliability, the effects to the substation in the condition of network fault, etc. On this basis, the feasibility of the shared-network of SMV and GOOSE was discussed, the implement scheme was presented, and eventually the solution of the shared-network of SMV and GOOSE was put forward, which based on the applications of the message priority control, restricting the switch number, virtual local area network (VLAN) and GARP multicast registration protocol (GMRP) classification flow control, flow rate limiting, etc. In the test-bed, the cases of shared-network and separate-network of SMV and GOOSE were compared and analyzed, and the result was valuable for reference.

In order to expand the simulation scale of smart substation, a simulation model of the inlet-outlet line unit, as described by the 0/108 S conductance for multivalued coefficients pre-storage is presented in this paper. As a part of orders decomposition, the address conversion circuit for multivalued coefficients can reduce the computational burden of processing elements. For the convenience of the generalization of the real-time digital solver based on FPGA (FRTDS, FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array), the address conversion circuit for multivalued coefficients is matched with the guide word, the formation module of sampled value (SV) packet, and the resolution module of generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) packet are associated with the application identification (APPID) in the Ethernet frame. The address conversion circuit for multivalued coefficients, the formation module of SV packet, and the resolution module of GOOSE packet are reconstructed via the orders. A hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation platform for smart substation is built based on the novel FRTDS. A case is given to demonstrate the simulation calculating capability and the hardware-in-the-loop ability of the novel FRTDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substation-area protective relay is proposed to overcome the inherent defects of the traditional backup protection system. The relay performs local backup protective functions for the whole substation and its connected transmission lines. The setting coordination of backup protections will be simplified by this relay with a shorter fixed time-delay. The algorithm of locating the faulted component employs the current differential principle with a self-adaptive restraint characteristic. The current sampled values are obtained by process-level networks inside the smart substation and by wide-area Ethernet between adjacent substations. The relay also works with the breaker states and the tripping generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) from primary protections. A prototype based on the proposed scheme and IEC61850 standards has been developed by digital signal processor / field programmable gate array. The performance of the prototype was evaluated through the complete digital testing system using real time digital simulator / gigabit transceiver network and a communication simulator. Tests were carried out under different typical scenarios, such as fault transition resistances, inrush currents, current transformer saturations, and abnormal communications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a novel smart local backup protection SLBP used for the support and backup of the protective relays in a smart substation. The proposed SLBP is based on the IEC61850 standards and the concept consists of the acquisition of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GOOSE used for tripping and interlocks exchange between Intelligent Equipment Devices IEDs and the reading of the Sampled Value SV existing in the process bus coming from Mergin Units MU or Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers NCIT. Several logical schemes to protect different zones of the substation are presented and how can be integrated using data in the substation automation system. The SLBP was developed using an open source library and free operating system. Moreover, a low cost prototype is presented in order to evaluate the efficiency and the operation of the SLBP under diverse scenarios of the proposed logical protective schemes such us breaker failure and overcurrent protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centralized substation protection (CSP) system is one of the novel protection systems in a smart substation. The configuration mode of the CSP system is quite different from that of the traditional protection systems. According to the configuration mode and the operational characteristics of the CSP system, the overall reliability models are established in this paper. Then, the equivalent reliability models of the CSP system in a bay are also established. A novel approach is used to compute the reliability indices of the CSP system based on fault tree and the Monte Carlo method. The proposed method also takes into account the fault-tolerant function and repair characteristic of the CSP system. Simulation results show that reliability of the CSP system is much better than that of the traditional protection system. The results of this study will be helpful for engineering the CSP system in a smart substation. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging cybersecurity vulnerabilities in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are becoming urgent engineering issues for modern substations. This paper proposes a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) tailored for cybersecurity of IEC 61850 based substations. The proposed IDS integrates physical knowledge, protocol specifications, and logical behaviors to provide a comprehensive and effective solution that is able to mitigate various cyberattacks. The proposed approach comprises access control detection, protocol whitelisting, model-based detection, and multiparameter-based detection. This SCADA-specific IDS is implemented and validated using a comprehensive and realistic cyber-physical test-bed and data from a real 500 kV smart substation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The smart substation, revolutionarily changing every aspect of the modern substation, is developing fast in the world and being massively deployed in China quickly. A smart substation is typically implemented with a sophisticated combination of smart primary high-voltage equipment and hierarchically networked secondary devices. Based on the IEC61850 communication protocol, the functionalities, such as the information sharing and interoperability among smart electric equipment, are realized in smart substations. It is regarded as the basis for the development of smart grid and represents the future development trend of substation technologies. This paper reviews the fundamental vision of the smart substation. The state of the art and the challenges encountered in the practice of engineering implementation are presented. Future developments to solve the present challenges and promote the development of smart substations are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Smart grid safety and security issues are of increasing interest to both researchers and practitioners. Universities invest considerable efforts in changing their curricula, developing new master and bachelor programs to respond to these new challenges. Currently, such courses and programs are not available in Ukraine. This paper presents our practical experience in developing such courses under Tempus projects. These programs might be based on the concept of research cases. The research case is an approach to research that focuses on gaining an in-depth understanding of a particular entity or event at a specific time. It includes the practical task settled by tutor, selection of methods by students, and presentation of results as a training paper. This approach might help to improve the student self-development, their knowledges and mental capabilities. It might facilitate their possible involvement into research activities focused on solving the problems of smart grid security and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the sympathetic interaction between transformers. The influencing factors of the sympathetic inrush current, including the system impedance, closing angle and the initial remnant flux of the added transformer, the system voltage, and the neutral grounding mode of the transformers, are analyzed in detail through dynamic simulation. Based on this, a method for identifying the sympathetic inrush current is proposed based on the essential curve feature of the magnetizing currents of the transformers during the sympathetic interaction, taking advantage of the information sharing between substations. The results from dynamic simulation and field-recorded data show the validity of the proposed method. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the threats industrial control systems face from the inside and outside are becoming more and more serious. However, there are very few works describing industrial control system network attacks, which in turn make it very essential for industrial control system network attack researches to describe and model such attacks. This paper proposes an approach to describe the procedure of industrial control system network attacks using the object Petri net, and takes a case study of smart substation attack as example to help introduce this method of description and modeling. This method adopts a hierarchical form of Petri net to describe the entire process of a network attack, which can control the scale of the Petri net model effectively and can describe the attack process in more detail and accurately at the same time. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]